Ukrainian foreign trade partners Pareto distribution

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Ukrainian foreign trade partners Pareto distribution

O.O. Kim, PhD, associated Professor

Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics



Abstract

This paper looks for target groups of Ukrainian foreign trade partners defining, other than geographical or economic unions. The fact is foreign trade partners have different competitive advantages, so competitive position of the country must be described in comparison with countries, but not unions or geographical regions. The target groups are classified by the following indicators: exports, imports, net exports, which show how different countries transform their competitive advantages into revenue (exports to the partner countries) and where do they spend their revenues (imports from the partner countries) - answers on those questions uncover the situation on the international market - the result of international trade with foreign trade partners determines positive or negative net exports with certain partner. The methodology of classification is Pareto distribution, the result is the minority of countries that are most important partners in exports, imports and net exports impact of the Ukraine determination.

Key words: imports, exports, net exports, Pareto distribution, Ukraine.



Анотація

Розподіл зовнішньоторгових партнерів України по Парето

О. О. Кім, к. е. н., доцент, доцент кафедри міжнародної економіки та менеджменту зовнішньоекономічної діяльності Харківського національного економічного університету імені Семена Кузнеця

В статті проведено дослідження щодо визначення цільових груп українських зовнішньоторгових партнерів за іншими ознаками, ніж географічні та належність до економічних угрупувань. Оскільки зовнішньоторгові партнери мають різноманітні конкурентні переваги, конкурентна позиція країни повинна бути охарактеризована у порівнянні із країнами, а не угрупуваннями та географічними регіонами. Цільові групи класифіковані за наступними показниками: експорт, імпорт, чистий експорт, які показують, як різні країни трансформують власні конкурентні переваги у доходи (експорт до країн партнерів) і напрями, де витрачаються ці доходи (імпорт з країн партнерів) - відповіді на ці питання відкривають ситуацію на міжнародному ринку - результат міжнародної торгівлі із зовнішньоторговими партнерами визначає позитивне або негативне значення чистого експорту із певним партнером. Методологія класифікації - розподіл по Парето, в результаті проведення якого бенеть визначена меншість країн, які є найбільш важливими партнерами України за показниками експорту, імпорту та за впливом на чистий експорт.

Ключові слова: імпорт, експорт, чистий експорт, Парето розподіл, Україна.



Introduction

Problem definition: the Ukrainian international trade has dramatic impact on the national economy. This study is dedicated to uncover the most significant Ukrainian trade partners using Pareto distribution tool to discover the issue of international trade relations effectiveness and comparative competitiveness. The goal of current study is to define most important international supplier and consumer countries for Ukraine, considering impact on net exports of goods. The position in global supply chains for individual economy may be described as the result of partner countries analysis, which can be defined as net supplier country or net consumer country. Current issue results may also be the basis for the researches of individual economy international supply chains and for individual economies comparative competitiveness analysis.

Analysis of recent research and publications: Ukrainian economy researches, first of all, shows negative value of balance of payments current account, from the point of export capability conditioned by: low labor productiveness and higher resource intensity [2, p. 24], low possibilities of domestic demand on capital goods stimulating, Russian embargo, grain exports decrease and transaction costs for exports to Central Asia growth [3, p. 9, 14], low investment attractiveness and insufficient participation in global value chains [10, p. 9-10], and also financing problem for Ukrainian industry technical modernization [11, p. 64], which describes important growth deterring factor - inadequacy of Ukrainian goods to world and European standards. Import dependence is also impacted by following factors: oil and gas prices declining, possible increase of real aggregate demand with fragmental adequacy of domestic supply [3, p. 9, 14], trade war - bilateral impact on exports and imports [1, p. 82-85]. The issue of competitiveness and economy efficiency rises from researches from one point of view.

From the other point of view, Ukrainian economy suffers of distortion in income distribution that leads to the oligarchy concentration [14, p. 43-44], which leads to income distortion deepening and further economy efficiency decrease, as it was shown in a study by [9, p. 54-57], which describes this decrease and distortion deepening. And another income distribution distortion - global, which is directly related to international trade and international debt, as an instrument of international income distribution, the «financial singularity» phenomena, which is proposed as hypothesis in the paper, assessed and analyzed [12, p. 8, 12-14], and the crucial debt impact on the economy system institutes [13, p. 70].

Those two issues are the parts of Ukrainian sustainable development complex issue, and this complex issue requires further research. Pareto analysis theoretical basis was created by V. Pareto. The previous studies issue considered Ukrainian international trade commodity structure [5], China interdependence between economy efficiency and social equity of income distribution [6], Ukrainian trade with China [7] and the trade balance structure dynamics correlation with Ukrainian GDP [8].

However, recent studies consider Ukrainian foreign trade environment in two main dimensions: geographical (considering main geographical regions) and political (considering economic and political unions, international integration groups). This approach is not satisfying for me personally, because foreign trade has lots of distortions and statistical mismatches with those dimensions. For example, some researches, conducted in those dimensions do not differ countries of European Union [4, p. 8-10], declaring strongly negative role of Ukrainian trade with countries of EU. This statement is true, basically, but I may suppose that Ukrainian foreign trade with EU countries will not show same statistics. If it is so, new geo-economics strategy is possible - differentiation for foreign trade development and institutional environment. The international trade with the countries of the world impact on Ukrainian trade balance forming is still unsolved and countries are still ungrouped in accordance of their impact on the foreign trade volumes and results. So there is necessity in another approach implication - country-based.

The purpose of current issue is to describe main objects in Ukrainian foreign trade environment. The previous studies have inspired to conduct current research, which is composed of Pareto analysis of Ukrainian most important net supplier and consumer countries, which is based on Ukrainian partners' exports and imports and correlation with positive and negative net exports. Narrowing of the countries set is required for international trade environment analysis. As the narrowing principle Pareto distribution is used - 80 % of exports, imports and trade balance in goods (negative and positive impact separately).



1. Ukraine's partner countries Pareto distribution by exports and imports

1.1 Pareto distribution of the Ukraine partner countries by exports

foreign trade economic pareto

The Ukrainian net international trade in goods in 2015 year was equal to -3.3 bn. USD [15, 16]. This means that the most important net suppliers (partner countries by imports and the partner countries by negative trade balance) have more significant impact on the Ukrainian net exports, than the most important net consumers. The Pareto principle used for the most important net suppliers and net consumers by exports is determined by the structure of the data set. The list of international trade partners consists of 158 partner countries, including several countries with partially empty fields (the countries like Angola, which is the net consumer of the Ukrainian goods, and the imports field of this country is equal to zero, or Jamaica, with the opposite field filling). The result of the Pareto distribution is shown on the Figure 1: the 27 most important consumer countries are defined. The information is taken from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine [17].



Pareto distribution is built by principle of data set sorting by lowering value criteria and defining of Pareto distribution line (PDL) as perpendicular line from point of intersection of accumulation percentage line of export (red) and edge line, equal to 80 % (green) to x-axis. The rectangle, formed by x-axis line, PDL and opposite lines forms Pareto distribution box (PDB). The consumer countries, which value of exports is inside of PDB are most important consumer countries (MICC). As it is shown on Figure 1, there is 1 country with consuming of more than 10 % of total exports - Russian Federation, 5 countries with percentage from 5 to 10 - Turkey, China, Egypt, Italy and Poland; and rest 21 countries from 5 % and lower. The total of 27 MICC is 17.5 % of consumer countries total quantity- this indicates that Pareto distribution applied on data set shows 17.5 % of consumer countries that consume 80 % (79,63 precisely) of Ukraine's exports. The figure above shows only top of consumer countries list to show every country name. The names of countries, selected in Figure 1 will be defined as group 1 in further research. The median value of the exports is between export value of Oman (79 place in rating - 27.99 million USD) and Croatia (80 place in rating - 26.09 million USD). Indicator sum from Oman to rating end is equal to 1.47 % of total. Arithmetic average for total data series is 246.68 million USD, and countries arithmetic average for time series except of mentioned above 27 MICC is equal to 61.004 million USD. Indicators, shown above are the evidence of Pareto distribution adequacy to current time series in opposite to Gaussian distribution.

On Figure 2 consumer countries Pareto distribution is shown: 26 MICC are defined. As it is shown on the Figure 1 and 2, Azerbaijan is missing in 2015 year, Georgia and republic of Korea was added in 2015. Also outlier in 2014 (export to Russian Federation value) was much bigger - in 2014 it was equal to 18.2 % of total Ukraine's export, and in 2015 it was reduced to 12.69 % of total.

Full list of MICC is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 MICC of Ukraine's goods (2011-2015, thousand current USD)

	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011
	Export	% of total	Export	% of total	Export	% of total	Export	% of total	Export	% of total
RussianFederation	4827718	12.69	9798226	18.2	15065124	38.41	17631750	25.62	19819616	29.03
Turkey	2771758	7.29	3561365	6.61	3805478	4.02	3685113	5.36	3748582	5.49
China	2399079	6.31	2674126	4.97	2726677	3.72	1777178	2.58	2180034	3.19
Egypt	2079784	5.47	2862068	5.32	2720563	3.35	2898300	4.21	1335645	1.96
Italy	1979844	5.21	2468271	4.58	2357634	3.12	2480017	3.6	3039541	4.45
Poland	1977330	5.2	2644657	4.91	2547823	3.13	2576196	3.74	2794088	4.09
India	1444087	3.8	1815850	3.37	1974747	1.64	2290932	3.33	2265303	3.32
Germany	1328677	3.49	1590590	2.95	1603785	1.56	1645030	2.39	1763831	2.58
Spain	1043603	2.74	1166565	2.17	987672	1.37	1539019	2.24	BPDL*	n/a
Hungary	909721	2.39	1509894	2.8	1556953	1.43	1510219	2.19	1340723	1.96
Netherlands	905655	2.38	1106096	2.05	1041337	1.4	829939	1.21	833395	1.22
Belarus	870696	2.29	1617084	3	1983616	2.46	2251119	3.27	1922330	2.82
Saudi Arabia	761562	2	1031360	1.92	782117	1.11	926404	1.35	816960	1.2
Kazakhstan	712745	1.87	1069434	1.99	2120025	2.53	2459251	3.57	1857550	2.72
Israel	597067	1.57	593066	1.1	701826	0.88	796370	1.16	970613	1.42
Romania	569947	1.5	584082	1.08	BPDL	n/a	551597	0.8	950691	1.39
Czech Republic	540951	1.42	772542	1.43	823750	1.21	707040	1.03	842432	1.23
Iran	533571	1.4	703422	1.31	793925	1.19	1164713	1.69	1127514	1.65
Moldova	524294	1.38	743630	1.38	902757	1.3	822691	1.2	874399	1.28
France	497949	1.31	532716	0.99	690507	0.88	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
USA	481846	1.27	667927	1.24	888273	1.25	1014659	1.47	1113752	1.63
Iraq	472533	1.24	710614	1.32	767805	1.09	872262	1.27	BPDL	n/a
Slovakia	468529	1.23	670153	1.24	752826	0.93	672630	0.98	842969	1.23
Bulgaria	419501	n/a	550603	1.02	BPDL	n/a	568755	0.83	755414	1.11
Georgia	402726	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Korea, republic of	395389	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
United Kingdom	367897	n/a	589211	1.09	BPDL	n/a	551421	0.8	BPDL	n/a
Lebanon	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	1423910	2.07	1362225	1.99
Azerbaijan	BPDL	n/a	591533	1.1	867570	1.24	766643	1.11	708322	1.04
Syrian Arab Republic	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	578864	0.84	920641	1.35

*BPDL means «below PDL» - e.g., excluded from (or not yet included to) MICC

Data in Table 1 is the basis for three subgroups of countries defining: resilient partners (19 countries specified in list through all 5 years - subgroup 1.1 - green), rising (restored) partners (5 countries, among them Spain, France, Iraq, Georgia and republic of Korea are rising - their consumption was below the PDL before and during the period of 2011-2015 their consumption raised over PDL; 3 countries, among them are: Romania, Bulgaria and United Kingdom are restored their positions in rating after the period of being below PDL - subgroup 1.2 - yellow) and diminishing partners - subgroup 1.3 (orange - Lebanon, Azerbaijan and Syrian Arab Republic that were excluded from list in 2015 and earlier). Further research will operate the group of resilient and rising partners (group 1 - 27 countries, as it was mentioned above).

For resilient partners of MICC (sub group 1.1) export sum is calculated and for examined years it is equal to 68.67 % of total in 2015, 70.38 % in 2014, 74.67 in 2013, 69.96 in 2012 and 72.48 in 2011 year. Those figures are another evidence of subgroup 1.1 resilience.

1.2 Pareto distribution of Ukraine partner countries by imports

The next step of research is Pareto distribution of Ukraine partner countries by imports -defining of Ukraine's most important supplier countries (MISC). As one can see from part 2.1 of current research, MICC list defines main participants of demand on Ukraine's international market. The MISC group of countries defines main supply participants to Ukraine's international market. The MISC group of countries in 2015 year is defined on Figure 3 - 18 countries. Information is taken from State Statistics Service of Ukraine [17].



As one can see, Figure 3 is built using same principle as previous methodology for MICC investigation: partners in PDB belong to MISC group. By criteria of imports, MISC group contains 11.53 % of full list of supplier countries that provide 80 % of total imports to Ukraine.

Figure 4 provides similar analysis for MISC of Ukraine in 2014 year. During that year MISC group contained 17 countries, so amount of supplier countries increased last year.

As one can see, MISC group during 2014 year consists of the same countries as in 2015 - exception is Spain, Norway and Switzerland, which was below PDL in 2014. In opposite, Romania and Japan was in MISC group in 2014, but it was below PDL in 2015. As far as some changes in MISC structure is observed, time series analysis is the next step for MISC group describing. Table 2 shows dynamics of MISC group during the period of 2011-2015 years.Table 2 MISC of Ukraine's goods (2011-2015, million current USD)

	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011
	Import	% of total	Import	% of total	Import	% of total	Import	% of total	Import	% of total
Russian Federation	7492.72	19.99	12699.99	23.35	23234.21	30.19	27418.30	32.39	29132.20	35.27
Germany	3975.63	10.60	5361.52	9.86	6771.00	8.80	6807.14	8.04	6865.71	8.31
China	3770.99	10.06	5410.95	9.95	7900.75	10.27	7899.64	9.33	6268.33	7.59
Belarus	2449.15	6.53	3970.79	7.30	3605.24	4.68	5068.57	5.99	4211.75	5.10
Poland	2324.05	6.20	3070.82	5.65	4068.69	5.29	3567.10	4.21	3183.39	3.85
Hungary	1608.54	4.29	1463.97	2.69	1400.52	1.82	1159.57	1.37	1326.71	1.61
USA	1480.70	3.95	1928.92	3.55	2759.36	3.59	2905.21	3.43	2591.23	3.14
Italy	976.33	2.60	1508.97	2.77	2086.66	2.71	2234.55	2.64	2005.75	2.43
France	892.79	2.38	1269.21	2.33	1729.73	2.25	1664.41	1.97	1501.47	1.82
Turkey	851.74	2.27	1299.54	2.39	1852.69	2.41	1951.86	2.31	1481.24	1.79
Norway	741.69	1.98	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
United Kingdom	570.13	1.52	692.04	1.27	1132.42	1.47	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Lithuania	552.61	1.47	1032.19	1.90	966.68	1.26	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Czech Republic	479.72	1.28	687.86	1.26	999.33	1.30	1246.70	1.47	1181.27	1.43
Switzerland	457.72	1.22	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	1149.47	1.36	1128.55	1.37
Netherlands	452.61	1.21	763.90	1.40	1061.75	1.38	BPDL	n/a	1186.84	1.44
India	443.66	n/a	656.77	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Spain	440.75	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Romania	BPDL	n/a	847.69	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Japan	BPDL	n/a	612.58	n/a	984.96	1.28	1197.79	1.41	BPDL	n/a
Austria	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	968.52	1.26	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a
Kazakhstan	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	1494.88	1.77	1675.95	2.03
Korea, republic of	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	1547.23	1.83	1235.96	1.50

As one can see on Table 2, amount of MISC has increased from 15 in 2011 and 2012 to 16 in 2013, 17 in 2014 and 18 in 2015. Also structure of MISC list has changed significantly - during this period 23 countries were included into MISC group, among them - resilient subgroup 2.1 (11 countries from Russian Federation to Turkey and Czech Republic - green), rising - 2.2 (Norway, United Kingdom, Lithuania, India and Spain - yellow) and restored partners - 2.3 (Switzerland and Netherlands - blue), and diminishing subgroup (Romania, Japan, Austria, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Korea - orange).

1.3 Most important partner countries of Ukraine

After defining and structuring MICC and MISC groups next step is to find out partner countries that are in both of these groups - most important partner countries (MIPC). MIPC is defined as intersection countries, which belong simultaneously to MICC and MISC group.

As one can see on Figure 5, there are only 3 countries, which do not belong to MICC group simultaneously with MISC belonging. The total sum of balance (net exports) of those 18 countries is equal to -7.24 billion USD, and sum of marked countries equals to -5.86 billion USD.



As one can see, Figure 6 contains much more countries then Figure 5 - quantity of MICC is 27, so there are 12 countries, not marked on the Figure 6. The total of net exports of all 27 countries (MICC group) is positive - equals to 19.24 million USD, while total of marked countries (MIPC) is negative and still equals -5.86 billion USD.

Next step of analysis is aggregation of data of exports and imports into cumulative and average indicators. As it was investigated, group of countries, during the period of 2011-2015 ones or more times were in the MICC or MISC consists of 35 countries and is named G35. Table 3 shows data of Ukrainian foreign trade with those countries (with no exceptions - BPDL exports and imports in tables 1-2 data inserted from data source in this table [17]).

Table 3 G35 exports (from), imports (to) and net exports of goods (aggregated data 2011-2015, million current USD)

	Export	Import	Net export
	Total	% exports	average	median	Total	% imports	average	median	Total	average	median
Russian Federation	67142.44	27.52	13428.49	15065.12	99977.42	34.28	19995.48	23234.21	-32834.98	-6567.00	-8169.09
Turkey	17572.30	7.20	3514.46	3685.11	7437.07	2.55	1487.41	1481.24	10135.23	2027.05	1952.79
China	11757.10	4.82	2351.42	2399.08	31250.66	10.72	6250.13	6268.33	-19493.56	-3898.71	-4088.30
Egypt	11896.36	4.88	2379.27	2720.56	530.79	0.18	106.16	104.65	11365.57	2273.11	2583.88
Italy	12325.30	5.05	2465.06	2468.27	8812.26	3.02	1762.45	2005.75	3513.04	702.61	959.30
Poland	12540.10	5.14	2508.02	2576.20	16214.05	5.56	3242.81	3183.39	-3673.95	-734.79	-426.16
India	9790.92	4.01	1958.18	1974.75	3771.99	1.29	754.40	812.35	6018.93	1203.79	1159.08
Germany	7931.92	3.25	1586.38	1603.79	29781.00	10.21	5956.20	6771.00	-21849.08	-4369.82	-5101.88
Spain	5707.47	2.34	1141.49	1043.60	3343.82	1.15	668.76	685.31	2363.65	472.73	558.98
Hungary	6827.50	2.80	1365.50	1509.89	6959.31	2.39	1391.86	1400.52	-131.81	-26.36	45.92
Netherlands	4716.44	1.93	943.29	905.66	4587.15	1.57	917.43	1061.75	129.29	25.86	-20.41
Belarus	8644.85	3.54	1728.97	1922.33	19305.50	6.62	3861.10	3970.79	-10660.65	-2132.13	-2289.42
Saudi Arabia	4318.40	1.77	863.68	816.96	776.24	0.27	155.25	149.62	3542.16	708.43	724.43
Kazakhstan	8219.01	3.37	1643.80	1857.55	4612.02	1.58	922.40	683.02	3606.99	721.40	688.84
Israel	3658.95	1.50	731.79	701.83	1228.52	0.42	245.70	266.79	2430.43	486.09	427.12
Romania	3214.54	1.32	642.91	569.95	4118.38	1.41	823.68	897.02	-903.84	-180.77	-263.61
Czech Republic	3686.71	1.51	737.34	772.54	4594.88	1.58	918.98	999.33	-908.17	-181.63	-175.58
Iran	4323.14	1.77	864.63	793.93	281.08	0.10	56.22	52.95	4042.06	808.41	710.24
Moldova	3867.77	1.59	773.55	822.69	457.62	0.16	91.52	102.14	3410.15	682.03	700.67
France	2841.00	1.16	568.20	549.13	7057.61	2.42	1411.52	1501.47	-4216.61	-843.32	-930.78
USA	4166.46	1.71	833.29	888.27	11665.42	4.00	2333.08	2591.23	-7498.96	-1499.79	-1477.48
Iraq	3432.81	1.41	686.56	710.61	44.30	0.02	8.86	0.15	3388.51	677.70	666.85
Slovakia	3407.11	1.40	681.42	672.63	2628.55	0.90	525.71	587.69	778.56	155.71	122.20
Bulgaria	2885.53	1.18	577.11	568.76	1342.61	0.46	268.52	269.65	1542.92	308.58	290.32
Georgia	2622.58	1.07	524.52	533.63	754.94	0.26	150.99	153.66	1867.64	373.53	340.97
Korea, republic of	2262.70	0.93	452.54	467.58	4348.37	1.49	869.67	830.54	-2085.67	-417.13	-423.01
United Kingdom	2541.48	1.04	508.30	547.21	4672.61	1.60	934.52	1128.55	-2131.13	-426.23	-585.21
Norway	227.39	0.09	45.48	60.56	2344.13	0.80	468.83	380.43	-2116.74	-423.35	-307.94
Lithuania	1519.43	0.62	303.89	317.11	4286.24	1.47	857.25	911.92	-2766.81	-553.36	-632.86
Switzerland	744.87	0.31	148.97	148.64	3441.43	1.18	688.29	764.32	-2696.56	-539.31	-615.68
Lebanon	3732.31	1.53	746.46	373.72	11.08	0.00	2.22	1.81	3721.23	744.25	371.91
Azerbaijan	3252.88	1.33	650.58	708.32	876.42	0.30	175.28	77.78	2376.46	475.29	546.22
Syrian Arab Republic	2225.40	0.91	445.08	430.11	113.76	0.04	22.75	10.11	2111.64	422.33	420.00
Japan	1376.61	0.56	275.32	235.57	4191.72	1.44	838.34	984.96	-2815.11	-563.02	-526.52
Austria	2542.18	1.04	508.44	530.90	3391.18	1.16	678.24	713.31	-849.00	-169.80	-124.63

Data, shown on Table 3 is aggregated by country for the period of 2011-2015 years, e. g., and presents the sum of period's indicator values for corresponding country. Countries highlighted in blue (G10 - first level of partnership - 3.1) are «robust partners» in subgroups 1.1 and 2.1; second level of partnership (3.2): green are the rest of the subgroup 1.1, purple - France - is the rest of subgroup 2.1 (G20=G10+3.2); third level of partnership (3.3): yellow are subgroup 1.2, orange are subgroup 2.2 (G30); fourth level of partnership (3.4): grey - subgroup 1.3 and 2.3. (G35). Those groups are characterized with diminishing international correlations (and international economic relations in trade of goods): 3.1 -partners with significant impact to export and import; 3.2 -partners with significant impact in exports or imports (France is robust partner in imports and rising partner in exports); 3.3 -rising and restored partners in imports or in exports (UK is rising partner in exports and imports); 3.4 - diminishing partners in exports or imports.

The aggregated indicators are shown in Table 4. Additionally to previous indicators (Table 3) the Table 4 shows foreign trade turnover indicator (sum of exports and imports).

Table 4 The G10, G20, G30, G35 comparison with total indicators (aggregated data, 2011-2015, million current USD)

		All partners	G10	%	G20	%	G30	%	G35	%
Exports	Total	292553.5	152594.7	52.16	209633.8	71.66	234792.6	80.26	247922	84.74
	average	58510.7	30518.94	52.16	41926.76	71.66	46958.52	80.26	49584.39	84.74
	median	63320.7	33359.11	52.68	45839.77	72.39	50841.51	80.29	53525.96	84.53
Imports	Total	336257.7	235997.6	70.18	261929.1	77.9	290626	86.43	299210.1	88.98
	average	67251.54	47199.51	70.18	52385.83	77.9	58125.19	86.43	59842.03	88.98
	median	76986.8	54678.45	71.02	60484.67	78.56	66961.14	86.98	69004.32	89.63
Net export	Total	-43704.2	-83402.9	190.83	-52295.4	119.66	-55833.4	127.75	-51288.2	117.35
	average	-8740.84	-16680.6	190.83	-10459.1	119.66	-11166.7	127.75	-10257.6	117.35
	median	-13666.1	-19682.7	144.03	-14485.2	105.99	-15621.7	114.31	-14312.5	104.73
Turnover	Total	628811.2	388592.3	61.8	471562.9	74.99	525418.6	83.56	547132.1	87.01
	average	125762.2	77718.45	61.8	94312.58	74.99	105083.7	83.56	109426.4	87.01
	median	140307.5	88037.56	62.75	106324.4	75.78	117802.7	83.96	122530.3	87.33

As one can see on Table 4, significant outlier shows net exports indicators in G10 group: total value and average shows 190.83 % and median shows 144.03 %. Further groups have significantly lower percentage of net exports total value (average) and median: G20 - 119.66 % and 105.99 %, G30 - 127.75 % and 114.31 %, G35 - 117.35 % and 104.73 %. As one may ensure that G30 matches both of criterion of Pareto distribution - 30 countries is 18.98 % of all partner countries of Ukraine in 2015 year and percentage of all indicators is higher than 80 % in G30.

The Ukraine's foreign trade in goods general tendency may be described in following way: most important partners of Ukraine (3.1) are the countries with more developed competitive advantages that give them comparative preferences in foreign trade, so balance of foreign trade with G10 is substantially negative (considering countries like Russian Federation, Germany, China, Belarus, USA, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary with exception of Turkey and Italy, which balance is positive). The next step in analysis is exploration of impact of trade partners on net exports.

1.4 Ukrainian trade partners, which impact on trade balance is positive

First step in trade partners' impact on trade balance analysis is defined as positive impact partners grouping according to methodology of Pareto distribution. Methodology of grouping into positive and negative impact also defines «impact on trade balance» for both of groups as the percentage of trade balance in total sum of corresponding Meta group of countries - with positive or negative trade balance. E. g., current grouping (P23) is defined as the percentage of top countries in total of positive trade balance. P23 group is shown on figure 7.



The tendency on Figure 7 shows not quite correlation with Pareto principle - 23 countries from 97 in Meta group of countries with positive trade balance is 23.7 %, that creates 80 % of positive impact on trade balance. But 20 % of positive trade balance countries creates only 74.98 % of total positive balance, so there is a choice -first criterion may harm second criterion and vice versa. So next to be done in analysis is the time series investigation of positive impact on trade balance.

Aggregated data, average, median and ranking through the period of 2011-2015 is shown on Table 5 (rankings marked n/a means that partner country indicator is below PDL, so country is out of rankings) for PITBP (positive impact on trade balance partners).

Table 5 Trade balance in goods indicators for Ukrainian PITBP (million current USD)

	2015	2014	2013	2012	2011	Total	Average	Median
	value	rank	value	rank	value	rank	value	rank	value	rank	value	value	value
Egypt	2024.17	1	2770.98	1	2583.88	1	2755.54	1	1230.99	4	11365.56	2273.11	2583.88
Turkey	1920.02	2	2261.82	2	1952.79	2	1733.25	2	2267.34	1	10135.22	2027.04	1952.79
India	1000.43	4	1159.08	3	1136.25	4	1270.22	4	1452.95	2	6018.93	1203.79	1159.08
Iran	503.05	7	650.47	9	710.24	8	1097.31	5	1080.99	5	4042.06	808.41	710.24
Lebanon	298.82	15	270.9	21	371.9	15	1420.53	3	1359.05	3	3721.2	744.24	371.9
Saudi Arabia	616.6	5	826.1	5	598.25	9	776.78	9	724.43	9	3542.16	708.43	724.43
Kazakhstan	335.17	13	688.84	6	1437	3	964.37	6	BPDL	n/a	3425.38	856.35	826.61
Moldova	483.05	8	681.77	7	800.61	5	700.67	10	744.04	8	3410.14	682.03	700.67
Iraq	472.5	9	666.85	8	767.65	7	872.03	7	609.48	10	3388.51	677.7	666.85
Italy	1003.52	3	959.3	4	BPDL	n/a	BPDL	n/a	1033.79	6	2996.61	998.87	1003.52
Azerbaijan	288.54	16	546.22	11	789.79	6	686.91	11	BPDL	n/a	2311.46	577.87	616.57
Spain	602.85	6	558.98	10	BPDL	n/a	792.23	8	285.3	16	2239.36	559.84	580.92
Israel	427.12	11	267.42	22	378.66	14	529.58	13	367.26	14	1970.04	394.01	378.66
Georgia	340.97	12	334.31	14	315.72

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