The United Nations

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The United Nations

The United Nations - an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, development cooperation between States. The UN is a universal forum, endowed with a unique legitimacy, the supporting structure of the international system of collective security, the main element of the modern multilateral diplomacy. Basics of its activities and structure developed during the Second World War, leading participants Hitler coalition. The name "United Nations" was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations, signed on January 1, 1942. The UN Charter was approved by the San Francisco Conference, which took place from April to June 1945 and signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 states. October 15, 1945 Poland has also signed the Charter, joining thus among the original members of the Organization. Date of entry into force of the Charter (24 October) is celebrated as United Nations Day.

The UN General Assembly Occupies a central position as the chief deliberative, policymaking and representative organ. The General Assembly shall consider the principles of cooperation in the field of international peace and security; elects the non-permanent members of the UN Security Council, the Economic and Social Council; on the recommendation of the Security Council shall appoint the Secretary-General of the UN; jointly with the Security Council shall elect the members of the International Court of Justice; coordinating international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres; exercise other powers provided for in the UN Charter. General Assembly has sessional order of work. It can carry out regular, special and emergency special session. Annual Ordinary Session of the Assembly opens on the third Tuesday of September and chaired by the Chairman of the General Assembly (or one of its 21 Vice) in the plenary and of the Main Committees to complete exhaustion of the agenda. The General Assembly, in accordance with its decision of 17 December 1993, is composed of six committees, the General Committee and Credentials Committee: General Committee - makes recommendations to the Assembly on the adoption of the agenda, the allocation of items and the organization of work. Credentials Committee - report to the Assembly on the credentials of representatives. The Committee on Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee) Committee on Economic and Financial Committee (Second Committee) Committee on Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs (Third Committee) The Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee) The Committee on Legal Affairs (Sixth Committee) The General Committee is as follows: President of the General Assembly; Vice-Presidents, the Chairmen of the main committees, elected by taking into account the principle of equitable geographical representation of the five regions (districts): Asia, Africa, Latin America, Western Europe (including Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and Eastern Europe. Special Session of the UN General Assembly may be convened on any matter at the request of the Security Council within 15 days of receipt of such request the UN Secretary General or of the majority of UN members. At the beginning of 2014 was convened 28 special sessions on issues related to the majority of countries in the world: human rights, environmental protection, the fight against drugs, and others. Emergency special sessions may be convened at the request of the UN Security Council or of a majority of UN member states within 24 hours after receipt of such request the UN Secretary General.

The Security Council bears the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, its decisions must obey all UN members. The five permanent members of the Security Council (Russia, USA, UK, France, and China) have veto power. The Security Council consists of 15 members: five members - permanent (Russia, USA, UK, France and China), the other ten members (in the terminology of the Constitution - "fickle") shall be elected to the Board in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter (Article 2, paragraph 23).

The UN Secretariat is a body that serves the other principal organs of the United Nations and accepted by them performing programs and policies. In the State Secretariat consists of 44,000 employees - international personnel working in institutions around the world and perform a variety of daily activities of the Organization. Secretariat units located at UN Headquarters in New York and elsewhere, the Headquarters of the United Nations (the largest of which are the United Nations Office at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi). UN Secretariat provides the UN organs, carries the publication and dissemination of the UN, storage archives, makes registration and publication of Treaties states - members of the UN. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General of the UN.

Generally at the head of the Secretariat stands Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term. Currently there is a gentleman's agreement under which a citizen of the state - a permanent member of the UN Security Council can not be UN Secretary General.

International Court of Justice is principal judicial organ of the UN. The Court is composed of 15 independent judges, acting in a personal capacity and not representatives of the state. They may not engage in any other occupation of a professional nature. In the performance of judicial duties, the members of the Court shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. Party makes this Court can only state, and legal and natural persons to apply to the Court is not in law.

United Nations Economic and Social Council Performs the functions of the UN in the field of international economic and social cooperation. Consists of 5 regional commissions: Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). united nations assembly international

Trusteeship Council suspended its work November 1, 1994, after the last remaining United Nations Trust Territory, Palau, acquired October 1, 1994 independence. By a resolution adopted on 25 May 1994, the Council has made to its rules of procedure, the amendment providing for the abolition of the obligation to hold annual meetings, and agreed to meet as necessary in its decision or the decision of its President or at the request of a majority of its members or of the General Assembly, or the Security Council.

The postal administration of the United Nations produces post stamps things labeled nominal dollars for the UN office in New York, in Swiss francs for the United Nations Office at Geneva and in euros (previously in shillings) to the UN Office in Vienna. Postal rates charged identical rates of state, where the appropriate office of the UN United Nations specialized agencies Under the UN Charter, any major organ of the UN can establish various subsidiary bodies to perform their duties. The most famous ones are: World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), UNESCO.

The UN Charter was the first in the history of international relations treaty, which established the obligation of States to respect and to respect the basic human rights and freedoms. When the United Nations was created, in the first line of the preamble of the UN Charter was confirmed that we, the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, striving to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights and human freedom. The UN Charter also enshrines the basic principles of international cooperation: sovereign equality of all members of the UN; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; refraining in international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations; non-interference in the affairs of the United Nations which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State, and others. An integral part of the Charter is the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Unlike the UN Charter, the UN Convention are not required for the adoption of the organization of. A country can either ratify a treaty, and not to do it. The most famous of the UN conventions and declarations: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, adopted and opened for signature in 1968 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992. Entered into force and was ratified by Russia in 1994 The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, opened for signature in 1998, ratified by Russia in 2004 The Millennium Declaration, 2000 UN Declaration issued in the form of appeals and recommendations and are not inherently treaties. September 23, 2008 Russia has protested in connection with the signing on this day of the "Declaration on Cooperation between the UN and NATO." Declaration signed Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Ban.

An important tool in the maintenance of international peace and security are the UN peacekeeping operations. Their activity is determined next General Assembly resolutions adopted in accordance with the Charter of the Organization. In the Charter of the United Nations peacekeeping operations are not provided. However, they may be caused by the purposes and principles of the UN Security Council so regularly discusses the need of a peacekeeping mission. Implementation of the UN peacekeeping operation can be expressed in: investigation of incidents and dealing with the conflicting parties with a view to reconciliation; verify compliance with the ceasefire agreement; contributing to the maintenance of law and order; the provision of humanitarian assistance; monitoring the situation. the first UN peacekeeping mission was to monitor the truce reached in the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1948. Also known peacekeeping mission in Cyprus (in 1964 - for the cessation of hostilities and the restoration of order), Georgia (in 1993 - for the settlement of the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict), Tajikistan (1994 - to resolve religious conflict), as well as peacekeeping UN mission sent to Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Somalia.

December 10, 1948 the UN General Assembly adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and then encouraged all Member States to publish the text of the Declaration by the propagation, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without any distinction, based on the political status of countries or territories.

Humanitarian disasters can happen anywhere and at anytime. Whatever their reason - flood, drought, earthquake or conflict - they always lead to loss of life, displacement, loss of ability to their own communities to ensure their existence and great suffering. In countries which have for a long time exposed to natural disasters or recovering from conflict, humanitarian aid is increasingly seen as one element of the overall effort to ensure peace-building, along with development assistance, political, and financial aid. Perhaps the most dramatic natural disasters in recent years has triggered a tsunami in the Indian Ocean earthquake. Early in the morning Sunday, December 26, 2004, off the west coast of northern Sumatra there was a strong earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, which resulted in a huge tsunami that reaches a height of 10 m and is moving along the surface of the Indian Ocean at a speed of 500 km / hr. The tsunami struck the coastal areas of India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, Myanmar, Seychelles and Somalia. It was estimated that, as of April 2005, more than 217 thousand. People were killed, 51 th. Missing and over half a million people homeless. Organizations of the United Nations began to take measures immediately, trying to satisfy a range of humanitarian needs, including in areas such as agriculture, coordination and support services, economic recovery and infrastructure, education, family housing and consumer goods, food, health measures related to mine action, protection of human rights and the rule of law, security and water and sanitation. For this purpose, 5 January 2005 was made an "emergency call" to mobilize 977 million dollars. US funding for major relief operations undertaken by approximately 40 agencies of the United Nations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). A February 1st Secretary-General appointed former US President Bill Clinton as his Special Envoy to the countries affected by the tsunami.

UN holds conferences and forums that discuss and develop solutions to the many pressing international issues. Among them: ecology, economy, security, education, health, science and etc.

UN - Nobel Peace Prize laureate (2001), the award "For contribution to the creation of a more organized world and peace in the world" is awarded jointly by the organization and its Secretary-General Kofi Annan. In 1988 he received the Nobel Peace Prize UN peacekeeping force.

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