Социально-экономическое и политическое развитие современной Азии

· After two years of Russia's pivot to China, Russian leadership realized that China will not justify Russian hopes, namely that Beijing will not provide a shield from Western sanctions. Moreover, there will be no robust geopolitical leverage against Western bloc.

· As a consequence, it was decided to remove three main hurdles. First of all, Moscow removed an informal ban on advanced military selling to China. Second, a prohibition on Beijing's involvement in infrastructure and extraction of natural resources was reconsidered. Lastly, Moscow and Beijing managed to solve certain disputes over Central Asian issues which prior to this were considered as restricted opportunities for cooperation.

· Moscow has developed its own mechanism for communicating with China, the intergovernmental commission was formed, including Dmitri Rogozin, Wang Yang and Arkadiy Dvorkovich, Zhang Gaoli. The commission is meant to negotiate large-scale intergovernmental projects and establish strong ties in a less formal environment.

· With regard to average population, favorable attitude towards China rocketed in 2014 and comprised 77%, while 15% of participants responded negatively. The amount of people positively tuned to China rose by 20% from 2013.

This study is set out to investigate the expectations of the Russian Federation from People's Republic of China in the process of “Russia's pivot to Asia” and how the perception of the policy of the People's Republic of China in relation to the Russian Federation changed in Russia between 2014 and 2016. Thus, the study has validated the hypothesis addressed at the beginning of the present study - Russia's ambitions of greater involvement with China have failed to meet its expectations because of ruble volatility, sanctions, political instability and the economic crisis in Russia.

Taking everything mentioned above into consideration, current Russia-China relations cannot be taken as authentic strategic partnership. Moreover, according to Dmitri Trenin, the partnership between Russia and China is far from careless and smooth. Two countries are of different economic and political capacities, viewing certain things in different ways, moreover, the very essence of cultural and mental peculiarities brings very moderate and even little contact between simple people between two countries, despite the fact the both countries spurred cultural promotion projects.

Whereas economic and trade cooperation between two countries develops, the major problem between Russia and China relations is that Russia does not want to become a resource hub for rapidly growing China. It should be noted, the China is considered to be the production spotlight of the world and trade relations with other countries follow the same suit; first China imports natural resources and then it sends manufactured products back. Thus, Russia is not an exception. Russia should admit such kind of relations unless it is so dependent on selling hydrocarbons abroad.

There are certain attributes of Russia's anxiety on increasing power and influence of China. While Russia holds the dominance in nuclear weapons, China leads in traditional forces. Russia has never been considered as China's junior partner throughout the history, but this time it is likely to be the case. In particular, when two great countries are emerging on global arena, it is a seldom occasion when they have exceptionally warm relationship. All in all, Russia is about to resign itself with the current status of junior partner of China, and the change in the leading position in the relationship is unlikely to happen in the nearest future. As a result, the Ukraine crisis made Russia turn to accepting China.

One more important factor is that China is growing and developing very rapidly. Moreover, in order to balance China's military capacity and power, Russia is willing to sign certain agreements that would limit amount of missiles. However, China is averse in signing any agreement with respect to arms control. As a result, two countries might face serious problems in reassessing their relations concerning military power.

The last but not the least, all the stumbling blocks are resistible and surmountable. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, both countries demonstrated stable and steady growth of joint relationship. As for now, Russia and China share more common interests that confrontations. Moreover, two countries are tied together in their withstanding to the US, it is more likely that the following years will be associated with close partnership and the subsequent development of potential between two countries. As a consequence, the political and economic conjuncture should provide a solid ground for Russia-China relations to grow from junior partnership to real strategic partnership.

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Our research, being descriptive and comparative by nature, provides many opportunities for further investigations such as theory building and validation of the concept provided in this thesis. Moreover, more researches are required to develop and elaborate the findings and results presented in this study.

First of all, many experts do focus on Russia's stalemate with respect to Western energy, capital and technology markets and see China as the only savior in this case. However, it should be noted that China's need for energy consumption has been growing in the last 12 years, energy is vitally important to maintain and even expand China's industrial capacity. China is also interested in diversifying and avoiding its dependence on current energy distributors, namely Middle East. However, the events in Ukraine made Russia vulnerable to Western sanctions, as a consequence, the essence of Sino-Russian relations is not equal, which gives China an opportunity to impose its own game. The leading position with respect to energy cooperation between Russia and China could be doubtful if not the Ukraine crisis and Western sanctions because China started to experience strong necessity towards energy. China intensified its diversification policy with regard to energy sector that was supposed to get away from coal dependence. Moreover, pollution problems in major cities made China to seek for environmentally friendly energy alternatives in order to reduce air pollution. As a result, the gas deal, which as Power of Siberia was signed without any delays and other setbacks, which indicates to China's wants and needs simultaneously. Next, there is a clear correlation between China's economic growth and energy needs. For instance, the second gas project, which is Power of Siberia 2 (Western route in Siberia) was meant to supply 30 bcm to China was stopped because of China's economic slowdown. We strongly believe that this research gives an opportunity to scrutinize the energy deals between Russia and China from Chinese side putting a particular emphasis on China's energy needs and wants, thus, proving that China closes deals that satisfies its domestic demands.

Second, the study can be extended with respect to Russia's current and future dependence on China's energy markets. There is generally accepted opinion that China is the main beneficiary of Western sanctions imposed on Russia, which provides China an opportunity to strike the deals on its conditions. Moreover, China is the greatest consumer of Russia's Siberian energy resources. Taking into account that China's economic growth is associated with energy consumption, to some extent Russia becomes directly dependent on Chinese economic performance. Moreover, the biggest part of energy projects that are located in the Siberia are very closely connected to China and are exposed to China's economy and needs for energy. Not only energy contracts but financial obligations in front of China make Russia even more vulnerable to China. $15 billion credit to Rosneft made leading State oil company to supply China up to 700,000 bpd within the following decade. As a result, taking into account “loans for hydrocarbons” and pending projects that are still being discussed, China provided itself with sufficient energy supplies from Russia up to 2030 and still is able to enlarge the capacity of energy supplies any time. If sanctions remain for a long time, it would be worth investigating Russia's opportunities to diversify its dependence on Chinese energy and capital markets in Asia.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alexander Gabuev, A “SOFT ALLIANCE”? RUSSIA-CHINA RELATIONS AFTER THE UKRAINE CRISIS, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2015. URL:- http://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR126_-_A_Soft_Alliance_Russia-China_Relations_After_the_Ukraine_Crisis.pdf (retrieved 21.02.2018)

2. United Nations General Assembly, Russian-Chinese Joint Declaration on a Multipolar World and the Establishment of a New International Order. URL:- URL:- http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/52/plenary/a52-153.htm (retrieved 21.02.2018)

3. Ariel Cohen, The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A strategic shift in Eurasia?, The Heritage Foundation, 2001. URL:- https://www.heritage.org/europe/report/the-russia-china-friendship-and-cooperation-treaty-strategic-shift-eurasia (retrieved 21.02.2018)

4. Stephen Blank, New momentum in the Russia-China Partnership, Eurasia Daily Monitor, March 30, 2016. URL:- https://jamestown.org/program/new-momentum-in-the-russia-china-partnership/ (retrieved 21.02.2018)

5. Russia Today, Russia and the Changing World, 2012. URL:- :- https://www.rt.com/politics/official-word/putin-russia-changing-world-263/ (retrieved 21.02.2018)

6. Dmitri Trenin, Challenges and Opportunities: Russia and the Rise of China and India, The NationalBureau of Asian Research, 2011. URL:- http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=532 (retrieved 21.02.2018)

7. Ministry of Commerce of People's Republic of China, Statistical Bulletin of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment, 2010. URL:- URL:- https://dataspace.princeton.edu/jspui/handle/88435/dsp01pk02c9875 (retrieved 23.02.2018)

8. Analytical Report, Toward the Great Ocean, or the New Globalization of Russia, Valdai Discussion Club, 2012. URL:- http://vid-1.rian.ru/ig/valdai/Toward_great_ocean_eng_short.pdf (retrieved 23.02.2018)

9. Nandan Unnikrishnan and Uma Parushothaman, Trends in Russia-China Relations, Implications for India, Observe Research Foundation, 2015. URL:- https://www.orfonline.org/research/trends-in-russia-china-relations-implications-for-india/ (retrieved 23.02.2018)

10. Dejun Lee and Wen Zhao, Impact on Sino-Russia Economic and Trade Cooperation from Russia's WTO accession, International Conference on Business and Economic Research, 2011. . URL:- http://www.ipedr.com/vol16/13-ICBER2011-A10015.pdf (retrieved 23.02.2018)

11. Oksana Grytsenko, Ukrainian Protesters Flood Kiev after President Pulls out of EU Deal, The Guardian, November, 24, 2013. URL:- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/ukraine-protesters-yanukovych-aborts-eu-deal-russia (retrieved 23.02.2018)

12. Amnesty International, Ukraine: A Year After Euromaydan, Justice Delayed, Justice Denied, Amnesty International Publications, 2015. URL:- https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR5000012015ENGLISH.pdf (retrieved 23.02.2018)

13. Таймер, США, Великобритания и Европа осудили разгон «Евромайдана», November 30, 2013. URL:- http://timer-odessa.net/news/ssha_velikobritaniya_i_evropa_osudili_razgon_evromaydana_495.html (retrieved 23.02.2018)

14. Газета Коммерсантъ, Виктору Януковичу пора выбираться Запад усиливает давление на президента Украины, February 21. 2014. URL:- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2413718 (retrieved 23.02.2018)

15. Ian Traynor, Ukraine Opposition Leaders Sign Deal with Government, The Guardian, February 21, 2014. URL:- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/21/ukraine-president-says-deal-has-been-reached-opposition-bloodshed (retrieved 23.02.2018)

16. UNIAN, Oleksandr Turchynov: Cowardice is a terrible sin. One needs to squeeze a slave out of themselves, September 13, 2016. URL:- https://www.unian.info/politics/1519443-oleksandr-turchynov-cowardice-is-a-terrible-sin-one-needs-to-squeeze-a-slave-out-of-themselves.html (retrieved 25.02.2018)

17. Премьер-министром Украины стал Арсений Яценюк, Lenta.ru, February 27, 2014. URL:- https://lenta.ru/news/2014/02/27/yatsenuk/ (retrieved 25.02.2018)

18. Андрей Кондрашев. ВИДЕО. Крым. Путь на Родину. Россия 1, 2015. URL:- http://russia.tv/brand/show/brand_id/59195 (retrieved 25.02.2018)

19. Крымский парламент принял решение о вхождении Крыма в состав России, Ipress, March 6, 2014. URL:- http://ipress.ua/ru/news/krimskyy_parlament_prynyal_reshenye_o_vhozhdenyy_krima_v_sostav_rossyy_52516.html (retrieved 25.02.2018)

20. The EU non-recognition policy for Crimea and Sevastopol: Fact Sheet, European Union External Action, December 12, 2017. URL:- https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/37464/eu-non-recognition-policy-crimea-and-sevastopol-fact-sheet_en (retrieved 25.02.2018)

21. Michael B Kelley, BREMMER: The US Must Come To Terms With Russia Controlling Crimea, Business Insider, March 6, 2014. URL:- http://www.businessinsider.com/us-response-to-crimea-crisis-2014-3 (retrieved 25.02.2018)

22. Zhang Lihua, Explaining China's Position on the Crimea Referendum, Carnegie-Tsinghua, April 1, 2015. URL:- http://carnegietsinghua.org/2015/04/01/explaining-china-s-position-on-crimea-referendum-pub-59600 (retrieved 25.02.2018)

23. Bob Savic, “Behind China and Russia's 'Special Relationship'”, The Diplomat, December 7, 2016. URL:- https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/behind-china-and-russias-special-relationship/ (retrieved 25.02.2018)

24. Alexander Gabuev, A Pivot to Nowhere: The Realities of Russia's Asia Policy. Carnegie Moscow Centre, April 22, 2016. URL:- http://carnegie.ru/commentary/63408 (retrieved 25.02.2018)

25. Samuel Ramani, Hey, Putin, have you seen how much China is investing in Ukraine? The Washington Post, July 24, 2015. URL:- https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/07/24/hey-putin-have-you-seen-how-much-china-is-investing-in-ukraine/?utm_term=.fda9cf42d2be (retrieved 25.02.2018)

26. Franz-Stefan Gady, China and Russia Conclude Naval Drill in Mediterranean. The Diplomat, May 22, 2015 URL:- https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/china-and-russia-conclude-naval-drill-in-mediterranean/ (retrieved 01.03.2018)

27. The Moscow Times, “China and Russia to Hold Joint Military Drills”. May 3, 2016. URL:- https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/china-and-russia-to-hold-joint-military-drills-52745 (retrieved 01.03.2018)

28. The BRICS post, China-Russia sign raft of agreements after Xi-Putin talks. May 9, 2016 URL:- http://thebricspost.com/china-russia-sign-raft-of-agreements-after-xi-putin-talks/ (retrieved 01.03.2018)

29. Anastasia Solomentsova, “The “Rise” of China in the Eyes of Russia: A Source of Threats or New Opportunities?” Researchgate, Winter 2014, URL:- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276842049_The_Rise_of_China_in_the_Eyes_of_Russia_A_Source_of_Threats_or_New_Opportunities (retrieved 01.03.2018)

30. Karel Hille, “Russia and China: Friends with Benefits.” Financial Times, February 5, 2016. URL:- https://www.ft.com/content/f8959924-cab6-11e5-a8ef-ea66e967dd44 (retrieved 05.03.2018)

31. Lora Saalman, CHINA-RUSSIA RELATIONS AND REGIONAL DYNAMICS. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2017. URL:- http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/SIPRI-Report_China%20Russia%20Dynaics%200317_0.pdf (retrieved 05.03.2018)

32. Nina Achmatova, Putin's visit to Shanghai marks an eastward shift for Russian economy. AsiaNews, May 19, 2014. URL:- http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Putin's-visit-to-Shanghai-marks-an-eastward-shift-for-Russian-economy-31118.html (retrieved 05.03.2018)

33. The Kremlin, Moscow, Meeting with Premier of the State Council of China Li Keqiang. President of Russia, October 14, 2014. URL:- http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/46783 (retrieved 05.03.2018)

34. The BRICS Post, “Xi, Putin meet in Beijing, 17 agreements signed”, November 9, 2014. URL:- http://thebricspost.com/xi-putin-meet-in-beijing-17-agreements-signed/ (retrieved 07.03.2018)

35. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Independent Statistics & Analysis, July 23, 2014. URL:- https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=17231 (retrieved 07.03.2018)

36. Geoffrey Smith, Russia offers China a stake in Siberian oilfields, Fortune, September 2, 2014. URL:- http://fortune.com/2014/09/02/russia-offers-china-a-stake-in-siberian-oilfields/ (retrieved 07.03.2018)

37. Gazprom, Power is Siberia, About Gazprom, 2014. URL:- http://www.gazprom.com/about/production/projects/pipelines/built/ykv/ (retrieved 09.03.2018)

38. Gazprom, Russia and China sign Framework Agreement on gas supplies via western route, November 9, 2014. URL:- http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2014/november/article205898/ (retrieved 09.03.2018)

39. Danila Bochkarev, Gazprom plays ball: the depoliticization of the European gas market, Energy Post, January 25, 2017. URL:- http://energypost.eu/depoliticization-european-gas-market/ (retrieved 09.03.2018)

40. Kathrin Hille, US uses capital markets sanctions to cut deep into Russian economy, Financial Times, July 17, 2014. URL:- https://www.ft.com/content/a003d5a4-0dcb-11e4-85ab-00144feabdc0 (retrieved 11.03.2018)

41. Chen Aizhu, Russia, China agree to settle more trade in yuan and rouble, Reuters, September 9, 2014. URL:- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-russia/russia-china-agree-to-settle-more-trade-in-yuan-and-rouble-idUSKBN0H40X020140909 (retrieved 11.03.2018)

42. Jack Farchy and Kathrin Hille, Russian companies prepare to pay for trade in renminbi, Financial Times, June 8, 2014. URL:- https://www.ft.com/content/9f686816-ed51-11e3-abf3-00144feabdc0 (retrieved 11.03.2018)

43. Vladimir Kuznetsov, Russia, China Sign Currency Swap Agreement to Double $100b Trade, Bloomberg, October 13, 2014. URL:- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-13/russia-china-sign-currency-swap-agreement-to-double-100b-trade (retrieved 11.03.2018)

44. Vita Spivak, Why a Russia-China Currency Swap Agreement Turned Out To Be a Damp Squib, Carnegie Moscow Centre, April 25, 2017. URL:- http://carnegie.ru/2017/04/25/why-russia-china-currency-swap-agreement-turned-out-to-be-damp-squib-pub-69850 (retrieved 15.03.2018)

45. Президент России, Владимир Путин ответил на вопросы журналистов российского информационного агентства ТАСС о предстоящем саммите «Группы двадцати» в Брисбене (Австралия), November 14, 2014. URL:- http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/47009 (retrieved 15.03.2018)

46. Tyler Durden, Moscow And Beijing Join Forces To Bypass US Dollar In Global Markets, Shift To Gold Trade, ZeroHedge, January 4, 2017. URL:- https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-04-01/moscow-and-beijing-join-forces-bypass-us-dollar-global-markets-shift-gold-standard (retrieved 15.03.2018)

47. Anton Sitnikov, Sanctions propel Russia towards Asia, Goltsbalt BLP, September 3, 2014. URL:- http://gblplaw.com/news/articles/78423/ (retrieved 15.03.2018)

48. Jan Bejkovskэ, State Capitalism in China: The Case of the Banking Sector, Vietnam SME Conference, August 2-4, 2016. URL:- http://globalbizresearch.org/IAR16_Vietnam_Conference_2016_Aug/docs/doc/PDF/VS611.pdf (retrieved 15.03.2018)

49. David Skidmore, Understanding Chinese President Xi's anti-corruption campaign, November 1, 2017. URL:- https://cpianalysis.org/2017/11/01/understanding-chinese-president-xis-anti-corruption-campaign/ (retrieved 18.03.2018)

50. Tatiana Kanunnikova, Chinese CRCC to build three metro station in Moscow, Construction.ru, January 25, 2017. URL:- http://russianconstruction.com/news-1/26281-chinese-crcc-to-build-three-metro-station-in-moscow.html (retrieved 18.03.2018)

51. Ryan Pickrell, Russia Lifts Advanced Weapons Ban On China To Challenge US Power, The Daily Caller, March 11, 2016. URL:- http://dailycaller.com/2016/11/03/russia-lifts-advanced-weapons-ban-on-china-to-challenge-us-power/ (retrieved 18.03.2018)

52. Charles Clover, Russia resumes advanced weapons sales to China, Financial Times, November 3, 2016. URL:- https://www.ft.com/content/90b1ada2-a18e-11e6-86d5-4e36b35c3550 (retrieved 18.03.2018)

53. Mike Yeo, China Receives First Advanced Su-35 Flankers From Russia, Defense News, January 9, 2017. URL:- https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/01/09/china-receives-first-advanced-su-35-flankers-from-russia/ (retrieved 20.03.2018)

54. Ekaterina Koldunova, Russia's Role in the SCO and Central Asia: Challenges and Opportunities, Valdia Discussion Club, December 2014. URL:- http://valdaiclub.com/files/11480/ (retrieved 20.03.2018)

55. Richard Weitz, The Shanghai Cooperation Organization's Growing Pains, The Diplomat, September 18, 2015. URL:- https://thediplomat.com/2015/09/the-shanghai-cooperation-organizations-growing-pains/ (retrieved 20.03.2018)

56. Wojciech Gуrecki, Ever Further From Moscow Russia's Stance on Central Asia, Centre for Eastern Studies, April 2014. URL:- https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/prace_48_ever_further_from_moscow_net.pdf (retrieved 20.03.2018)

57. Bobby Yip, China's Silk Road Economic Belt and the Central Asian Response, RIAC, April 11, 2017. URL:- http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/china-s-silk-road-economic-belt-and-the-central-asian-response/ (retrieved 20.03.2018)

58. Joshua Kucera, China Proposes New Central Asian Military Alliance, Eurasianet, Mar 21, 2016. URL:- https://eurasianet.org/s/china-proposes-new-central-asian-military-alliance (retrieved 20.03.2018)

59. Stephen Blank, Is China about to make military moves in Central Asia? The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, May 3, 2016. URL:- https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13358-is-china-about-to-make-military-moves-in-central-asia?.html (retrieved 20.03.2018)

60. Silvana Malle, Russia and China in the 21st century. Moving towards cooperative behavior, ScienceDirect, July 2017. URL:- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366517300052 (retrieved 25.03.2018)

61. The Economist, Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin behave like the best of buddies, July 27, 2017. URL:- https://www.economist.com/news/china/21725611-suspicion-between-russia-and-china-runs-deep-xi-jinping-and-vladimir-putin-behave-best (retrieved 25.03.2018)

62. Lidia Kelly, Katya Golubkova, BRICS summit gives Putin a chance to show Russia not isolated, Reuters, July 6, 2015. URL:- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emerging-brics/brics-summit-gives-putin-a-chance-to-show-russia-not-isolated-idUSKCN0PG1CG20150706 (retrieved 25.03.2018)

63. Свободная пресса, Лидеры стран БРИКС проведут неформальную встречу в Гамбурге, June 29, 2017. URL:- http://svpressa.ru/economy/news/175777/ (retrieved 01.04.2018)

64. Oliver Stuenkel, The Financial Crisis, Contested Legitimacy, and the Genesis of Intra-BRICS Cooperation, Global Governance, 2013. URL:- http://www.gppi.net/fileadmin/user_upload/media/pub/2013/stuenkel-2013-financial_crisis_contested_legitimacy_and_genesis_of_intra-BRICS_cooperation.pdf (retrieved 01.04.2018)

65. The Daily Star, China top holder of foreign exchange reserve in Asia, July 22, 2017. URL:- http://www.thedailystar.net/business/global-business/china-top-holder-foreign-exchange-reserve-asia-japan-world-bank-1437031 (retrieved 01.04.2018)

66. Talitha Bertelsmann-Scot et al., THE NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK: MOVING THE BRICS FROM AN ACRONYM TO AN INSTITUTION, South African Institute of International Affairs, June 2016. URL:- https://www.saiia.org.za/occasional-papers/1074-the-new-development-bank-moving-the-brics-from-an-acronym-to-an-institution/file (retrieved 04.04.2018)

67. Greg Shtraks, SCO-BRICS: A Big Summit in Ufa, The Diplomat, June 8, 2015. URL:- https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/sco-brics-a-big-summit-in-ufa/ (retrieved 04.04.2018)

68. Angela Stent, RUSSIA, CHINA, AND THE WEST AFTER CRIMEA, Transatlantic Academy, May 13, 2016. URL:- http://www.transatlanticacademy.org/publications/russia-china-and-west-after-crimea (retrieved 06.04.2018)

69. Support the Guardian, Russia and China veto UN resolution to impose sanctions on Syria, Mar 1, 2017. URL:- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/01/russia-and-china-veto-un-resolution-to-impose-sanctions-on-syria (retrieved 06.04.2018)

70. Margaret Besheer, UN General Assembly Rejects Crimea Annexation, Voa News, March 27, 2014. URL:- https://www.voanews.com/a/un-general-assembly-declares-crimean-vote-to-join-russia-invalid/1880715.html (retrieved 06.04.2018)

71. Bobo Lo, Sino-Russian Relations, Europe China Research and Advice Network (ECRAN), 2014. URL:- https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8ee8/71b8e82705113a40d11402bc8a3495a89529.pdf. (retrieved 08.04.2018)

72. Marcin Kaczmarski, The bear watches the dragon. The Russian debate on China, University of Pittsburg, 2013. URL:- http://aei.pitt.edu/58316/ (retrieved 08.04.2018)

73. U.S. Department of Energy, Overview of Russia, 2014. URL:- https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis.cfm?iso=RUS (retrieved 08.04.2018)

74. Maria Gallucci, Oil Services Giant Schlumberger Ltd To Withdraw US, Euro Managers From Russian Projects Amid Western Sanctions, International Business Times, 2014. URL:- http://www.ibtimes.com/oil-services-giant-schlumberger-ltd-withdraw-us-euro-managers-russian-projects-amid-1696984 (retrieved 10.04.2018)

75. Steve Horn, Exxon's Russia Partnerships Challenge US Exports as Energy Weapon Narrative, Huffpost, 2017. URL:- https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/exxons-russia-partnership_b_4982223.html (retrieved 10.04.2018)

76. Brian Wingfield, Russia Seeks Package of Trade Agreements With U.S., Bloomberg, 2013. URL:- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-12-11/russia-seeks-package-of-trade-agreements-with-u-s- (retrieved 12.04.2018)

77. Toby Melville, How sanctions will affect the West's $35bn invested in Russian oil, Russia today, 2014. URL:- https://www.rt.com/business/176760-sanctions-russia-bp-exxon/ (retrieved 12.04.2018)

78. Barack Obama, Executive Order 13662, U.S. Department Treasury, 2014. URL:- https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/ukraine_eo3.pdf. (retrieved 14.04.2018)

79. Jennifer M. Smith and Alan M. Dunn, U.S. Added 17 Companies and 7 Individuals, Including Rosneft CEO Sechin, to Russia Sanctions List and Further Restricted Exports to Certain Russian Entities; EU, Canada, and Japan Also Stepped Up Sanctions, Stewart and Stewart, May 2014. URL:- http://www.stewartlaw.com/article/ViewArticle/1000 (retrieved 14.04.2018)

80. Alexander Kolyandr, Russia's Rosneft Says Third Quarter Profit Falls on Weaker Exports, Ruble, The Wall Street Journal, 2014. URL:- https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-rosneft-says-third-quarter-profit-falls-on-weaker-exports-ruble-1414593402 (retrieved 16.04.2018)

81. Kenneth Rapoza, Banned From U.S. Banks, Russian Oil Giant Turns To Even Bigger Banks In China, Forbes, 2014. URL:- https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2014/10/15/banned-from-u-s-banks-russian-oil-giant-turns-to-even-bigger-banks-in-china/#40e5e74e690f (retrieved 16.04.2018)

82. Jennifer M. Smith and Alan M. Dunn, U.S. Added 17 Companies and 7 Individuals, Including Rosneft CEO Sechin, to Russia Sanctions List and Further Restricted Exports to Certain Russian Entities; EU, Canada, and Japan Also Stepped Up Sanctions, Stewart and Stewart, May 2014. URL:- http://www.stewartlaw.com/article/ViewArticle/1000 (retrieved 18.04.2018)

83. Bobo Lo, Axis of convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the new geopolitics, Washington DC: The Brookings Institution, 2008. (retrieved 18.04.2018)

84. Russia Economic Report. From Recession to Recovery, World Bank Group, 2017. URL:- http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/383241495487103815/RER-37-May26-FINAL-with-summary.pdf (retrieved 18.04.2018)

85. Steven Lee Myers et el., Private Bank Fuels Fortunes of Putin's Inner Circle, The New York Times, 2014. URL:- https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/28/world/europe/it-pays-to-be-putins-friend-.html (retrieved 20.04.2018)

86. Alexander Winning and Oksana Kobzeva, Russia's Sberbank sees margin squeeze worsening in 2015, Reuters, 2015. URL:- https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-sberbank-results/update-3-russias-sberbank-sees-margin-squeeze-worsening-in-2015-idUSL6N0WS1OE20150326 (retrieved 20.04.2018)

87. Peter Hobson, Crisis Turns Profit to Loss at Russia's No. 3 Bank Gazprombank, The Moscow Times, 2015. URL:- https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/crisis-turns-profit-to-loss-at-russias-no-3-bank-gazprombank-45956 (retrieved 20.04.2018)

88. Alexander Kolyandr, Russia's VTB Bank Sees Profits Plunge in 2014, WSJ, 2015. URL:- https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-vtb-bank-sees-profits-plunge-in-2014-1426241464 (retrieved 22.04.2018)

89. Jennifer M. Smith and Alan M. Dunn, U.S. Added 17 Companies and 7 Individuals, Including Rosneft CEO Sechin, to Russia Sanctions List and Further Restricted Exports to Certain Russian Entities; EU, Canada, and Japan Also Stepped Up Sanctions, Stewart and Stewart, May 2014. URL:- http://www.stewartlaw.com/article/ViewArticle/1000 (retrieved 22.04.2018)

90. Howards Amos, Markets Alert as Russia's Rosneft Readies $7 Billion Debt Payment, The Moscow Times, 2015. URL:- https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/markets-alert-as-russias-rosneft-readies-7-billion-debt-payment-43670 (retrieved 24.04.2018)

91. Chris Matthews, Russian ruble's fall: A classic 'currency collapse', Fortune, 2014. URL:- http://fortune.com/2014/12/16/russian-ruble-currency-collapse/ (retrieved 24.04.2018)

92. Elena Fabrichnaya and Alexander Winning, Russian economy suffers first contraction since global crisis, Reuters, 2014. URL:- https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-crisis-gdp/update-3-russian-economy-suffers-first-contraction-since-global-crisis-idUSL6N0UD0EV20141229 (retrieved 24.04.2018)

93. Jason Lee, Russia's Downgrade by Western Ratings Agencies `Politicized, Russia Today, 2014. URL:- https://www.rt.com/business/229219-china-russia-rating-politicized/ (retrieved 26.04.2018)

94. Daniel Bases, U.S. dollar increases share of central bank FX reserves -IMF, Reuters, 2015. URL:- https://www.reuters.com/article/currency-reserves-imf/update-1-u-s-dollar-increases-share-of-central-bank-fx-reserves-imf-idUSL2N0WX11U20150331 (retrieved 26.04.2018)

95. Victoria Ivashina et al. Dollar Funding and the Lending Behavior of Global Banks, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012. URL:- http://www.nber.org/papers/w18528 (retrieved 26.04.2018)

96. Bob Savic, “Behind China and Russia's `Special Relationship', The Diplomat, 2016. URL:- http://thediplomat.com/2016/12/behind-china-and-russias-special-relationship/ (retrieved 28.04.2018)

97. Liz Mak, ICBC and Bank of China to help underwrite Russia's issuance of largest yuan-denominated foreign sovereign bond, South China Moring Post, 2016. URL:- www.scmp.com/business/markets/article/1939043/icbc-and-bank-china-help-underwrite-russias-issuance-largest-yuan (retrieved 28.04.2018)

98. James Kim, Year of China Tourism begins in Russia, NPC & CPPCC Sessions, 23 march, 2013. URL:- http://english.cntv.cn/program/asiatoday/20130323/104985.shtml (retrieved 01.05.2018)

99. Lora Saalman et al. China's and Russia's Domestic Development and Foreign Roles, March 27, 2013. URL:- http://carnegie.ru/2013/03/27/china-s-and-russia-s-domestic-development-and-foreign-roles-event-4068 (retrieved 01.05.2018)

Размещено на Allbest.ru