Significance of the pledges of Tovste of 1427 and 1444 in politics of Gediminids and Jagiellonians

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Significance of the pledges of Tovste of 1427 and 1444 in politics of Gediminids and Jagiellonians

Roman Ivashko, Ph.D. in History Independent Researcher

The Tovste urban-type settlement is currently located in Chortkiv district of Ternopil region. This publication discusses the content of the relevant documents of 1427 and 1444 on donations of 100 marks in coins of that time each from Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great and King of Poland Wladislaus HI of Varna to members of the family of Hinkovyches. Both documents are stored in the Archive of the Radziwitty family at the Main Archive of Ancient Acts in Warsaw. The grant of Duke Vytautas the Great was first published, obviously, by the medievalist, Prof Wtadystaw Semkowicz. The latest generalizations about these donations belong to Dr. Janusz Kurtyka and Prof. Vitaliy Mykhaylovskiy.

Keywords: Tovste, Podolia, Rus', Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great, King of Poland Wladislaus III of Varna (Wtadystaw III Warnenczyk), the Crusade of Varna.

Значення застав Товстого 1427 та 1444 років у політиці Гедиміновичів та Ягеллонів

Роман Івашко, доктор філософії, незалежний дослідник

Селище міського типу Товсте актуально знаходиться в Чортківському районі Тернопільської області. В даній публікації розглянуто зміст відповідних документів 1427 та 1444 рр. із записами по 100 марок відповідними монетами з доби великого князя Литовського Вітовта Кейстутовича та польського короля Владислава НІ представникам родини Гінковичів. Обидва документи зберігаються в Архіві Радзивіллів в Головному Архіві Давніх Актів у Варшаві. Чи не вперше публікацію надання князя Вітовта Кейстутовича здійснив медієвіст, проф. Владислав Семкович. Останні узагальнення стосовно цих надань належать д-ру Янушу Куртиці та проф. Віталію Михайловському.

Документ 1427 року, наданий в Городлі Іванкові Гінковичу, вочевидь, був виданий 2 жовтня. Збережена великокнязівська печатка. Надання було здійснено у "подільських грошиках". Але насправді через те, що це загальна назва монет в обігу на Поділлі в той час, визначити конкретну монету важко. Литовський князь прямо не вказав заслуги за які було здійснено надання, тому визначення мети донації теж побудоване на припущеннях. Вочевидь, таким чином князь Вітовт прагнув укріпитися на усьому Поділлі, а, можливо, це було частиною його політики встановлення в перспективі контролю навіть над усією Руссю та Золотою Ордою. При цьому у литовського князя були повноваження запроваджувати церковну унію з Римом.

Документ 1444, наданий в Оршові Богдану Гінковичу, вочевидь, був виданий 24 вересня. Королівську печатку теж збережено. Запис був здійснений, мабуть, у розмірі 100 краківських марок, що поділялися на 48 грошів. Саме в той час уже тривав антиосманський хрестовий похід під загальним наглядом Апостольського Престолу в особі легата Юліана Чезаріні. Тому мають сенс припущення, що надання Богдану було здійснено в контексті його організації. Він міг бути навіть безпосереднім учасником кампанії. Хрестоносці відчували гостру потребу в рекрутах. В такому разі королівські надання такого роду в Західному Поділлі та королівському домені Ягеллонів мали вагоме значення не лише для Центрально-Східної Європи, але загалом для всіх християн в контексті порятунку Константинополя напередодні 1453 р.

Ключові слова: Товсте, Поділля, Русь, великий литовський князь Вітовт Кейстутович, польський король Владислав III, Варненський хрестовий похід.

Formulation of the problem

It was traditionally considered that the first mention of the modern urban village of Tovste in Chortkiv district, Ternopil region in Ukraine, dates back to 1414 (Podii). Attention to the next mention of the village in 1427 was drawn by the medievalist Prof. Wladyslaw Semkowicz (Mykhaylovskiy, 2000: 134-135; 2003: 225; Mykhaylovskiy, 2012: 101, 103; Biletska, 2017). Obviously, he firstly published the text of the corresponding grant of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great for Ivashko Hinkovych, the representative of the Ruthenian family (Semkowicz, 1930: № 5; Ochmanski, 1986: № 110). Prof. Semkowicz supplemented the source publications of the act documents of this Duke, made by Prof. Anthony Prochaska "Codex epistolaris Vitoldi" (Prochaska, 1882). These documents were important in the following centuries, given that nobles sought to confirm their own honorable origins.

Dr. Janusz Kurtyka and Prof. Vitaliy Mykhaylovskiy tried to collect in one register and to publish the documents of this Duke concerning the strategically important territory of Podolia, which was located at the junction of states, trade routes and cultures (Kurtyka, 2004; Mykhaylovskiy, 2003; 2004; Cherkas, 2020: 78). It has turned out that the first mention of the village during the Polish rule after 1434 belongs to 1444 (Sulkowska-Kuras, 1975: № 2495; Mykhaylovskiy, 2000: 136; Mykhaylovskiy, 2020: 128). Both documents of 1427 and 1444 are still stored in the Archive of Radziwilly family at the Main Archive of Ancient Documents in Warsaw (AGAD). It would be appropriate to analyze texts and contexts of two relevant donations of Tovste, for which purpose the grants were made, to determine its significance for World History and Ukraine in particular. Therefore, in addition to analysis and synthesis, method of induction became appropriate in the research of these benefits.

The grant of Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great

Alexander alias Witawdus, Dei gratia Magnus dux Lithuaniae, Russiae etc., Significamus | tenore presentium, quibus expedit, universis. Quomodo attentis fidelibus serviciis nobis | per Nobilem Iwasskonem Hynckovicz fidelem nostrum exhibitis, Sibi et suis Successo|ribus legitimis villam nostram Tolstoe in districtu Czirwenohrodensis et flumine | Wolchowiecz sitam dedimus et assignavimus, et presentibus damus et inscribimus in Centum | marcis grossorum numeri et monete in Terra nostra Podoliae commum'ter currencium | habendam, tenendam, utifruendam et pacifice possidendam cum omnibus et singulis praefate ville | utilitatibus, fructibus, redditibus et proventibus universis ad ipsam quomodolibet | spectantibus prout in suis metis et limitibus longe, late et circumferentialiter est | limitata et distincta Tandiu, donec sibi et suis successoribus per nos vel nostros | successores, vel qui a nobis habuerit in commissis praefate Centum marcae integraliter | fuerint persolute. Juribus tamen nostris ducalibus in omnibus semper salvis. Harum quibus sigillum nostrum appensum est testimonio literarum. Datum in Hrodlo, feria | tercia in crastino sancti Michaelis Archangeli, anno domini Millesimo Quadringentesimo | vigesimo septimo, (Alexander Witold, wielki ksiqzq litewski, daje Iwankowi Hynkowiczowi wies Totstoje w pow. Czerwonogrod- zkim nad rz. Woichowcem, w sumie 100 grz. podolskich. (AGAD, Zesp. 354: Archiwum Warszawskie Radziwiiiow, Dziai I, № 7262)

Alexander, otherways Vytautas, by grace of the Lord Grand Duke of Lithuania, Rus' etc., signify in present content, to all, whom it is advisable. Whereas being attentive to our faithful services exhibited by our faithful nobleman Ivashko Hynkovych, for himself and his legitimate successors our village Tolstoie, which is located in the district of Chervonograd and on the Vilhovets river, we have given and assigned, and at hand we grant and inscribe one hundred marks, which in numbers and coins in our land of Podolia commonly run, to have, to hold, to enjoy, and to peacefully possess with each and every of the aforementioned village's utilities, fruits, incomes, and yields, which considering in any way as far as in its boundaries and limits far, wide and circumferentially were limited and distincted to date, until himself and his successors by us or our successors, or who we will commit, mentioned one hundred marks fully will pay. However, our princely rights are always saved in all things. For this our seal has been affixed for the written testimony. Given in Horodto, on the Tuesday after the holiday of St. Michael the Archangel, year of our Lord one thousand four hundred twenty and seven.

The seal of Duke Vytautas the Great was attached to the document, which has the inscription: + SIGILLUM ALLEXANDRI ALIIS WYTOWDY DEI GRATIA MAGNI DUCIS LITHUANIE, that in translation means "The seal of Alexander, otherways Vytautas, by grace of the Lord Grand Duke of Lithuania" (Semkowicz, 1931: 23). On the back of the document, particularly, there are written records confirming the provision of March 6, 1569 and, apparently, 1608 with a brief summary (Ochmanski, 1986: № 110). Perhaps, the date of issue of the document is October 2, 1427, Tuesday after, in crastino, the feast of the Archangel Michael, which falls annually on September 29 (Kurtyka, 2004: № 177). This holiday in 1427 fell on the Saturday, thus the next Tuesday was in three days. Further, the name of the recipient Ivashko originates from Ivan. Hinko, apparently, derives from Georgy. Next, the version of name of Tovste in the Old Rus' language in transliteration was Tolstoe, "Толстое". Finally, silver grosses in local circulation were minted, apparently, according to the Czech model or Hungarian if it were coins of Koriato- viches (Shust, 2009: 82-92).

Following the itinerarium of Duke Vytautas the Great, in the summer of 1427 he made the large detour within his own possessions. The grant to Ivanko, apparently, was carried out in order to strengthen the rule of this Duke in Podolia, which he obviously did not visit on the way from Kyiv to Lutsk. (Prochaska, 1882: 780; Kurtyka, 2000: 36-37; T^gowski, 2006: 74; Polechow, 2019: 31-32). Usually a recipient received an award in such a way for services to a ruler. But Duke Vytautas the Great in the case did not specify the reason for the donation. The versions of obtaining of Tovste by Ivanko as reward given the participation in the campaigns against Pskov, the Czech affairs or enthronement of Ulug-Mohammed in Sarai are based on assumptions (Dlugosz, 1501: 352r-v; Voitovych, 2004: 218219). General context of such grants could be the unification of all Rus' under the rule of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great or even his succession for possessions of the Golden Horde. (Baronas, Rowell, 2015: 377; Norkus, 2016: 46-47, 230-231, 234). Moreover, he and King of Poland Wladislaus II Jogaila (Wladyslaw II Jagiello) had to take care of the Church Union of Eastern Christians of Rus' with Rome on behalf of papacy (Theiner, 1861: № 25-26).

Therefore, it is not possible to unambiguously determine the purpose of providing Ivanko Hinkovych with Tovste. The grant for temporary use was equivalent to one hundred marks in coins usual for Podolia. However, it is quite clear that Duke Vytautas the Great tried to strengthen his rule, perhaps, not only in Podolia, but even in all of Rus' and the Golden Horde. He had been forming a nucleus of loyal persons. Moreover, such grants were made for service of various kinds to the ruler. In this case, it might have been about gratitude for participating in a military campaign, perhaps, to Pskov or elsewhere, diplomatic service, etc. The recipient of the grant would probably potentially have to take part in campaigns in the future, for example, to Novgorod the Great.

The grant of King of Poland Wladislaus III of Varna

The text and the translation of the grant of Tovste of King of Poland Wladislaus (Ladislaus) III of Varna in 1444 are as follows:

Wladislaus dei gratia Hungariae, Poloniae, Dalmaciae, Croaciae etc. Rex, Lithwaniaeque Princeps Supremus et Heres Russiae etc., | Significamus tenore presencium universis, quibus expedit, presentibus et futuris presencium noticiam habituris. Quomodo | attendentes grate fidelitatis obsequia studiosa Nobilis Bogdan Hincowicz fidelis nostri, quibus Maiestati nostrae | et signanter in hoc Inclito Regno nostro Hungariae complacuit, auctoque fidelitatis studio, poterit praestancius com|placere in futurum, horum et aliorum suorum serviciorum intuitu. Volentes ipsum gratzarum nostrarum prosequi favoribus | et de caetero reddere prompciorem sibi in et super villa nostra Tlusthna in Terra Podoliae, in districtu vero | Czyrwonogrodensis, in fluvio Holchowecz sita, Centum marcas communis pecuniae Polonicalis numeri consweti, Qua|draginta octo grossorum valeam quamlibet computando, Inscribimus, damus, donamus ac largimur per presentes per ipsum | Bogdan et ipsius legittimos successores tenendam, habendam, regendam qiuete et pacifice cum omnibus et singulis eiusdem | ville utilitatibus, fructibus, censibus, proventibus, redditibus, necnon agris, pracis, campis, pascuis, silvis, borris, | gaiis, nemoribus, rubetis, virgultis, mericis, fluviys, flumin/bus, lacubus, palludibus, stangnis, piscinis, piscaturis, aquis, | et earum decursibus, molendinis et emolimentis, venac/onibus, aucupac/onibus, mellificys, ac aliis quibuscumque obvencionibus | generaliter universis possidendam Tamdiu, quousque per nos aut nostros legittimis | successoribus huiusmodi Centum marcae fuerint integraliter persolute, quo facto ville dicte possessio ad nos et | nostros legittimos successores revertetur pleno jure. Stationibus tamen et iuribus nostris regalibus semper salvis. | Harum quibus sigillum nostrum est appensum testimonio l/tterarum. Datum in Terra Bulgariae exopposito Horszawae circa | Danubium, feria Tercia in Crastino sancti Mathiae Apostoli, Anno domini Millesimo quadringentessimo quadrigesimo quarto. | Relatio Magnifici Petri de Scze|koczini Regni Polonie Vicecancelarii. (Wiadysiaw III, krol polski i wqgierski, zapisuje Bogdanowi Minkowiczowi 100 grz. na wsi Tlustha w ziemi podolskiej w pow. Czerwonogrodzkim. (AGAD, Zesp. 354: Archiwum Warszawskie Radziwittow, Dziat I, № 7299)

Wladislaus, by grace of the Lord, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Grandest Duke of Lithuania and heir of Rus' etc., signify in present content to all now and in future to have notice. Whereas paying attention with gratitude for the loyalty of our trusty nobleman Bohdan Hinkovych, who to our Majesty and distinctly in this our illustrious Kingdom of Hungary pleased, having increased desire of fidelity, will be able more excelling get involved further, in view to these and other services. Wishing to his part in our gratitude to follow favour and hereafter to provide prompt him in and above our village Tlusthna in the land of Podolia, in the district of Chervonograd, located on the Vilhovets river, one hundred marks of Cracow of the usual amount of Polish money, equal forty-eight Polish grosses each, inscribe, give, grant and bestow immediate for Bohdan himself and his legitimate successors to hold, keeping up, rule quietly and peacefully with each and every of the same village's utilities, productivities, assessments, incomes, revenues, as well as fields, meadows, plains, pastures, woods, pine forests, groves, glades, shrubs, underbrushes, oak woods, rivers, flows, ponds, swamps, lakes, basins, fish ponds, waters, and its courses, mills and emoluments, huntings, homesteads, apicultures, and any other incomes generally taking over for so long as we or our legitimate successors this one hundred marks will fully pay, by which the possession of the aforementioned village will return to us and our legitimate successors with full right. Nevertheless, it is always without prejudice to our stands and royal rights. Our seal is affixed to the evidence on written testimony for this. Was given in the land of Bulgaria opposite Orsova close to the Danube river, on the Tuesday after the holiday of St. Matthias the Apostle, Year of the Lord one thousand four hundred and forty-four. The relation of the Magnificent Peter de Sczekoczin, Vice Chancellor of the Kingdom of Poland.

The inscription on the royal seal is next: *WLADISLAUS^DEIGRATIA^ REXPOLONIE^ETCETERA, that in the translation means "Wladislaus, by the grace of the Lord, King of Poland, etc.". On the back there is, particularly, the mention of the confirmation of the privilege on March 6, crossed out 1569, as the previous one of 1427, and 1658. Obviously, the document was issued the following Tuesday, September 24, after the feast of St. Matthew the Apostle, which falls annually on September 21. Nowadays, Orsova, the nearby place of issuing of the document, is a city in Southwestern Romania (Sroka, 1995: 40-41). Apparently, the grant was made in equivalent of the marks of Cracow, which was divided into 48 Polish grosses (Shust, 2009: 85).

In September 1444, the anti-Ottoman campaign, known as the Crusade of Varna, had been continuying under the leadership of King Wladislaus III in the Balkans. The crusaders felt an acute shortage of fighting force, as the Serbs left the coalition under pressure of the Ottomans. All Christians who professed the Latin rite could not take part in the campaign, as they were divided into supporters of papacy and the Council of Basel (Decaluwe, Izbicki, Christianson, 2016: 113). In Moscow, which suburb was devastated by Khan Ulug-Muhammad on the eve of the Battle of Varna, the Crusade was also not accepted (Voitovych, 2004: 218). Apparently, the donation of Tovste, which came under the rule of the Jagiellonians after the division of Podolia into Western and Eastern, was realized by the King in the context of the recruitment of the crusaders (Kurtyka, 2000: 47; Mykhaylovskiy, 2004: 228, 234; Mykhaylovskiy, 2011: 122). Therefore, Bohdan Hinkovych could be the potential or valid participant of the campaign, as Stypek Jaroslawski, Derslaw Wlostowsky, Paul Seninski, etc. (Pentek, 1997: 95; Zazuliak, 2000: 4357; Pshyk, Chornii, 2004: 269-270; Mykhaylovskiy, 2012: 142; Pidlutskyi, 2012).

The Christian troops were defeated at the Battle of Varna on the Black Sea coast on November 10, 1444 (Imber, 2006: 30-31). Degree of influence of Bohdan in this case on the King's decision to go on the last fatal offensive on the battlefield is difficult to determine (Jefferson, 2012: 2-3). Curiously, that King Wladislaus III apparently involved Toma, the owner of Hinkivtsi, in the negotiation process with the Tatars, the Great Horde, to ensure peace in Podolia during his presence in the Kingdom of Hungary and further in course of the Crusade (Liske, 1876: № 20; Mykhaylovskiy, 2020: 128).

Therefore, motives for donating the next grant of Tovste to Bohdan Hinkovych are clearer than the previous one of 1427. It took place during the antiOttoman campaign in the Balkans in 1444. In this context, the donation was also already considered by Prof. Mykhaylovskiy. Bohdan could be a potential participant of this campaign. This assumption logically fits to context and course of events of the campaign. This example and similars indicates that population of the lands of Rus' in possession of the Crown of Poland, namely the land of Lviv and Podolia, bore the significant burden of the campaign to rescue Constantinople in 1443-1444.

vytautas wladislaus hinkovych donation

Thus, the attempt was made to clarify the exact dates of issue of the two relevant documents, October 2 in 1427, and September 24 in 1444, concerning grants of possession of Tovste. In the case of granting the rights to Ivanko Hinkovych toward the settlement, apparently, Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas the Great tried to maintain control over the whole Podolia, which in principle confirms the previous conclusions of Dr. Kurtyka and Prof. Mykhaylovskiy. Alternative versions of the donation as a reward for Ivanko's participation in military campaigns in favour of the Lithuanian Duke are based on assumptions, but they should not be rejected. Perhaps, the assertion of Duke Vytautas the Great in Podolia had a broad context of the attempt to establish his control over all lands of Rus' and even the Golden Horde in the long run.

Further, Toma, the owner of Hinkivtsi, and Bohdan Hinkovych were apparently involved in the organization of the anti-Ottoman campaign of 14431444 in the Balkans. Toma was enlisted through the diplomatic embassy to the Tatars to ensure peace during the hostilities in the Kingdom of Hungary and the defense from the Ottoman threat. Furthermore, Bohdan, apparently, received the grant of one hundred marks of Cracow in grosses on Tovste for direct participation in the anti-Ottoman campaign. At least the appropriate grant was made by the King during the Crusade, when for the success he could really additionally recruit crusaders. The problem of involving the population of the land of Lviv and Podolia in the Crusade needs further research.

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23. Kurtyka J. Repertorium podolskie. Dokumenty do 1430 r. Rocznik Przemyski. Przemysl: Towarzystwo Przyjaciol Nauk w Przemyslu, 2004, t. 40, z. 4, 127-169. Mykhaylovskiy V. Podolian Melting Pot: Formation of Multicultural Community of Nobles on the Eastern Border of Polish Kingdom of the Fifteenth Century Europe. Український історичний журнал, 2020, 4, 125-136.

24. Pentek Z. Polscy uczestnicy wyprawy Warnenskiej. Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1997, 8, 91-108.

25. Polechow S. Itinerarium Witolda, wielkiego ksi^cia litewskiego: 4/5 VIII 1392-27 X 1430. RocznikLituanistyczny, 2019, т. 5, 9-120.

26. Prochaska A. Codex epistolaris Vitoldi Magni Ducis Lithuaniae, 1376-1430. Cracoviae: Sumptibus Academiae literarum Cracoviensis, 1882, 1113.

27. Semkowicz W. Nieznane nadania dla osob prywatnych. Ateneum Wilenskie. Wilno: wydano z zasitku Kultury Narodowej przy Prez. R. M., 1930, R. 7/Z. 3-4, 845-867. Semkowicz W. Sfragistyka Witolda. Krakow: Drukarnia Zwiqzkowa, 1931, 24.

28. Sroka S.I. Ulaszlo itinerariuma (1440-1444). Torteneti tanulmanyok, 1995, 4, 21-47. Tgowski J. Uzupelnienia i uwagi do itinerarium Witolda Kiejstutowicza. Studia Zrodloznawcze, 2006, 44, 67-76.

29. Vetera monumenta Poloniae et Lithuaniae gentiumque finitimarum historiam illustrantia. Coll. A. Theiner. Romae: Typis Vaticanis, 1861, vol. 2, 782.

30. Vitoldiana: Codex privilegiorum Vitoldi Magni ducis Lithuaniae 1386-1430. Ed. J. Ochmanski Warszawa: Panstwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1986, 255.

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