Mass media

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Introduction

Mass media is a term used to denote a section of the media specifically envisioned and designed to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state. The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment across mediums such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, which requires union membership in large markets. The concept of mass media is complicated in some internet media as now individuals have a means of potential exposure on a scale comparable to what was previously restricted to select group of mass media producers. These internet media can include personal web pages, pod casts and blogs. Mass Media is not an independent pole of power or a separate segment of the society, but it's an instrument of information exchange, communicative space in the system of state - business - public society intercourse and dialogue.

Audience of senior ages used to get information from the press, radio and cinema. TV has come later on and is apprehended by them as a source of news and entertainment. Their world outlook was formed under the influence of press. New generation is more prepared to apprehend visual information that is why the main source of information for them is TV and now the Internet to the more and more growing extend.

Contemporary world is characterized by communications globalization that's why the events which occur in one corner of it influence other countries and nations. In this connection each country' experience is unique and universal at the same time as it helps to escape mistakes and develop the civic society with less losses. The progress can not be stopped but it is possible to use its creative energy for the benefit of the society. I would identify one of the problems of modern communicative sphere as an information overfilling. Media provides to the audience too much information. The Internet enhances the range of available information and is interesting source of information but there is too much garbage in it now.

Short History

Newspapers developed around from 1605, with the first example in English in 1620, but they took until the nineteenth century to reach a mass-audience directly.

During the 20th century, the growth of mass media was driven by technology that allowed the massive duplication of material. Physical duplication technologies such as printing, record pressing and film duplication allowed the duplication of books, newspapers and movies at low prices to huge audiences. Radio and television allowed the electronic duplication of information for the first time.

Mass media had the economics of linear replication: a single work could make money proportional to the number of copies sold, and as volumes went up, units costs went down, increasing profit margins further. Vast fortunes were to be made in mass media. In a democratic society, independent media serve to educate the public/electorate about issues regarding government and corporate entities (see Media influence). Some consider the concentration of media ownership to be a grave threat to democracy.

Purposes

Mass media can be used for various purposes:

Advocacy, both for business and social concerns. This can include advertising, marketing, propaganda, public relations, and political communication.

Enrichment and education.

Entertainment, traditionally through performances of acting, music, and sports, along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through video and computer games.

Journalism- news and blogging.

Public service announcements.

Electronic media and print media include:

Broadcasting, in the narrow sense, for radio and television.

Various types of discs or tape. In the 20th century, these were mainly used for music. Video and computer uses followed.

Film, most often used for entertainment, but also for documentaries.

Internet, which has many uses and presents both opportunities and challenges. Blogs and pod casts, such as news, music, pre-recorded speech and video)

Publishing, in the narrow sense, meaning on paper, mainly via books, magazines, and newspapers.

Video games, which have developed into a mass form of media since devices such as the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360, and the Wii broadened their use.

Broadcasting

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and or video signals (programs) to a number of recipients ("listeners" or "viewers") that belong to a large group. When broadcasting is done via the Internet the term web casting is often used. In 2004 a new phenomenon occurred when a number of technologies combined to produce pod casting. Pod casting is an asynchronous broadcast/narrowcast medium, with one of the main proponents being Adam Curry and his associates the Pod show.

Radio

Radio appeared earlier than TV. Radio first became a possibility when the English physicist Michael Faraday demonstrated that an electrical current could produce a magnetic field. In 1864James Clerk Maxwell, a professor of experimental physics at Cambridge, proved mathematically that these electrical disturbances could be detected at considerable distances. Maxwell predicted that this electromagnetic energy could move outward in waves travelling at the speed of light. In 1888 Heinrich Hertz demonstrated that Maxwell's prediction was true for transmissions over short distances. In 1901 an Italian physicist named Guglielmo Marconi received wireless telegraphic messages sent from Cornwall to Newfoundland. It was hailed as a triumph, but few discern edits full meaning: the birth of a communication revolution. Rather, it was another welcome convenience. Radio underwent rapid improvement in the period before World War II. Radio has not lost its importance with the appearances of TV and the Internet. Today there are a lot of radio stations of many different types and so much variety. Talk shows and music programmes with disc jockeys are very popular.

Television

Television is a terrible waste of time. I know a lot of people who just sit down in front of the “box” and watch whatever's on. They spend hours watching silly Mexican soap operas and second-rate American films when perhaps they ought to be doing something else.In my opinion, television makes us lazier. We stay at home instead of going out. We read less. We think less. We even talk less. It cuts us off from reality. But isn't real life better than this passive enjoyment?

There's too much blood and violence on TV. We begin to believe that the world is an unfriendly place, filled with cruel people and risky circumstances. The violent, crime-filled world shown on TV may turn people into criminals.Television is like a drug: we get addicted to certain TV series and simply can't switch it off. Most programmes are filled with silly commercials. What I hate most about TV is that it often uses strong language. It has a terrible influence on children and young people. Some adverts present us with a puzzle; they show an unusual image which at first doesn't make sense. For example, in the Micra advert, when we see a half-shaved head, we want to know why the man has had his hair cut like that. In the end, we discover that a woman has shaved the man's head because he borrowed her car! Because we have had to work out the solution, we will probably remember the product better.

Other adverts play with words rather than images. When we understand the joke, we feel very pleased with ourselves. Take the advert with the words: 'Last year 400,000 women killed their husbands with a frying pan.' At first, the words seem to refer to domestic violence, but then we realize the advert is a warning about eating high-fat food!

Charities have also started advertising in this way. There is so much suffering in the real world that it is often difficult to hold people's attention. Because of this, charity advertisers have developed ways of shocking the public. They use serious and frightening images. In this case, such hard-hitting tactics are surely justified. On the other hand, some adverts go too far when they are deliberately offensive. Justified? The advertisers would say yes if the adverts sell the product.

Internet

The Internet (also known simply as "the Net" or "the Web") can be briefly understood as "a network of networks". Specifically, it is the worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller domestic, academic, business, and governmental networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web.

Contrary to some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections etc.; the Web is a collection of interconnected documents, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. The World Wide Web is accessible via the Internet, along with many other services including e-mail, file sharing and others described below.

Toward the end of the 20th century, the advent of the World Wide Web marked the first era in which any individual could have a means of exposure on a scale comparable to that of mass media. For the first time, anyone with a web site can address a global audience, although serving to high levels of web traffic is still relatively expensive. It is possible that the rise of peer-to-peer technologies may have begun the process of making the cost of bandwidth manageable. Although a vast amount of information, imagery, and commentary (i.e. "content") has been made available, it is often difficult to determine the authenticity and reliability of information contained in web pages (in many cases, self-published). The invention of the Internet has also allowed breaking news stories to reach around the globe within minutes. This rapid growth of instantaneous, decentralized communication is often deemed likely to change mass media and its relationship to society. "Cross-media" means the idea of distributing the same message through different media channels. A similar idea is expressed in the news industry as "convergence". Many authors understand cross-media publishing to be the ability to publish in both print and on the web without manual conversion effort. An increasing number of wireless devices with mutually incompatible data and screen formats make it even more difficult to achieve the objective “create once, publish many”.

The Internet is quickly becoming the centre of mass media. Everything is becoming accessible via the Internet. Instead of picking up a newspaper, or watching the 10 o'clock news, people will log onto the Internet to get the news they want, when they want it. Many workers listen to the radio through the Internet while sitting at their desk. Games are played through the Internet. Blogging has become a huge form of media, popular through the internet. Even the education system relies on the internet. Teachers can contact the entire class by sending one e-mail. They have web pages where students can get another copy of the class outline or assignments. Some classes even have class blogs where students must post weekly, and are graded on their contributions. The Internet thus far has become an extremely dominant form of media.

Magazines

A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising and/or purchase by readers.

Magazines are typically published weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly or quarterly, with a date on the cover that is in advance of the date it is actually published. They are often printed in color on coated paper, and are bound with a soft cover.

Magazines fall into two broad categories: consumer magazines and business magazines. In practice, magazines are a subset of periodicals, distinct from those periodicals produced by scientific, artistic, academic or special interest publishers which are subscription-only, more expensive, narrowly limited in circulation, and often have little or no advertising.

Magazines can be classified as:

General interest magazines (e.g. Frontline, India Today, The Week, etc)

Special interest magazines (women's, sports, business, scuba diving, etc)

Newspapers

A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of competition from technologies such as radio and television. Recent developments on the Internet are posing major threats to its business model, however. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of a newspaper's income, is shifting from print to online; some commentators, nevertheless, point out that historically new media such as radio and television did not entirely supplant existing media. Newspapers are usually issued daily, weekly, or at other regular times. They provide news, views, features, and other information of public interest and often carry advertising. Newspapers appeared in many European countries in the 17th century. The first English printed news book averaging twenty-two pages was the «Weekly News». It appeared in London in 1621. By the 1640s the news book had taken the form of a newspaper. The first periodical was the «London Gazette», a biweekly court paper. It started as the «Oxford Gazette» in 1665 when the King and
the court moved to Oxford because of London plague. The first English daily was «The Daily Courant» (1702-35). It was in 1771 that Parliament allowed journalists the right to report its proceedings. The «Times» was founded by John Walter in 1785, and «The Observer» was founded in 1791. Newspapers come out to provide their readers with fresh news. Today people have a chance to have full information about political, economic and cultural events in their own country and abroad. In Great Britain there are no official government newspapers. British newspapers are proud of their individual styles. They can be classified into quality and popular editions. Quality newspapers are serious daily issues. They appeal mainly to the upper and middle classes. Popular, tabloid newspapers are smaller in size and contain many photographs. Unlike quality newspapers popular newspapers are not so serious and their stories tend to be sensational.

Mass wire media

Mass wire media is a new frontier of news reporting in the high-tech age. A few decades ago news reporting was through newspapers and radio and television. The radio broadcasts that were made famous by Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II changed the way radio was looked at. These fireside chats made the radio news and news radio. Things are different now as we are witnessing a revolution of people-oriented reporting in real time and other times. This element of intimate knowledge of the event or story being reported has dramatically changed the way we all view news stories.This is called by some the Social Media Revolution. This revolution has intrinsically altered the way news is reported almost the way it happens. The trend of people-oriented reporting is only on the rise as reporting news becomes more personal and more accurate.

In most countries on a definite stage of their development what we revolutionary periods or revolutions occur. In the process of the revolution old system of legislation, administrative regulations and civil traditions is ruined. But all these elements of social system can not be replaced by new at once. Exactly during this period of time mass media gets maximum freedom and becomes really “the fourth power” (and sometimes “the third, second and even the first power”) and operates in a “without brakes” mode.

This period can be called a “willy-nilly freedom” or “super-freedom” which cannot be endless. Such a freedom ought to be limited to a certain extent. But the question is how to define the optimal level of these limits?

This is the question to which the final and universal answer can not be given in principle. Determination of the optimal level of freedom is the process of permanent discussions and actions. But taking into consideration the cyclic nature of the civilization development we might exchange our historic roles and in some ten or fifty years. In other word what we are doing now together has not only present practical value but quite serious general theoretical value for the future as well.

And now let's pass over to the changes in journalists' profession and journalistic ethics problems in Russia.

In many Russian and foreign experts' opinion this process exceeded the optimum level I have mentioned earlier. The media majority on one hand transformed into the political struggle instrument of the definite bureaucrats, and on the other hand they became a tool of big owners' interests' implementation. The level of their correspondence to the tasks of the democratic society decreased considerably. Now we are facing the following problems:

Strengthening of state control of mass media on the federal and regional levels which hampers implementation of the civil right of free excess, production and distribution of information;

Practical inequality of conditions for the governmental and non-governmental mass media in getting, production and distribution of information;

Underdevelopment and disproportion of the media and advertising markets and as a result of it economic dependence of media on the State and sponsors' support;

Corruption in mass media, wide-spread phenomena of prepaid publications, mass media involvement into information wars;

Destruction of journalists' reputation institution as the main basis of professional and commercial success.

Of course it is impossible to enumerate in the short report all the ways of these problems solution. I will focus on one aspect.

Many experts consider that some negative tendencies might be eliminated by real turning to the public mass media.

Russian right democrats, human rights organizations, Russian Union of Journalists adopted in January 2002 a joint program of actions. They intend to lobby the formation of an institution of public TV and radio broadcasting. This in their opinion would enable to ensure public control of TV and radio, to create conditions for pluralistic socially and culturally directed program policy, to rise the level of objectivity and reliability of information distributed by the electronic media.

The following steps to achieve these aims are determined:

To pass the bill on public TV and radio broadcasting;

To organize a training center of specialists for public TV and radio broadcasting;

To reorganize one of the State federal TV channels into a public channel and one of the State federal radio station into a public radio station;

To take similar measures in the regions.

There is a draft of a federal law “On public TV and radio broadcasting” in Russia. But in general this activity in our country is on the very initial stage.

There is one more problem I would like to touch - the problem of journalists' social responsibility.

The general jurisdiction courts practice shows this problem most visibly. Every year more then six hundred (600) suits against media and journalists are submitted by private persons and organizations to the courts. The most numerous legal claims are as follows:

humiliation of honor and dignity,

defamation,

misuse of media during electoral campaigns,

violation of inviolability of private life.

Real number of violations is much bigger than registered in juridical practice. The most widespread “sin” of Russian press is deliberate and unintentional distribution of low-quality information: not accurate, not complete, not reliable and so on.

The ways of these problems solution are in principle well known: development of journalists' legislative culture, organization of juridical consulting in the editorial offices, lawyers' support of media in conflict situations.

However the problem has not only juridical side. There exists a phenomena of professional ethical standards defying, absence of effective self-regulative mechanisms in the journalistic society.

In this connection the problem of creation of extra-juridical system for solution of numerous information conflicts resulted from the media low quality operation is being actively discussed in Russia. There were some elements of such system in Russia. In 1993 a group of democrats from President Yeltcin surroundings worked up a formula of an unusual information arbiter - Information Conflicts Court Chamber under the President of Russia.

The Chamber had a dual status: on one hand, it was a State body under the President and on the other hand, it was a structure of mass media self-regulation. In the second quality the Chamber showed itself as an institution of mediation, as a non-governmental mechanism used to provide social responsibility of mass media.

The Chamber mediated in following cases:

a) mass media freedom infringement;

b) urgent correction and/or refutation of the media information harmful to the public interests;

c) publication of biased and unreliable information;

d) violation of the equality principle in mass media sphere;

e) infringement of the moral interests of the youth in mass media;

f) violation of political pluralism principle;

g) unfair distribution of TV and radio broadcast time among the Parliament groups

The Chamber discussed the cases which could not be submitted to the court or which the disputing parties were not willing to solve via trial. In the Chamber practice the following penalties were used:

representation to the Ministry of Press to issue a written warning to the founder and editorial board;

representation to the court to stop the media operation;

reprimand to the journalist violating ethical standards and so on.

The members of the Chamber pointed out that their main weapon was openness and effectiveness of operation. That is why citizens and members of the Parliament, businessmen addressed the Chamber looking for the support in defending their rights. The Russian Central Electoral Board was the most active institution that cooperated with the Chamber during electoral campaigns.

But the Russian practice of ethical regulation of the media activity can not be regarded as satisfactory and developed. Ethical standards come into our practice with great difficulties. That might seem unexpected, but instrument of ethical regulation might be created on the business structures basis.

This motivation seems to have good prospects and is desirable, because it is business that in Russian environment suffers most of all from dishonest journalists and information wars.

It's necessary to stress that these areas of public interest (social justice, economic inequality, environment, genocide) compose vital interests of the society. That is why the information on these matters contains not only rational content but an emotional charge of tremendous mobilizing power as well.

The level of the defined issues report adequacy depends upon:

3. In the global aspect it depends on the situation in the country on one hand, and who controls or influences this or that media, on the other hand.

4. In a special case it depends on the desire of a publisher to use these information grounds to attract information consumers' attention either to carry out the media public mission or to solve media definite commercial problems (distribution development, attracting advertisers etc.).

That is why these problems inside the country are reported upon and tackled in accordance with the level of public interest to the issues but they are not dramatized to escape society destabilization. These problems are sharpened to a definite extend in the periods of different level electoral campaigns by their participants to collect votes.

In the so called “proto-democracies” (Russia, probably, is in this group) it would be simply not serious to speak about adequate coverage of these matters.

Political and economic groupings were engaged in fierce information (and not only information) wars for gaining political power and appropriation of the society's property. Mass media were divided among political and economic groupings and were actively used as weapon of the information wars in the struggle to provide the influence on the society. And the topics of social justice and economic equality, environment protection and genocide prevention were widely used by each of the fighting groupings in their interests.

Only now on the stage of the post-revolution stabilization the possibilities appeared for more constructive approach to the discussion of social and ethnical, environmental and other crucial public problems and of the ways of their solution.

By now it is possible to subdivide all the web-sites according to the scale of information reliability into the following categories:

1. Information sites of scientific, research, educational and other institutions.

2. Newspapers' and magazines' electronic editions, radio- and TV programs.

3. Commercial companies' and trade organizations' sites.

4. Different Internet enthusiasts' sites whose information reliability it is very difficult to verify. radio television mass media internet

5. Sites containing definitely false and slanderous information.

After entering the XXI century we can make a review and state that Russia, a country and a society went through four revolutions, three bloody wars and each of these calamities might be the end of any other civilization or cultural-ethnic formation. But Russia has survived and is seeking its way in the modern world.

This is a brief introduction to historical conditions in which our society and mass media as an integrated part of it were formed and crystallized.

In our understanding mass media is not at all «the 4th power» neither it is «the 3rd and the 2nd, nor the 1st power». Mass media is a society' product, an instrument of communication, communicative space which might serve the evolvement of democracy or be used for the society' misinformation and deception.

Russia since the last decade of the 90th has been a great laboratory and citizens have become the participants of a tremendous experiment of transit from one economic-social formation to another, the name of which is still unknown but hopefully it would be better then previous ones. Russian mass media together with the society went through all these trials, all the ups and downs. At the beginning of the 90th a period of the full freedom of mass media started. It was characterized by free exchange of ideas of all the acting political parties and other subjects. Russian press and journalists demanded full freedom to act most effectively for the benefit of social progress.

But the reality turned to be different Mass media in the environment of «wild capitalism» and information wars became a factor of disintegration and destabilization of the society.

This is not an abstract discourse because it is proved by the contemporary researches. As an example of it may be taken Alexander Grabelriikov, professor of the Russian University of Nations Friendship, research «Mass Media in Russia: from the first newspaper to the information society».

By the end of the last decade of the XX century everything looked quite decent in Russian mass media. Mass media started transition to the market relations. A lot of media became financially independent from the state. A segment of information-commercial media emerged. Two laws on mass media regulation of 1990 and 1991 supported this process. Censorship was abolished, journalists got the right to found their own media and programs. Mass media in Russia became more and more independent form the state and parties' control.

«Glasnost» and freedom of the press on the edge of 80th - 90th led to the rise of Russian audience respect of mass media. In 1 989 one-time circulation of 8800 newspapers reached 230 million, 1629 magazines - 220 million. In 1990 circulation of newspapers grew up by 4.6 percent and magazines - by 4.3 percent.

After this came the period of severe information wars (i.e. from 1993 to the end of the century) with publications of «trunks of disclosures», «bed and sauna scenes» of politicians, waves of «black» information and pornography. Information became a weapon of political fighting. It resulted in the downfall of confidence and as a result of it - circulation.

In 1995 Russian federal newspapers circulation amounted only 7 percent of the 1990 level? It was a catastrophe.

Russian Union of Journalists was forced to address the President to render the state support to the press. It was stressed in the Open letter of June 16, 1995 that « most of the Russian citizens had no idea about the situation in the country and abroad, about federal structures activities, about the life of our CIS neighbor countries.

Facts show that Russian mass media move to the new quality stage of the evolution - to the stage of responsible freedom.

Mass media accepting this understanding of freedom have a chance to become an instrument of Russian society democratization and instrument of the real integration of all the subjects of the civic society, state, business, non-governmental organizations, citizens.

This goal is quite realistic due to two main reasons:

1) This understanding has already matured in the Russian journalistic community.

2) Russian President position is very close to the concept of responsible freedom of mass media what comes from his meeting with the Russian and German journalists on April 4, 2002:

* Journalists should have an opportunity to openly, freely, without fear express, their point of view on main problems of state and society development subject to criticism administration activity and to gain their reaction;

* Oligarchs should not have the freedom to buy journalists, to force them to be used in their interests to defend oligarch way of Russia development;

* Mass media should be fee economically, have their own economic base without dependence on oligarchs' or state money.

There are several problems characteristic to the Canadian mass media. In particular there is a sense of shortage of positive information feeling about really good changers in the society living conditions (for example, restoration of forests, growth of population living standards all over the world) and on the other hand there is a lack of society's interest to good news. Audience exposes a great interest to scandals, incidents and other extraordinary events.

In the nearest perspective I am worried about the media commercialization when the public interest is moved to the secondary position to serve advertisers' interests and the journalistic

Conclusion

A message can be communicated to a mass audience by many means: hardly a human being lives through a day without feeling the impact of at least one of the mass media. The oldest media are those of the printed word and picture which carry their message through the sense of sight: the weekly and daily newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets, direct mail circulars, and billboards. Radio is the mass communications medium aimed at the sense of sound, whereas television and motion pictures appeal both to the visual and auditory senses.

The reader turns to his newspaper for news and opinion, entertainment, and the advertising it publishes. In the weekly the focus is upon the reader's own community; in the daily the focus is upon the nation and the world as well. Magazines give him background information, entertainment, opinion, and the advertising; books offer longer range and more detailed examination of subjects, as well as entertainment; pamphlets, direct mail pieces, and billboards bring the views of commercial and civic organizations. Films may inform and persuade as well as entertain. Television and radio offer entertainment, news and opinion, and advertising messages and can bring direct coverage of public events into the listener's home.

There are important agencies of communication which are adjuncts of the mass media. There are the press associations, which collect and distribute news and pictures to the newspapers, television and radio stations, and news magazines; the syndicates, which offer background news and pictures, commentary, and entertainment features to newspapers, television and radio, and magazines; the advertising agencies, which serve their business clients, on the one hand, and the mass media, on the other; the advertising departments of companies and institutions, which serve in merchandising roles; and the public relations departments, which serve in information roles; the public relations counciling firms and publicity organizations, which offer information in behalf of their clients, and research, individuals and groups, who help gauge the impact of the massage and guide mass communicators to more effective paths.

Who are the communicators who work for and with these mass media? We think of the core as being the reporters, writers, editors, announcers, and commentators for newspapers, news magazines, television and radio, press associations, and syndicates. But there are many others: news photographers; book and publication editors and creative personnel in the graphic arts industry; advertising personnel of all types; public relations practitioners and information writers; business management personnel for the mass media; radio-television script and continuity writers; film producers and writers; magazine writers and editors; trade and business paper publication writers and editors; industrial publication editors; technical writers in such fields as science, agriculture and home economics; specialists in mass communications research; and teachers of journalism. Actors in television and motion pictures also are communicators in a special sense, adding emotional impact to the written script.

The role the mass media in the life of the present society is difficult to overestimate. They have become a daily and essential necessity with contemporary men. The mass media report about various aspects of life, form and affect public opinion. The mass media comprise press, radio, TV and the Internet. In this or that form the mass media come into every home. To understand the meaning of the mass media for the people it is necessary to consider their every aspect separately. Today Russia can be proud of the variety of newspapers circulating throughout the country. On the news stalls one can find newspapers of all kinds: national and local, official and private, quality and popular, newspapers issued for children, teenagers, people of different trends, for fans: sport-fans, car-fans, etc. Today there are a lot of local and professional newspapers in Russia. Now it is almost impossible to classify all the Russian newspapers into two big groups: quality and popular. It is possible to name the newspapers and the bodies responsible for the issue of this or that newspaper to illustrate the variety of the modern Russian press. «Moscovsky Komsomolets» is a social and political newspaper of the Russian youth; «Arguments and Facts» is an independent newspaper; «Evening Moscow» is an independent people's newspaper; «The Red Star» is the newspaper of the Defense Ministry. As for the magazines, today they are numerous. They cover all topics and interests, from painting and architecture to tennis, from aviation and gardening to computers and literary criticism The main aim of this research is to understand on what stage of its evolution modern Russian mass media are, to clear out the most characteristic problems and challenges which they face and try to find approaches to their solution for the sake of democracy and progress.

The list of literature

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