Conclusion

This thesis is based on the hypothesis that in the XXI century China utilize specific energy diplomacy towards Russia that predominantly includes features of neomercantilism but at the same time can not escape from the liberal market assumptions and mutual objective interdependency. The observation and analysis of Chinese diplomatic practices confirmed that its way of communication with the Russian side can be characterized as soft mercantilism that combines traits of both mercantilist and liberal paradigm. This conclusion was made on the basis of mercantilist and liberal theory of International Political Economy, a subfield of International Relations dealing with the interaction between states and international markets.

Basing on the case-studies of oil and gas diplomacy this thesis provided the empirical foundations for analysis of China's energy diplomacy towards Russia. Case studies displayed the needs that China tries to satisfy, the situation of international energy markets connected to China and the role of Russia among other partners. The role of Russia is exposed through the comparison with other energy suppliers and through analyzing the process of development of Sino-Russian cooperation. The analysis consequently reveals the relevant features of China's diplomacy such as the aims and the results of China's policy, the reasons of its success and the mechanisms of implementation of Chinese diplomatic tactics in order to answer the questions: what aims does China seek to attain in its energy policy towards Russia and also why and how China does attain what it gets from its energy diplomacy towards Russia.

Chinese mercantilist diplomacy provides a competitive edge in the process of bargaining with Russia. China has guaranteed long-term stable energy supplies from Russia, political and economic clout over Russia and also facilitated its regional domestic issues regarding energy security and environmental problems related to coal-burning. The reasons of Chinese success relate both to China's wise strategy of import diversifying and vulnerable international stance of Russia with its locked-up energy resources. Chinese diplomatic practices are characterized with patient biding and great timing for striking deals. Contracting energy supplies often involves Chinese financial institutions for providing long-standing energy loans or investing money through equity purchasing.

Chinese energy diplomacy resulted from the need of fueling economy with permanent energy supplies. China is a rising power which potentially can alter the status-quo of the recent centuries. Guaranteeing its sustainable growth without energy cuts is one of the most important tasks of the Chinese government. Therefore, the mercantilist behavior of Chinese national energy companies could hardly rely purely on liberal rules of free self-regulated market. As far as China's national energy security is questionable China will continue to implement its soft mercantilist energy diplomacy towards its trading partners including Russia. This thesis might be a foundation for the following studies of Sino-Russian energy cooperation, China's energy diplomacy towards its partners and energy security issues of China.

List of literature

· Antje Nцtzold. Chinese energy policy and its implication for global supply security. // The Journal of East Asian Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 1. Spring/Summer 2012. P.129-154

· Bill Tarrant. Balancing powers in the Malacca Strait. Reuters. March 7, 2010

· Bloomberg. China Opens Delayed Myanmar Oil Pipeline to Get Mideast Crude Faster. 11 Apr. 2017

· BP. Statistical review of world energy. Full report. 2011

· BP. Statistical review of world energy. Full report. 2017

· Bradley E. Layton. A Comparison of Energy Densities of Prevalent Energy Sources In Units Of Joules Per Cubic Meter. International Journal of Green Energy, 5, 2008 P.438-455

· Chen Aizhu. Exclusive: China's CEFC plans its own bank, as Rosneft stake bulks up trade. Reuters. November 1, 2017.

· Christopher A. McNally. Sino-Capitalism: China's Reemergence and the International Political Economy. // World Politics. Volume 64, Issue 4, October 2012.p.741-776

· Cohen B.J. Robert Gilpin and the Early Development of International Political Economy. // Robert Gilpin and International Relations. Reflections. Wolfgang Danspeckgruber. 2012. P.21-31

· Downs E. China. The Brookings Foreign Policy Studies Energy Security Series. 2006. P. 67

· Energy Information Administration. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Coefficients https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php (accessed; 01.05.2018)

· Energy Information Administration. URL: https://www.eia.gov/ (accessed; 01.05.2018)

· Filimonova N., Krivokhizh S. China's stake in the Russian Arctic. The Diplomat. Jan 18, 2018.

· Gazprom Export. Foreign Partners: China. URL: http://www.gazpromexport.ru/en/partners/china/ (accessed: 01.05.2018)

· Gokhan Ozkan. Emergence of International Political Economy as a Sub-Discipline of International Relations and Impact of the Global Crisis on International Political Economy. // International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3 No. 13; July 2012. P.198-203

· Goldthau A. and Witte J.M.. Global Energy Governance: The New Rules of the Game. Washington: Brookings Institution. 2009. P.372

· Goldthau A. Energy Diplomacy in Trade and Investment of Oil and Gas. Royal Holloway. University of London. 2010. 25-48

· Heli Simola and Laura Solanko. Overview of Russia's oil and gas sector. BOFIT Policy Brief 5/2017, 19 May 2017, P.31

· Henderson H. Gazprom Increases Spending In 2018. Gas Compression Magazine. November 29, 2017

· Henderson J. The pricing debate over Russian gas exports to china. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Oxford. Sep 2011. P.55

· Henderson J., Mitrova T. Energy Relations between Russia and China: Playing Chess with the Dragon. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Oxford. Aug 2016. P.88

· Henderson J., Mitrova T. The Political and Commercial Dynamics of Russia's gas Export Strategy. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Oxford. Sep 2015. P.82

· Henderson J., Stern J. Potential Impact on Asia Gas Markets of Russias Eastern Gas Strategy. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Oxford. Feb 2014. P. 13

· Index Mundi. URL: https://www.indexmundi.com/ (accessed; 01.05.2018)

· International Trade Center URL: https://www.trademap.org/tradestat/ (accessed: 01.05.2018)

· Jack Farchy,Elena Mazneva. Russia Wins in Arctic After U.S. Fails to Kill Giant Gas Project. Bloomberg. Dec 14 2017.

· Kahtrin Hille. Russia paves way for limited liberalization of LNG exports. Financial Times, 22 Nov 2013

· Keohane, R. O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton University Press. Princeton. 2005, p.57

· Kuzemko C., Keating M.F., Goldthau A. Nexus-thinking in international political economy: what energy and natural resource scholarship can offer international political economy // Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy and Natural Resources. Edward Elgar Publishing. 2018. P.4

· Mariya Gordeyeva. Kazakhstan seeks better offer from oil majors to end Karachaganak gas row. Reuters. September 8, 2017

· Meidan M. China's loans for oil: asset or liability? Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. Oxford. December 2016. P.1-15

· Mia Bennett. Russia and China claom success at Yamal LNG. The Maritime Executive. 15 Dec., 2017

· Michael Mcfaul. U.S.-Russia Relations after September 11, 2001. Carnegie Endowment for International Peaace. Oct 24, 2001. URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/#unheard-voices-what-syrian-refugees-need-to-return-home (accessed; 01.05.2018)

· Morgenthau H. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Boston: McGrawHill Higher Education. 1972, P. 14-25

· Nina Poussenkova. Russia's Eastern Energy Policy: A Chinese Puzzle for Rosneft. IFRI, Paris. April 2013. P.22

· North D.C. Institutions. // The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. 1. Winter, 1991, p. 97-112

· Reuters Staff. Russia's Rosneft confirms oil supply deal with China's CEFC. Reuters. November 20, 2017.

· Reuters Staff. UPDATE 1-Rosneft agrees to ship oil to China via Kazakhstan. Reuters. November 11, 2013

· Reuters Stuff. Russia's Rosneft, China's CEFC agree joint exploration in Siberia. Reuters. Sep 3, 2017,

· Robin Paxton, Vladimir Soldatkin. China lends Russia $25 billion to get 20 years of oil. Reuters. February 17, 2009.

· Stahl A.K. China's Relations with Sub-Saharan Africa. // IAI working papers 16 | 22 - September 2016. P.29

· The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy. A reader. Ed.by Paul D.P., Amawi A. Oxford University Press. New York. 2013. P.355

· Vladimir Soldatkin, Andrew Callus. Rosneft pays out in historic TNK-BP deal completion. Reuters. March 21, 2013.

· World Bank. URL: https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed; 01.05.2018)

· World map. Oil map of Russia. URL: http://worldmap.harvard.edu/maps/6176 (accessed; 01.05.2018)

· Xi Jinping. Keynote Speech by H.E. Xi Jinping, President of the People's Republic of China, at the Opening Session Of the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2017, Davos, 17 January 2017 URL: https://america.cgtn.com/2017/01/17/full-text-of-xi-jinping-keynote-at-the-world-economic-forum (accessed: 01.05.2018)

· Yao Wang, Jing Lu. Optimization of China Crude Oil Transportation Network with Genetic Ant Colony Algorithm. // Information 2015, 6, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian , P.467-480

· Zhang Chi. The Domestic Dynamics Of China's Energy Diplomacy. National Defence University. 2016. P. 382

· Zhiznin S. Russian energy diplomacy and international energy security (geopolitics and economics) // Baltic Region, (1), 2010, p. 7-17

· Ziegler, C. E., & Menon, R. Neomercantilism and Great-Power Energy Competition in Central Asia and the Caspian. // Strategic Studies Quarterly. Summer 2014. P.17-41

· Боровский Ю., Тратчук К., Исследования энергетики в теории международных отношений. Международные процессы, Том 13, № 4, 2015, с. 86-98

· Брагина Н., Барсуков Ю. «Газпром» поставит газ в Китай к зиме. Коммерсант. 4 июл.2017

· Давтян В. Энергетическая безопасность как политическая категория. // 21-й Век, №3 (15) 2010. P.24-35

· РБК. Малайзийская Petronas подтвердила, что приобрела акции "Роснефти" на 1,1 млрд долл. 26 июл., 2006.

· Тимофей Дзядко. Ямал СПГ» привлек €10,6 млрд у китайских банков. РБК. 29 апреля, 2016

Размещено на Allbest.ru