Modern english alphabet
English as the main means of communication of people in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and numerous other countries. Familiarity with the features of the modern еEnglish alphabet. Analysis of the history and development of the alphabet.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | курсовая работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 07.12.2013 |
| Размер файла | 1012,6 K |
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Figure
Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation.
Suffixes may be classified proceeding from different criteria. According to the part of speech classification they fall into:
a) suffixes forming nouns;
b) suffixes forming adjectives;
c) suffixes forming verbs;
d) and adverb-suffixes.
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words.
Conversion is a characteristic feature of the English word-building system. It is also called affixless derivation or zero-suffixation.
Rayevska thinks that derivative and compound words, as lexemes, have naturally the properties revealed in their paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations. But there are cases when some semantic elements of such words do not find their formal expression and remain in "deep sense word-structure".
Meshkov defines that in English words can be simple, derivative and compound. A simple word consists of a root to which morphological flexions can join: for example «table», «book» are simple words. A derivative is a word which is formed by adding some affixes: for example, «speaker», «government», «to bed» are derivatives. Thus a verb «to bed» on a morphological structure is a simple word, and in this sense does not differ, from a noun, «a bed», however, a verb is the product of the word-formation act (conversion) and, therefore, «to bed» is a derivative word. Consequently, morphological and word-formation structure of word can not coincide from the point of view of their divisibility and indivisibility.
A compound word is a word which appeared as a result of addition two or more bases: for example: «blackboard», «handcraft», «weekend». Also in linguistic literature it is accepted to determine derivative compound words, these are compound words which have one or more derivative affixes.
Conclusion
There are dozens of alphabets in use today, the most popular being the Latin alphabet (which was derived from the Greek). Many languages use modified forms of the Latin alphabet, with additional letters formed using diacritical marks.
The Roman alphabet serves to illustrate the difference between these terms. It is a single script and a single writing system, but each language it is used for has a different orthography. Therefore it is appropriate to discuss 'English orthography' and 'French orthography' as different, though they use the same script. For example, both use the 'digraph' (two letters in combination) <ch>, but in French it represents /?/ as in chat 'cat' while in English it can be /t?/, /k/ or /?/ as in church, chemistry and champagne. Orthography also covers differences between varieties of the same language, such as the presence or absence of <u> in words such as colour in British and American English.
It is well known that language, whether it is English, Russian or any other, is a historical phenomenon. As such it does not stay unchanged for any considerable period of time, or for any lime at all, but it is constantly changing throughout its history.
Alphabets are usually associated with a standard ordering of their letters. This makes them useful for purposes of collation, specifically by allowing words to be sorted in alphabetical order. It also means that their letters can be used as an alternative method of "numbering" ordered items, in such contexts as numbered lists.
Orthography refers to the rules for writing a language, such as conventions of spelling and punctuation. In an alphabetic script, this also includes its grapheme-phoneme (letter-sound) correspondences. Sometimes writing system is defined in the same way as 'orthography', but this also has the meaning of how a set of signs is used to write a language systematically.
Literature
1. Brill, E. and Mooney, R. J. (1997), `An overview of empirical natural language processing', in AI Magazine, 18 (4): 13-24.
2. Chomsky, N. (1957), Syntactic Structures. The Hague: Mouton.
3. Curme, G. O. (1955), English Grammar. New York: Barnes and Noble.
4. Dowty, D. R., Karttunen, L. and Zwicky, A. M. (eds) (1985), Natural Language Parsing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Garside, R. (1986), 'The CLAWS word-tagging system', in R. Garside,
6. G. Leech and G. Sampson (eds) The Computational Analysis of English. Harlow: Longman.
7. Georgiev, H. (1997--2001a), Syntcheck, a computer software program for orthographical and grammatical spell-checking of French texts, produced and marketed by LANGSOFT, Sprachlernmittel, Switzerland; platform: DOS/Windows.
8. Georgiev, H. (1997-2001b), Syntparse, software program for parsing of French texts, produced and marketed by LANGSOFT, Sprachlernmittel, Switzerland; platform: DOS/Windows.
9. Размещено на Allbest.ru
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