Local varieties of British English: their present day status and phonetic peculiarities

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Local varieties of British English: their present day status and phonetic peculiarities

Written by Moiseyeva Julia

Introduction

language english dialect

Every language allows different kinds of variations: geographical or territorial, perhaps the most obvious, stylistic, the difference between the written and the spoken form of the standard national language and others. It is the national language of England proper, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and some provinces of Canada. It is the official language of Wales, Scotland, in Gibraltar and on the island of Malta. Modern linguistics distinguishes territorial variants of a national language and local dialects. Variants of a language are regional varieties of a standard literary language characterized by some minor peculiarities in the sound system, vocabulary and grammar and by their own literary norms.

Standard English - the official language of Great Britain taught at schools and universities, used by the press, the radio and the television and spoken by educated people may be defined as that form of English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. Its vocabulary is contrasted to dialect words or dialectisms belonging to various local dialects. Local dialects are varieties of the English language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. Regional varieties possessing a literary form are called variants. Dialects are said to undergo rapid changes under the pressure of Standard English taught at schools and the speech habits cultivated by radio, television and cinema.

1. English language in England

The English language in England refers to the English language as spoken in England. These forms of English are a subsection of British English, as spoken throughout the United Kingdom. Other terms used to refer to the English language as spoken in England include: English English, Anglo-English, and English in England.

The related term "British English" has "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word "British" and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity" but is usually reserved to describe the features common to English English, Welsh English, and Scottish English (England, Wales, and Scotland are the three traditional countries on the island of Great Britain; the main dialect of the fourth country of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland, is Ulster English, which is generally considered a sub-dialect of Hiberno-English).

There are many different accents and dialects throughout England and people are often very proud of their local accent or dialect. However, accents and dialects also highlight social class differences, rivalries, or other associated prejudices--as illustrated by George Bernard Shaw's comment:

It is impossible for an Englishman to open his mouth without making some other Englishman hate or despise him.

The three largest recognizable dialect groups in England are Southern English dialects, Midlands English dialects and Northern English dialects. The most prominent isogloss is the foot-strut split, which runs roughly from mid-Shropshire (on the Welsh border) to south of Birmingham and then to The Wash. South of the isogloss, in the Midlands and Southern dialects, the Middle English phoneme /?/ split into /?/ (as in cut, strut) and /?/ (put, foot); this change did not occur north of the isogloss.

The accent of English best known to people outside the United Kingdom is that of Received Pronunciation (RP), though it is used by only a small minority of speakers in England. Until recently, RP was widely considered to be more typical of educated speakers than other accents. It was referred to by some as the Queen's (or King's) English, or even "BBC English" (because for many years of broadcasting it was rare to hear any other accent on the BBC). Since the 1960s regional accents have become increasingly accepted in mainstream media, and are frequently heard on radio and television. RP is also sometimes called an "Oxford accent"; the Oxford English Dictionary gives RP pronunciations for each word, as do most other English dictionaries published in Britain.

Native English speakers can often tell quite accurately where a person comes from, frequently down to within a few miles. Historically, such differences could be a major impediment to understanding between people from different areas. There are also many cases where a large city has a very different accent from the rural area around it (e.g. Bristol and Avon, Hull and the East Riding, Liverpool and Lancashire). But modern communications and mass media have reduced these differences in some parts of the country. Speakers may also change their pronunciation and vocabulary, particularly towards Received Pronunciation and Standard English when in public.

British Isles varieties of English, including English English, are discussed in John C. Wells (1982). Some of the features of English English are that:

· Most versions of this dialect have non-rhotic pronunciation, meaning that [r] is not pronounced in syllable coda position. Nonrhoticism is also found elsewhere in the English speaking world, including in Australian English, New Zealand English, and South African English, as well as most nonnative varieties spoken throughout the Commonwealth of Nations.^[10] Rhotic accents exist in the West Country, parts of Lancashire, the far north of England and in the town of Corby, both of which have a large Scottish influence on their speech.

· As noted above, Northern versions of the dialect lack the foot-strut split, so that there is no distinction between /?/ and /?/, makingput and putt homophones as /p?t/.

· In the Southern varieties, words like bath, cast, dance, fast, after, castle, grass etc. are pronounced with the long vowel found incalm (that is, [??] or a similar vowel) while in the Midlands and Northern varieties they are pronounced with the same vowel as trap orcat, usually [a]. For more details see Trap-bath split. There are some areas of the West Country that use [a?] in both the TRAP and BATH sets. The Bristol area, although in the south of England, uses the short [a] in BATH.

· Many varieties undergo h-dropping, making harm and arm homophones. This is a feature of working-class accents across most of England, but was traditionally stigmatised (a fact the comedy musical My Fair Lady was quick to exploit) but less so now. This was geographically widespread, but the linguist A.C. Gibson stated that it did not extend to the far north, nor to East Anglia, Essex, Wiltshire or Somerset. In the past, working-class people were often unsure where an h ought to be pronounced, and, when attempting to speak "properly", would often preface any word that began with a vowel with an h (e.g. "henormous" instead ofenormous, "hicicles" instead of icicles); this was referred to as the "hypercorrect h" in the Survey of English Dialects, and is also referenced in literature (e.g. the policeman in Danny the Champion of the World).

· A glottal stop for intervocalic /t/ is now common amongst younger speakers across the country; it was originally confined to some areas of the south-east and East Anglia.

· The distinction between /w/ and /hw/ in wine and whine is lost in most varieties, "wh" being pronounced consistently as /w/.

· Most varieties have the horse-hoarse merger. However some northern accents retain the distinction, pronouncing pairs of words likefor/four, horse/hoarse and morning/mourning differently.

· The consonant clusters /sj/, /zj/, and /lj/ in suit, Zeus, and lute are preserved by some.

· Many Southern varieties have the bad-lad split, so that bad /bж?d/ and lad /lжd/ do not rhyme.

· In most of the eastern half of England, plurals and past participle endings which are pronounced /?z/ and /?d/ (with the vowel of kit) in RP may be pronounced with a schwa /?/. This can be found as far north as Wakefield and as far south as Essex. This is unusual in being an east-west division in pronunciation when English dialects generally divide between north and south. Another east-west division involves the rhotic [r]; it can be heard in the speech of country folk (particularly the elder), more or less west of the course of the Roman era road known as Watling Street (the modern A5), which at one time divided King Alfred's Wessex and English Mercia from the Danish kingdoms in the east. The rhotic [r] is rarely found in the east.

· Sporadically, miscellaneous items of generally obsolete vocabulary survive: come in the past tense rather than came; the use ofthou and/or ye for you.

1.1 Dialects

Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as within the countries themselves.

Map showing phonological variation within England of the vowel in bath, grass, and dance.

'a' ж

'aa' ж?

'ah' ?(?)

anomalies

Those in the north generally pronounce such words with a short vowel whereas those in the south use a long vowel

Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as within the countries themselves.

The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England, which comprises Southern English dialects, West Country dialects, East andWest Midlands English dialects and Northern English dialects), Welsh English (not to be confused with the Welsh language), Irish English and Scottish English (not to be confused with the Scots language). The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages.

Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1949-1950), the University of Leeds has started work on a new project. Johnson's team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC, in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout the country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio." Work by the team on this project is not expected to end before 2010. When covering the award of the grant on 1 June 2007, The Independent stated:

Mr Upton, who is Professor of English at Leeds University, said that they were "very pleased"--and indeed, "well chuffed"--at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the Black Country, or if he was a Scouser he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a Geordie might say, Ј460,000 is a "canny load of chink"

1.2 Regional

The form of English most commonly associated with the upper class in the southern counties of England is called Received Pronunciation (RP). It derives from a mixture of the Midland and Southern dialects which were spoken in London in the early modern period and is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners. Although speakers from elsewhere in England may not speak with an RP accent it is now a class-dialect more than a local dialect. It may also be referred to as "the Queen's (or King's) English", "Public School English", "Posh" or "BBC English" as this was originally the form of English used on radio and television, although a wider variety of accents can be heard these days. About two percent of Britons speak RP, and it has evolved quite markedly over the last 40 years.

In the South East there are significantly different accents; the London Cockney accent is strikingly different from RP and its rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand.

Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. In London itself, the broad local accent is still changing, partly influenced by Caribbean speech. Communities migrating to the UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 100 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's school children. As a result, Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors.

Since the mass internal immigration to Northamptonshire in the 1940s and its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a transitional accent between the East Midlands and East Anglian. It is the last southern midland accent to use the broad "a" in words like bath/grass (i.e. barth/grarss). Conversely crass/plastic use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in Leicestershire the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of Corby, five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite, which unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by the West Scottish accent.

In addition, most British people can to some degree temporarily "swing" their accent towards a more neutral form of English at will, to reduce difficulty where very different accents are involved, or when speaking to foreigners.

1.3 Glottal stop

In informal British English, it is common for the sound /t/, except at the beginning of words, to be replaced by a glottal stop in a process called T-glottalisation. Once regarded as a Cockney feature, it has become much more widespread. It is still stigmatised when used in words like later, but becoming very widespread at the end of words such as not (as in no/?/ interested). Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are p, as in pa/?/er, k as in ba/?/er and "t" as in bu/?/er. Contrary to popular belief in the Americas (citation needed), a glottal stop is not used with the letter "d" as in "brea/?/

2. Pronunciation Varieties of British English

It is generally considered that the orthoepic norm of British English is "Received Pronunciation" (RP). RP was accepted as the phonetic norm of English about a century ago. It is mainly based on the Southern English regional type of pronunciation, but it has developed its own features which have given it a non-regional character, for example, there is no region in Britain to which it is native.

RP is spoken all over Britain by only 3-5% of the population, by those who have had the most privileged education in the country -- at public schools (the best and most expensive fee-paying schools for the children of the rich, such as Eton and Harrow). Children, sent to live there at the age of eleven and isolated from other children, 'contact only with their teachers and schoolmates and very soon acquire the so called "public school accent", or RP. Since almost all the leading positions in the Cabinet, the armed forces, the judiciary and the Established Church are occupied by those who have had public school education, RP is actually a social standard pronunciation of English. It is often referred to as the "prestige accent though RP is carefully preserved by the public schools and the privileged class in England, the RP of today divers in some respects from the former refined RP used half a century ago. The main changes that have recently taken place in RP are as follows:

1) The diphthongization of the RP /i:/ and /u:/ which in final position are pronounced with a glide:

# "see" /s l i'/, "who" /hVu"/.

2) The monophthongization of /al/ and /aV/ when followed by /?/:

# "tower" /taV?/ Conservative RP > /ta?/ General RP > /tQ:/ Advanced RP; "fire" /fаl?/ CRP> /fa?/ GRP > /fQ:/ ARP.

3) The centering of former /oV/ to /3V/: "home" /h3Vm/, "November"

/n3V'vemba/. As a result of this tendency the transcription symbol has been changed in English books: /oV/ > /?V/.

4) A greater weakening of vowels in weakly stressed syllables which results in the use of the schwa /?/ where the more conservative form had and has the stronger /I/:

# /b?'li:v/ for /bl'li:v/, "interesting" /'lntrasti?/ for /'Intrlstl?/. The modern dictionaries give both variants: "physicist" /flzl\?sl\?st/.

But the distinction between /?/ -- /I/ is retained in:

a) final open syllables: "better" -- "Bеttу "; "dollar"-- "Dolly",

b) such morphemes as "-ed", "-es": "mattered" -- "matted"; "teachers" --"teaches".

c) "allusion " (намек) -- "illusion ".

5) Diphthongs /0?/, N?/ tend to be levelled to /0:/.

Thus, the words "роrе" and "poor" are pronounced like this:

/pО?/, /pV?/ -- by older speakers;

/p0:/, /pV?/ -- by middle-age speakers;

/p0:/, /p0:/ -- as well as/S0:/ "sure"-- by younger speakers.

6) Back-advanced vowels /A/, /V/ are considerably fronted in the advanced

RP:

"but" /bAt/>/b?t/, "good" /gVd/>/g?d/.

7) Some free phonemes have appeared under the influence of the written image of words, their spelling

a) /eks'kju:z/, /eg'zжm/, /kPn'sent/;

b) /'sAndei/, /'mAndеi/;

c) /ek?'nРmlks/;

d) free variants in "often" /'Of?n/, /'Oft?n/.

8) The sound /ju:/ after the alveolar /s, t, d, n, 1/ may be replaced by /u:/:

# "suit" "student" "due" "new" "illusion ".

9) The final /b, d, g/ are now partially devoiced. The voiced/voiceless distinctions between /b-p/, /d-t/, /g-k/ seem to be lost, it is neutralized in the final position. The fortis/lens character of pronunciation has become the relevant feature of consonants. In the minimal pairs /kжb/ -- /kжp/, /sed/ -- /set/, /bжg -- bжk/ the stops /p, t, k/ are "fortis", energetic, while /b, d, g/ are "lenis", weak.

Besides, the interrelation between the final consonants and the preceding stressed vowels is very close. The duration of the vowel before the traditionally called voiced consonant is 1.5 times larger than before the voiceless consonant.

10) Sound combinations /sj/, /zj/, tj/, /dj/ are pronounced as /S, Z, tS, dZ/

respectively: # "issue" /iSu:/, "perhaps you" /p?'h?pSu:/, "visual", "gives you" /gIvZu:/, "situation", "actual", "education", "second year" /sek?ndZI?/.

11) The glottal stop can appear in the followng environments:

a) as a realization of syllable-final /t/ before a following consonant: "batman"

b) in certain consonant clusters as in "teacher"

The use of the glottal stop by the advanced RP speakers produces a "clipped" effect on a foreigner.

12) By analogy with the linking /r/, the intrusive (ложный) /r/ is added to a word ending with the vowel "a" before a word beginning with a vowel: "four eggs", "here are" -- linking /r/; "the idea /r/ of it", "Asia /r/ and Africa", "media /r/ event" -- intrusive /r/.

The above-mentioned modifications are accepted and have become well-established nowadays, though they are not equally wide-spread among all the RP speakers. RP is the accent that has always been chosen by British teachers to teach the foreign learners, and has been most fully described and has been used as the basis for textbooks containing practical exercises, phonetic drills, transcribed texts, for tape-recorded texts and gramophone re-cords of texts, for sound films and film strips and for a number of excellent pronouncing dictionaries. It is for these reasons that RP is often accepted as the teaching norm (standard) in many countries where English is taught as a foreign language, including most of the schools and higher educational institutions in our country.

2.1 The Northern Regional Type of English Pronunciation

It is characterized by features that are common to all the accents used in the northern part of England (in the region between Birmingham and the border of Scotland). The main distinctions of Northern English (NE), as opposed to RP, are as follows:

(1) RP /A/ is realized as /V/ in words like 'love', 'luck', 'blood', 'much', 'cup', 'wonderful'; as /u:/ -- in 'book', 'look'; as /P/ -- in 'one', 'none', 'constable', 'tongue' ("o" in spelling).

(2) Words like 'dance', 'glass', 'ask', 'laugh', 'after', etc. which do not have "r" in spelling, are pronounced with /ж/.

But: /fa: р?/ 'father'.

(3) /e:/ or /?:/ is used instead of RP /e1/: 'may, take, rain, late', while the diphthong /el/ occurs in some Northern accents in 'reign, eight' (with "g" in spelling).

(4) /P?/ is widely used, so they distinguish words like 'pore' /P?/ -- 'paw' /0:/, 'court' /P?/ -- caught' /0:/.

(5) RP /?V/ is pronounced as [o:]: `go, home, boat'.

(6) [1] is clear in all environments.

(7) `-ing' is [In]: 'shilling' /'SIlln/.

(8) All tones are drawled and speech is generally slower than in Southern English. The Low Rising Tone is much oftener than in RP. All that tends to give a sing-song quality to speech.

2.2 The Scottish Type of English Pronunciation (ScE)

We must first make clear that the status of Scottish English is still debated. Some linguists say that it is a national variant of English. Others say that it is a dialect.

ScE is based on the accents spoken in Scotland which vary among themselves in some respects. Their common features, which distinguish ScE from RP, are as follows:

(1) Since ScE is rhotic, that is /r/ (which is an alveolar flap, of the Russian type) is heard in all positions (that is also after vowels), instead of RP /3:/ they use the sequences /Ir/ 'bird', /er/ 'heard', /Ar/ 'hurt', 'word'. Similarly monophthongs are used instead of RP diphthongs /I?/, /V?/ /??/ in 'beer' /bIr/, 'beard' /bird/, 'sure' /SVr/, 'poor' /pVr/, 'pure' /pjVr/, 'there' /р?r/.

(2) All vowels are short. So pairs like 'pool -- pull', 'cot -- caught', 'palm -- pain' are not distinguished.

(3) They don't distinguish between /ж/ and /Q:/, words like 'path, bad, dance, half, grass' are pronounced with /ж/, /a/ or /Q/.

(4) /u/ often occurs instead of RP /aV/: 'house' /hu:s/, 'down' /dun/.

(5) A voiceless labiovelar fricative /M/ or the cluster /hw/ is used in words with the initial digraph "wh" to distinguish between "which" and "witch", "where" and "wear", "whine" and "wine".

(6) A backlingual (velar) fricative /x/, which resembles the corresponding Russian sound, occurs in "loch", "caught" /koxt/

(7) [1] is dark in all positions.

(8) "-ing" is [In].

(9) "through " /Sru:/.

(10) The suffix "-ise" is stressed: 'rea'lized'.

(11) Special Questions may end with a High Level Tone after a Fall on the in-terrogative word, # 'Who 's having the grape fruit?

(12) A final 'vocative (обращение, звательный падеж) does not necessary continue the tune of the General Question,# Will you be in for lunch, Mr. Brown?

3. Peculiarities of American and British English and their differences

American English (variously abbreviated AmE, AE, AmEng, USEng, en-US, also known as United States English, or U.S. English) is a set of dialects of the English language used mostly in the United States. Approximately two thirds of native speakers of English live in the United States. English is the most common language in the United States. Though the U.S. federal government has no official language, English is considered the de facto, "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law", language of the United States because of its widespread use. English has been given official status by 30 of the 50 state governments.

The use of English in the United States was inherited from British colonization. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America in the 17th century. During that time, there were also speakers in North America of Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Swedish, Scots, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Finnish, Russian (Alaska) and numerous Native American languages.

* American English (AmE) is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used within the United States of America.

* British English (BrE) is the form of English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom.

American English and British English (BrE) differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language, was written by Noah Webster in 1828; Webster intended to show that the United States, which was a relatively new country at the time, spoke a different dialect from that of Britain.

Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and normally do not affect mutual intelligibility; these include:

· different use of some verbal auxiliaries;

· formal (rather than notional) agreement with collective nouns;

· different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (e.g. AmE/BrE: learned/learnt, burned/burnt, and in sneak, dive, get);

· different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (e.g. AmE in school, BrE at school);

· and whether or not a definite article is used, in very few cases (AmE to the hospital, BrE to hospital).

Often, these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable, since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other.

Differences in orthography are also trivial. Some of the forms that now serve to distinguish American from British spelling (color for colour, center for centre, traveler for traveller, etc.) were introduced by Noah Webster himself; others are due to spelling tendencies in Britain from the 17th century until the present day (e.g. -ise for -ize, although the Oxford English Dictionary still prefers the -ize ending) and cases favored by the francophile tastes of 19th century Victorian England, which had little effect on AmE (e.g. programme for program, manoeuvre for maneuver, skilful for skillful, cheque for check, etc.). AmE sometimes favors words that are morphologically more complex, whereas BrE uses clipped forms, such as AmE transportation and BrE transport or where the British form is a back-formation, such as AmE burglarize and BrE burgle (from burglar). It should however be noted that these words are not mutually exclusive, being widely understood and mostly used alongside each other within the two systems.

The most noticeable differences between AmE and BrE are at the levels of pronunciation and vocabulary.

Written forms of American and British English as found in newspapers and textbooks vary little in their essential features, with only occasional noticeable differences in comparable media (comparing American newspapers to British newspapers, for example). This kind of formal English, particularly written English, is often called 'standard English'.

The spoken forms of British English vary considerably, reflecting a long history of dialect development amid isolated populations. Dialects and accents vary not only between the countries in the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but also within these individual countries.

There are also differences in the English spoken by different groups of people in any particular region. Received Pronunciation, which is "the educated spoken English of south-east England", has traditionally been regarded as proper English; this is also referred to as BBC English or the Queen's English. The BBC and other broadcasters now intentionally use a mix of presenters with a variety of British accents and dialects, and the concept of "proper English" is now far less prevalent.

British and American English are the reference norms for English as spoken, written, and taught in the rest of the world. For instance, the English-speaking members of the Commonwealth often closely follow British English forms while many new American English forms quickly become familiar outside of the United States. Although the dialects of English used in the former British Empire are often, to various extents, based on British English, most of the countries concerned have developed their own unique dialects, particularly with respect to pronunciation, idioms, and vocabulary; chief among them are Canadian English and Australian English, which rank third and fourth in number of native speakers if Indian English and the English of other countries of Asia and Africa are disregarded.

Conclusions

As with English around the world, the English language as used in the United Kingdom is governed by convention rather than formal code: there is no equivalent body to the Acadйmie franзaise or the Real Academia Espaсola, and the authoritative dictionaries (for example, Oxford English Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Chambers Dictionary, Collins Dictionary) record usage rather than prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other strains of English, and neologisms are frequent.

For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the 9th century, the form of language spoken in London and the East Midlands became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education within Britain. Largely, modern British spelling was standardised in Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), although previous writers had also played a significant role in this and much has changed since 1755. Scotland, which underwent parliamentary union with England only in 1707, still has a few independent aspects of standardisation, especially within its autonomous legal system.

Since the early 20th century, numerous books by British authors intended as guides to English grammar and usage have been published, a few of which have achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's Modern English Usage and The Complete Plain Words by Sir Ernest Gowers. Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication is included in style guides issued by various publishers including The Times newspaper, the Oxford University Press and the Cambridge University Press, and others. The Oxford University Press guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart and were, at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as Hart's Rules and, most recently (in 2002), as part of The Oxford Manual of Style. Comparable in authority and stature to The Chicago Manual of Style for published American English, the Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English, to which writers can turn in the absence of any specific document issued by the publishing house that will publish their work.

List of the literature

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2. Gimson A.C. Gimson's Pronunciation of English / Alfred Charles Gimson, revised by A. Cruttenden. - 7th ed. - London : Hodder Education, 2008. - 380 p.

3. Johnson J., DeVore K. Standard British : Materials Created for AccentHelp.com / Jim Johnson and Kate DeVore. - Houston, TX : Accent Help, 2011. - 23 p.

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6. Schur N., Ehrlich E. British English A to Zed / N. Schur, E. Ehrlich. Rev. and updated, 2012. ? 450 p.

7. Stern D.A. Standard British : Acting with an Accent / David Allen Stern. - Londonville, VT : Dialect Accent Specialists, Inc., 1983. - 16 p.

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