Technological specialization
Technological specialization of countries: rationale and approach. Patent analysis as a methodology for studies of technological specialization. Patent Analysis for Technological Specialization of Brazil and its dynamics: results and discussion.
| Рубрика | Международные отношения и мировая экономика |
| Вид | дипломная работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 18.08.2018 |
| Размер файла | 1,4 M |
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Both the sectors of other special machinery and handling were part of the discussion of the countries technology share indicator. These two fields are also leaders in the representing the number of patent applications per technology domain inside the country, so it`s no surprise that they appear within the most relevant fields also in the RTA indicator. Despite the field of other special machinery not being considered a high-technology intensive field, part of the field of handling do consist in the development of this kind of technologies, stating that Brazil is not only about the exploration of natural resources.
The food chemistry domain high numbers in the RTA indicator, relates to the manufacturing industry in Brazil. The industry of food and beverages represent an important part of the countries` industrial activity. According to Bragotto, Feltes and Block (2017), the food and beverage industry plays a fundamental role inside the country, being responsible for exportations to more than 100 markets. What this indicator express is that efforts to develop new methods and technologies inside this sector of the country are being developed.
The results of the RTA calculations to the 5 last years of analysis resulted in 21 fields of specialization, the list of these fields can be found below, sorted by the biggest to the lowest RTA number.
Table 10: Specialized Technological Domains according to the RTA (2012-2016).
|
Technology |
2012-2016 |
|
|
34 - Other consumer goods |
2,11 |
|
|
29 - Other special machines |
1,89 |
|
|
35 - Civil engineering |
1,74 |
|
|
22 - Micro-structural and nano-technology |
1,71 |
|
|
25 - Handling |
1,70 |
|
|
27 - Engines, pumps, turbines |
1,67 |
|
|
33 - Furniture, games |
1,62 |
|
|
23 - Chemical engineering |
1,61 |
|
|
20 - Materials, metallurgy |
1,47 |
|
|
19 - Basic materials chemistry |
1,43 |
|
|
30 - Thermal processes and apparatus |
1,37 |
|
|
32 - Transport |
1,31 |
|
|
24 - Environmental technology |
1,30 |
|
|
31 - Mechanical elements |
1,30 |
|
|
16 - Pharmaceuticals |
1,28 |
|
|
15 - Biotechnology |
1,27 |
|
|
18 - Food chemistry |
1,27 |
|
|
14 - Organic fine chemistry |
1,24 |
|
|
13 - Medical technology |
1, 19 |
|
|
12 - Control |
1,12 |
|
|
7 - IT methods for management |
1,01 |
Source: WIPO patent data.
The domains of other consumer goods, other special machines and handling kept being among the most relevant fields for the country, while Civil engineering had an improvement in its importance. The domains of Micro-structural and Nano-Technology, Biotechnology, Organic Fine Chemistry and IT methods for management were the domains included in the specialization list, also there was a de-specialization of the field of machine tools.
The great differential here was the domain of Micro-Structural and Nano-Technology. This domain was not present in the previous list of specialized domains from 2007-2011 and gained a huge significance in the most recent years that is worth to be further analyzed.
Additionally, the field of It methods for management, comprehend Data processing methods, adapted for administrative, commercial, financial, managerial, supervisory or forecasting purposes. Basically, this field represents the development of software to support industrial and managerial activities. This is a technological domain that represents technology demanding activities for software development. The improvement of this kind of domains inside the country, might sign a shift of development of not only primary sector activities in Brazil to also production of high-technology related products and processes.
With the objective to better understand the variations that occurred with this indicator during this periods and compare these changes in order to understand the direction that the specialization of the country is taking the following table was developed.
Table 11: RTA results (2007-2011 vs 2012-2016).
|
Technology |
2007-2011 |
2012-2016 |
|
|
1 - Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy |
0,67 |
0,61 |
|
|
2 - Audio-visual technology |
0,39 |
0,41 |
|
|
3 - Telecommunications |
0,36 |
0,48 |
|
|
4 - Digital communication |
0,17 |
0,25 |
|
|
5 - Basic communication processes |
0,26 |
0,32 |
|
|
6 - Computer technology |
0,28 |
0,34 |
|
|
7 - IT methods for management |
0,84 |
1,01 |
|
|
8 - Semiconductors |
0,05 |
0,05 |
|
|
9 - Optics |
0,14 |
0,23 |
|
|
10 - Measurement |
0,70 |
0,64 |
|
|
11 - Analysis of biological materials |
0,67 |
0,92 |
|
|
12 - Control |
1,40 |
1,12 |
|
|
13 - Medical technology |
1,30 |
1, 19 |
|
|
14 - Organic fine chemistry |
0,86 |
1,24 |
|
|
15 - Biotechnology |
0,91 |
1,27 |
|
|
16 - Pharmaceuticals |
1,07 |
1,28 |
|
|
17 - Macromolecular chemistry, polymers |
0,86 |
0,87 |
|
|
18 - Food chemistry |
2,12 |
1,27 |
|
|
19 - Basic materials chemistry |
1,80 |
1,43 |
|
|
20 - Materials, metallurgy |
1,64 |
1,47 |
|
|
21 - Surface technology, coating |
0,65 |
0,67 |
|
|
22 - Micro-structural and nano-technology |
0,91 |
1,71 |
|
|
23 - Chemical engineering |
1,58 |
1,61 |
|
|
24 - Environmental technology |
1,47 |
1,30 |
|
|
25 - Handling |
2,05 |
1,70 |
|
|
26 - Machine tools |
1,02 |
0,66 |
|
|
27 - Engines, pumps, turbines |
1,51 |
1,67 |
|
|
28 - Textile and paper machines |
0,90 |
0,87 |
|
|
29 - Other special machines |
2, 20 |
1,89 |
|
|
30 - Thermal processes and apparatus |
1,50 |
1,37 |
|
|
31 - Mechanical elements |
1, 20 |
1,30 |
|
|
32 - Transport |
1,46 |
1,31 |
|
|
33 - Furniture, games |
1,98 |
1,62 |
|
|
34 - Other consumer goods |
2,59 |
2,11 |
|
|
35 - Civil engineering |
1,75 |
1,74 |
Source: WIPO patent data.
The most relevant changes when a comparison between these periods is made, is the increase in the field of Micro-Structural and Nano-Technology. The increases in Organic fine chemistry and in the Biotechnology field are also relevant, while they shifted the situation of these two domains from a non-specialization to a specialization scenario. There also occurred decreases in Food Chemistry and in Machine tools that occurred in the period. It is important to understand the impacts of each of these changes in order to better perceive the path which the country is trailing in relation with the fields of specialization.
First of all, The Micro-Structural and Nano-Technology field, according to Schmoch (2008), comprehends devices or systems, including at least one essential element or formation characterized by its very small size. It includes nano-structures having specialized features directly related to their size. This is a high-technology field presented the biggest increase in the RTA indicator, which here represents a lot to the direction Brazil is taking in relation to new technologies and specialization. The investments in the development in this kind of technologies may represent a change in the Brazilian technology profile, from developing not only basic technologies but also high-technological products.
Another field that suffered a relatively big improvement was the field of Biotechnology. This is also a field that is related to high-technological products use and intensive research. It is also linked to a variety of different applications, like organic chemistry or computer technology, it is a crosscutting or generic technology. However, this field overlap with pharmaceuticals, with a share of nearly 30 percent according to Schmoch (2008). Brazil being strong in the pharmaceutical production, being one of the fields that the country is specialized in, might contribute to the growth of this field.
The domain of organic fine chemistry mainly, refers to pharmaceuticals. Great part of the applications on this domain have an additional code in pharmaceuticals. This overlap might explain the growth in this domain, that is also accompanied of an increase in the actual pharmaceuticals domain. Brazil has a strong industry in pharmaceutics, and this increase shows that the field is gaining even more potential in the most recent years.
The optics domain, relates to all parts of traditional optical elements and apparatus, but also laser beam sources. The growth was actually not that significant for the analysis, since the RTA level varied from 0,14 to 0,23 in the compared periods, the country continued to be not specialized in this domain despite the growth.
4.6 Combined Indicators Analysis: Identification of Technological Capabilities and Potential
The combined indicators analysis, consists in presenting and analyzing the data collected on the previous indicators as aggregated data. The most recent data collected (2012-2016) was utilized to compose this analysis as it is expected to represent the most recent evaluation of the current technological profile and specialization of Brazil.
Table 12, represents the results of this comparative analysis, where highlighted in green are the technological domains that have a relevant representation for each indicator and exceed the average values calculated for all the domains.
Table 12: RTA results (2007-2011 vs 2012-2016).
Source: WIPO patent data.
This table show that 13 of the 35 technological domains have significant representation to all 3 indicators and thus might be considered as the fields of high potential for further development in Brazil. They include: Medical Technology; Pharmaceuticals; Basic Materials Chemistry; Materials, Metallurgy; Chemical Engineering; Handling; Engine, pumps, turbines; Other Special Machines; Mechanical elements; Transport; Furniture, Games; Other Consumer Goods; Civil engineering. These domains now take an outstanding position in the technological profile of the country and are the focus of its technological specialization.
In order to get better understanding and perform an in-depth patent analysis of these fields, the criteria of selection for a further analysis, were the 2 more representative domains of each of these indicators, which means the domains that presented highest numbers in each of the 3 analyzed indicators.
For technology share, Other special machines (6,4%) and Civil engineering (6,2%) were the most representative domains. Since these two domains, are also the most representative for the country share indicator, the next ones, Transport (0,0140%) and Medical Technology (0,0135%) were selected. As for the RTA, the domains of Other consuming goods (2,11) and the following one that was not already chosen was Handling (1,70).
Additionally, the domains of Biotechnology and Micro-structural and Nano-technology were also selected for further analysis. These fields, despite not being inside the representative level of specialization in all 3 indicators, represented a high change in their RTA comparing the first 5 years with the last 5 years of analysis. With that in mind and for having technology intensive activities these fields are expected to have a great potential for specialization inside the country and the actors responsible for the growth in these fields are interesting to be analyzed. With this selected group, it is expected to verify which are the leaders that promote technological activity in each of these domains.
4.7 National Leaders in the Fields of High Potential
- Other Special Machines
The domain of Other Special Machines, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are AGCO, MARCHESAN, STARA, BRASKEM and EMPRAPA
AGCO is an American company that is a global leader in design manufactory and distribution of agricultural equipment. It is a multinational that is currently the leader in this field. MARCHESAN and STARA are national industries that are also related to the agricultural business, producing machinery for the field.
BRASKEM is a national industry related to the manufacturing of plastics and its by-products. It is a part of the chemical and petrochemical sector, which has relevant participation in numerous production chains and is essential for the brazilian economic development.
EMPRAPA (Brazilian agricultural research corporation) is a well-stablished national organization, that is linked to the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. It is focused to develop smart solutions to overcome the barriers related to agriculture, livestock and energy production inside the country.
It is apparent that this domain is dominated by agro-industries and agribusiness. This sector is of high relevance for Brazil, as the exploration of natural resources and agribusiness is one of the main economic activities of the country.
- Civil Engineering
The domain of Civil Engineering, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are PETROBRAS, BRAZILIAN FMC TECHNOLOGIES, ALCOA, WHIRLPOOL AND VALE.
The giant PETROBRAS is one of Brazilian biggest companies. Its main business is related to petroleum and natural gas extraction and production of its derivatives. It is no surprise that this company is one of the leader of this domain, given its size and being a pioneer in developing new technologies in its area.
BRAZILIAN FMC TECHNOLOGIES is a global leader in subsea, onshore, offshore, and surface technologies, having related projects with collaboration with many other national companies in the development of solutions on the field.
ALCOA is an American aluminum production company, that has a branch in Brazil. It appears as one of the leaders in technological development inside the country and it is related to the mining and metallurgy business.
WHIRPOOL is an American company with global area of activity. The company is the world`s larger producer of appliances and electric devices. Despite being a low-technology related activity it has a great importance in its sector.
VALE is a national mining-related company. It is the leader on its sector inside the country and it appears as one of the main producers of new technologies in this domain.
- Transport
The domain of Transport, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are AGILIFT, EMBRAER and MARCOPOLO.
Despite the applications in this domain being well-spread and these companies appearing as leaders in the field by not much, their efforts are considerable remarkable in the domain of transport.
AGILIFIT is specialized in logistics equipment, it is a Brazilian National company that has the greatest application of patents in the domain of transport in the time frame studied. It was unexpected that EMBRAER was not dominating the applications in new technologies in this field given the size and importance of the company for the national aircraft industry, but still it appears as one of the leaders in this field.
MARCOPOLO is a national company specialized in the production of buses. Given the territorial size of the country and the fact that the Brazilian railroad network is not that well-developed, the industry of buses have an important role in the national transport system.
- Medical Technology
The domain of Medical Technology, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are University of Sao Paulo (USP), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG).
All these institutions are renowned public universities in Brazil, By analyzing this data it can be perceived the importance that these institutions have inside the country, promoting not only scientific research but also promoting the technological development. The field of Medical field is of high regards in terms of education inside these universities, and also the leader of the number publications sorted by field, as showed by the previous publication analysis.
This domain has a great potential to keep being developed in the country, the institutions that represent the leaders on this field have a well-structured infra-structure and financial support from mostly public resources, which creates an ideal environment for growth.
- Other Consumer goods
The domain of Other Consumer Goods, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are WHIRLPOOL, GRENDENE, ELECTROLUX and SOUZA CRUZ.
WHIRLPOOL by far is the leader of new technologies development, and its followed by one of its subsidiaries, ELECTROLUX, both in the business of appliances and electric devices.
GRENDENE is specialized in the production of shoes, while SOUZA CRUZ is a leader in the tobacco field.
This domain, which is targeted to meet local consumers' needs, is strongly occupied by foreign producers, that might pose as a serious obstacle for the development of corresponding national technologies inside the country.
- Handling
The domain of Handling, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are VALE and BRASILATA.
VALE is also one of the leaders of the Civil Engineering domain. The Brazilian biggest mining company being one of the main contributors to the field of Handling isn't any surprise.
BRASILATA is a company specialized in the can production, it complements the mining business using metal to produce derivatives.
It can be noticed that the field of Handling is dominated by the mining and metallurgy sector, which fits the Brazilian industrial profile, having a great part of its economy related to these activities.
- Biotechnology and Micro-structural and Nano-technology
The domain of Biotechnology, when having its patent information analyzed, returned that the companies responsible for the highest number of patent applications in this field are University of Sao Paulo (USP), EMBRAPA and Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), while the domain of Micro-structural and Nano-technology had the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), the University of Sao Paulo (USP) and the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) as its leaders.
The results in this field, as occurred in the Medical Technology field, presented a strong influence of universities in the development of high-technology intensive fields. Apart from EMBRAPA, also the leaders in this fields are universities, which shows the importance of the incentives and policies developed inside the country in order to promote a stable infra-structure for these kind of institutions, that in return, develop scientific research and technology development inside Brazil.
Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusions
During last 10 years, Brazil managed to improve its patent activity, this fact demonstrates its success in new technologies development. Nevertheless, despite of this positive dynamics, the growth rate of the country was small when compared to the world`s rate of this indicator (10% in Brazil vs.26% globally).
The improvement of 20% in the R&D expenditures between the period analyzed (2005-2014), shows that the country has a political concern related to S&T development, which is also supported by the growth of institutions related to the S&T activities inside the country.
The patent analysis, showed that Brazil is technologically specialized in the domains of: Pharmaceuticals; Basic Materials Chemistry; Materials, Metallurgy; Chemical Engineering; Handling; Engine, pumps, turbines; Other Special Machines; Mechanical elements; Transport; Furniture, Games; Other Consumer Goods; Civil engineering, according to the indicator of Technology Share, Country Share and Revealed Technology Advantage. These fields are certainly the main drivers for the development of new technologies inside the country.
The presence of these domains within the most representative fields of technological specialization of the country, supports the idea that Brazil is specialized in low and medium technological activities. These activities consists in the development of technologies, focused on the exploration of natural resources like, oil, gas, metals, agribusiness and its derivatives, as well as developing machinery and other components related to these activities.
The comparison between the dynamics of changes in these domains of specialization between the two periods utilized for this study (2017-2011 and 2012-2016), showed that the majority of the most representative domains of specialization didn`t have many changes. This fact, provides evidence to support that Brazilian technological specialization domains have a stablished and strong infra-structure which is a positive sign for the country, since a good structure for technological development, assists in the creation of new technologies inside these fields and brings economic development.
The stability of these technology domains was supported by the analysis of the Concentration Indexes C5 and C10 which returned a level of concentration of 28,41% and 50,41% respectively, between the years of 2012 and 2016. These levels when compared with emerging and developed countries, shows that Brazil has similar concentration levels as China, but much lower than other countries utilized in this comparison, like United States, Japan, Republic of Korea, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands and Russia. This result, also shows the country is heterogeneous in relation to its domains of technological specialization.
Some exceptions of this stability, was the growth of the domain of Micro-structural and Nano-technology and of the domain of Biotechnology. The growth presented by these domains between the two 5-years period, showed that these fields have a great potential for becoming main drivers of new technologies development in the country`s near future. When an in-depth analysis was conducted, it could be observed that these two domains, together with Medical Technology are greatly supported by universities. These institutions are the leaders in the development of new technologies inside these fields, that are considered to be domains of high-technology intensity.
The growth of activities that require high-technology intensity, may signalize a shift of the type of technological specialization of Brazil, from being specialized not mainly in low-medium technological activities but also in high-technological activities as well.
The in-depth analysis also returned information about the organizations that are the biggest contributors for the development of new technologies inside some of the main specialization domains of the Brazil. National companies like EMBRAPA, PETROBRAS, EMBRAER, VALE and SOUZA CRUZ are between the main contributors in the domains of Civil engineering, Transport, Other Consumer Goods and Handling. These companies are leaders of each of their segments and have a strong role in the development of S&T inside the country.
The results of this analysis also showed that international companies like AGCO, WHIRPOOL and ALCOA, are present in Brazil and have a strong influence inside their technology specialization domains. These companies have Brazilian branches and despite promoting the development of new technologies inside the national territory, might create a barrier for the development of Brazilian companies that want to compete in similar fields of activities.
In conclusion, Brazil has a great potential to compete in a global arena, both in economic and technological aspects. Efforts towards sustaining the investments and policy making focused in the development of S&T inside the country, might assist Brazil in regaining the pace of its economic growth. Additionally, further studies in the Brazilian technological specialization area, might assist the country to develop this potential.
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Appendix
Appendix 1 - Total Patent filed by technology on Brazil
|
Technology |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
|
|
1 - Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy |
226 |
230 |
201 |
224 |
234 |
141 |
276 |
305 |
313 |
265 |
|
|
2 - Audio-visual technology |
99 |
87 |
95 |
104 |
86 |
61 |
96 |
63 |
96 |
67 |
|
|
3 - Telecommunications |
77 |
70 |
59 |
65 |
58 |
39 |
68 |
55 |
86 |
63 |
|
|
4 - Digital communication |
35 |
37 |
33 |
41 |
45 |
34 |
76 |
79 |
93 |
88 |
|
|
5 - Basic communication processes |
13 |
14 |
10 |
14 |
14 |
15 |
13 |
12 |
13 |
8 |
|
|
6 - Computer technology |
78 |
112 |
98 |
121 |
121 |
93 |
224 |
133 |
162 |
149 |
|
|
7 - IT methods for management |
39 |
73 |
59 |
70 |
54 |
48 |
98 |
112 |
136 |
107 |
|
|
8 - Semiconductors |
10 |
13 |
7 |
13 |
15 |
6 |
8 |
16 |
8 |
14 |
|
|
9 - Optics |
38 |
37 |
25 |
24 |
22 |
17 |
32 |
33 |
54 |
52 |
|
|
10 - Measurement |
164 |
174 |
140 |
155 |
151 |
101 |
221 |
174 |
225 |
213 |
|
|
11 - Analysis of biological materials |
29 |
17 |
25 |
26 |
23 |
17 |
33 |
26 |
40 |
51 |
|
|
12 - Control |
132 |
125 |
108 |
110 |
128 |
70 |
139 |
125 |
129 |
156 |
|
|
13 - Medical technology |
288 |
299 |
281 |
361 |
335 |
245 |
329 |
312 |
336 |
316 |
|
|
14 - Organic fine chemistry |
111 |
138 |
127 |
173 |
174 |
139 |
190 |
179 |
203 |
215 |
|
|
15 - Biotechnology |
76 |
107 |
127 |
112 |
114 |
98 |
156 |
167 |
196 |
200 |
|
|
16 - Pharmaceuticals |
214 |
251 |
231 |
238 |
283 |
219 |
305 |
263 |
333 |
345 |
|
|
17 - Macromolecular chemistry, polymers |
78 |
69 |
84 |
66 |
83 |
68 |
101 |
90 |
97 |
88 |
|
|
18 - Food chemistry |
171 |
173 |
145 |
154 |
198 |
111 |
175 |
164 |
183 |
183 |
|
|
19 - Basic materials chemistry |
209 |
297 |
234 |
238 |
217 |
181 |
278 |
247 |
292 |
249 |
|
|
20 - Materials, metallurgy |
180 |
204 |
158 |
169 |
180 |
188 |
200 |
224 |
243 |
197 |
|
|
21 - Surface technology, coating |
72 |
66 |
55 |
50 |
70 |
60 |
77 |
67 |
73 |
63 |
|
|
22 - Micro-structural and nano-technology |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
8 |
7 |
18 |
25 |
25 |
25 |
|
|
23 - Chemical engineering |
153 |
190 |
180 |
162 |
198 |
138 |
249 |
222 |
247 |
257 |
|
|
24 - Environmental technology |
80 |
121 |
118 |
112 |
121 |
74 |
151 |
144 |
148 |
122 |
|
|
25 - Handling |
266 |
289 |
273 |
263 |
273 |
169 |
313 |
276 |
286 |
289 |
|
|
26 - Machine tools |
121 |
148 |
108 |
143 |
107 |
71 |
118 |
117 |
123 |
137 |
|
|
27 - Engines, pumps, turbines |
201 |
209 |
209 |
225 |
232 |
169 |
290 |
349 |
289 |
226 |
|
|
28 - Textile and paper machines |
91 |
106 |
79 |
78 |
102 |
79 |
98 |
72 |
85 |
68 |
|
|
29 - Other special machines |
343 |
360 |
289 |
309 |
319 |
233 |
397 |
370 |
458 |
396 |
|
|
30 - Thermal processes and apparatus |
122 |
137 |
104 |
143 |
126 |
88 |
159 |
145 |
145 |
141 |
|
|
31 - Mechanical elements |
162 |
158 |
156 |
184 |
193 |
149 |
238 |
228 |
218 |
201 |
|
|
32 - Transport |
274 |
325 |
282 |
297 |
338 |
211 |
355 |
307 |
393 |
331 |
|
|
33 - Furniture, games |
270 |
266 |
252 |
249 |
269 |
174 |
273 |
230 |
240 |
250 |
|
|
34 - Other consumer goods |
271 |
298 |
225 |
234 |
262 |
148 |
293 |
268 |
297 |
227 |
|
|
35 - Civil engineering |
284 |
335 |
272 |
302 |
292 |
216 |
417 |
363 |
407 |
416 |
|
|
Total |
4,984 |
5,543 |
4,858 |
5,239 |
5,445 |
3,877 |
6,464 |
5,962 |
6,672 |
6,175 |
Appendix 2 - Total Patent filed by technology Worldwide
|
Technology |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
2014 |
2015 |
2016 |
|
|
1 - Electrical machinery, apparatus, energy |
98,218 |
100,556 |
106,518 |
110,667 |
117,774 |
140,240 |
155,361 |
167,305 |
176,457 |
181,412 |
|
|
2 - Audio-visual technology |
88,536 |
83,723 |
77,736 |
72,811 |
69,839 |
71,961 |
71,936 |
71,949 |
75,133 |
75,428 |
|
|
3 - Telecommunications |
65,099 |
65,168 |
58,065 |
54,162 |
48,788 |
49,982 |
50,023 |
50,134 |
50,786 |
51,910 |
|
|
4 - Digital communication |
62,841 |
68,336 |
71,383 |
75,728 |
79,745 |
89,411 |
98,720 |
113,825 |
123,258 |
132,580 |
|
|
5 - Basic communication processes |
16,823 |
16,523 |
15,872 |
15,471 |
14,725 |
15,373 |
15,454 |
15,892 |
15,661 |
14,990 |
|
|
6 - Computer technology |
119,544 |
127,694 |
124,431 |
121,224 |
125,491 |
142,653 |
159,027 |
180,373 |
187,007 |
192,475 |
|
|
7 - IT methods for management |
20,012 |
21,823 |
24,260 |
22,829 |
23,398 |
28,367 |
33,856 |
41,327 |
42,270 |
43,720 |
|
|
8 - Semiconductors |
75,237 |
74,378 |
72,856 |
71,547 |
74,596 |
79,618 |
79,341 |
80,782 |
77,542 |
76,742 |
|
|
9 - Optics |
74,272 |
70,406 |
65,806 |
60,613 |
59,021 |
61,900 |
62,832 |
61,569 |
63,590 |
65,499 |
|
|
10 - Measurement |
65,340 |
70,739 |
74,926 |
75,815 |
76,373 |
92,968 |
102,015 |
112,249 |
123,986 |
127,527 |
|
|
11 - Analysis of biological materials |
11,260 |
11,465 |
11,784 |
11,422 |
11,809 |
12,240 |
12,870 |
14,366 |
15, 200 |
15,425 |
|
|
12 - Control |
27,041 |
27,965 |
28,263 |
28,099 |
27,475 |
32,017 |
36,321 |
42,417 |
49,593 |
55, 206 |
|
|
13 - Medical technology |
74,720 |
77,411 |
77,788 |
77,944 |
79,469 |
87,881 |
93,019 |
104,451 |
110,109 |
117,371 |
|
|
14 - Organic fine chemistry |
54,440 |
55,866 |
54,551 |
54,253 |
52,930 |
54,924 |
55,341 |
58,401 |
63,603 |
61,438 |
|
|
15 - Biotechnology |
34,417 |
36,535 |
37,974 |
39,068 |
41,997 |
42,928 |
45,564 |
50,010 |
55,499 |
55, 194 |
|
|
16 - Pharmaceuticals |
74,438 |
75,732 |
73,739 |
71,276 |
71,650 |
74,791 |
79,074 |
90,391 |
102,790 |
105,785 |
|
|
17 - Macromolecular chemistry, polymers |
28,264 |
28,250 |
28,595 |
28,531 |
28,734 |
33,330 |
36,870 |
40,575 |
45,576 |
46,760 |
|
|
18 - Food chemistry |
21,139 |
23,160 |
26,774 |
27,659 |
30,643 |
34,429 |
41,534 |
56,620 |
63,150 |
64,146 |
|
|
19 - Basic materials chemistry |
39,355 |
41,392 |
42,616 |
44,451 |
46,116 |
53,841 |
60,388 |
70,523 |
82, 202 |
80,319 |
|
|
20 - Materials, metallurgy |
30,401 |
34, 208 |
35,112 |
37,377 |
39,061 |
47,725 |
52,051 |
57,945 |
63,835 |
65,982 |
|
|
21 - Surface technology, coating |
29,448 |
30,102 |
31,936 |
32,222 |
32,895 |
37,657 |
38,144 |
40,056 |
42,671 |
43,175 |
|
|
22 - Micro-structural and nano-technology |
2,520 |
2,629 |
3,073 |
3,366 |
3,434 |
4,109 |
4,314 |
4,791 |
4,725 |
4,388 |
|
|
23 - Chemical engineering |
33,348 |
35,106 |
35,801 |
36,887 |
38,485 |
44,322 |
48,434 |
53, 198 |
60,479 |
63,476 |
|
|
24 - Environmental technology |
21,710 |
22,547 |
24,302 |
25,776 |
26,631 |
31,892 |
33,806 |
36,808 |
42,979 |
46,732 |
|
|
25 - Handling |
42,576 |
42,454 |
42,515 |
42,382 |
44,454 |
50,528 |
55,086 |
59,771 |
68,535 |
73,555 |
|
|
26 - Machine tools |
35,783 |
36,957 |
39,257 |
42,237 |
45,259 |
54,815 |
59,824 |
65,024 |
76,060 |
77,649 |
|
|
27 - Engines, pumps, turbines |
41,642 |
43,237 |
47,802 |
48,133 |
48,439 |
55,464 |
61,686 |
61,784 |
65,336 |
64,718 |
|
|
28 - Textile and paper machines |
35,716 |
33,366 |
32,096 |
30,643 |
30,340 |
34,262 |
35,272 |
35,706 |
38,380 |
39,462 |
|
|
29 - Other special machines |
44,073 |
45,966 |
47,167 |
49,107 |
51,451 |
60,854 |
65,572 |
74,877 |
89,750 |
94,791 |
|
|
30 - Thermal processes and apparatus |
25,021 |
25,350 |
26,809 |
29,092 |
29,732 |
33,760 |
35,454 |
38,005 |
42,876 |
43,274 |
|
|
31 - Mechanical elements |
43,592 |
46,924 |
46,564 |
45,746 |
46, 205 |
53,049 |
57,983 |
62,815 |
69,589 |
71,165 |
|
|
32 - Transport |
64,686 |
66,865 |
69,673 |
66,359 |
65,372 |
77,730 |
88,009 |
95,250 |
105,294 |
111,0... |
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