Terminology of finance

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Introduction

Terminology of finance is an important part of overall economic terminological system. Some subsystems of modern Russian national terminology are still being studied, need further modifying and systematization; it goes about terminological sphere in new branches of economic science, new economic theories that have appeared in the period of market economic relations development.

Almost all scientists describe terminology as clearly defined subsystem in the general lexical system. The terms are described, first of all, in the system of systems: as an element of the terminology system, on one hand, and as an element of linguistic system, on the other hand. The term research of general linguistic system in the quality of the subsystem places the terminology under the regularities and general linguistic tendencies, but the term belonging to the certain terminological part causes some particular functioning [1, p. 4]. This area of study is traditionally referred to as word-formation and the present work is mainly concerned with word-formation in one particular language, English.

The specific thing of finance terminology is that even being a part of general economic terminology it is, at the same time, the micro system of economic terminology part, and also it is a part of general language and it has a status, like all other terminology systems, of marginal, peripheral subsystem. As a result, the term formation is usually built by the same derivative models, as the word formation in general language [1, p. 5].

The aim of this work is to investigate the financial terms word formation in the English language.

Based on these objectives, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) to review the basic facts about the concepts of "term" and " Terminology";

2) specify the sources of terminological lexicon;

3) to identify the main ways of word formation in general and in particular the terms of word formation;

4) to analyze the basic methods term formation;

5) based on the results of the analysis to determine the most productive ways of word terminology.

The research object of this work is to study English dictionary of financial terms.

The research subject of this work is the study word formation types of financial terms.

Method of investigation: Morphological analysis of English finance terms.

The relevance of research, thus defined the increasing popularity of financial terminology among professionals and among ordinary speakers.

The chosen approach makes to pay special attention to the selection of the analyzed lexical units. Since the financial terms generally very branched and has tens of thousands of terms, the analysis had to limit most active usage units.

The work consists of an introduction, two parts, consisting of chapters, and concludes with the main conclusions of the work.

The first part - the theoretical, here we are once again focused on the problem of the definition of "term", its essence, examined concepts such as " Terminology " and " terminological " and identified the main sources of terminological lexicon.

The second part - practical in it, we have considered the main ways of word terms on the example of the financial vocabulary. Here we defined and explained the most common way of term formation, as well as the causes of its use.

Conclusion contains conclusions on the analysis of legal vocabulary, and this characteristic of our modern terminology, word formation in general. In addition, the opinion presents the main trends term formation in modern English.



1. Theoretical part

It has been estimated that average speakers of a language know from 45,000 to 60,000 words. This means that we as speakers must have stored these words somewhere in our heads, our so-called mental lexicon. But what exactly is it that we have stored? What do we mean when we speak of `words'? [2, p. 9]

In non-technical every-day talk, we speak about `words' without ever thinking that this could be a problematic notion. In this section we will see that, perhaps contra our first intuitive feeling, the `word' as a linguistic unit deserves some attention, because it is not as straightforward as one might expect.

The term “word” should be defined. It is taken to denote the smallest independent, indivisible unit of speech, susceptible of being used in isolation. A word may have a heavy stress, thought, some never take one. To preceding the `infinitive' never has a heavy stress, but it is a word as it can be separated from the verbal stem by an adverb (as in to carefully study). A composite may have two heavy stresses so long as it is not analyzable as a syntactic group. There is a marked tendency in English to give prefixes full stress thought they do not exist as independent words. Indivisible composites such as arch-enemy, crypto-communist, unlucky, therefore are morphological units whereas combination, like stone, wall, gold watch, are syntactic groups. As for the criterion of indivisibility, it is said that the article a is a word as IT can interpolate words between article and substantive (a nice man, a very nice man, an exceptionally gifted man). But a as in aglitter can't be separated from the verb stem with which it forms a group and therefore is not a free morpheme (word). With regard to the criterion of usability, it must not be assumed that all words can be used by themselves, in isolation. It is in the very nature of determiners like the article the to be used in conjunction with the word they determiners [2, p. 11].



1.1 Word-formation

Word-formation is the branch of lexicology that studies the derivative structure of existing words and the patterns on which a language builds new words. It is a certain principle of classification of lexicon and one of the main ways of enriching the vocabulary.

Most English vocabulary arises by making new lexemes out of old ones -- either by adding an affix to previously existing forms, altering their word class, or combining them to produce compounds [10, p. 53].

Like any other linguistic phenomenon word-formation may be studied from two angles -- synchronically and diachronically: synchronically we investigate the existing system of the types of word-formation while diachronically we are concerned with the history of word-formation.

There are cases in the history of the English language when a structurally more complex word served as the original element from which a simpler word was derived. Those are cases of the process called back-formation or disaffixation. Compare: beggar -- to beg, editor -- to edit, teacher -- to teach, singer -- to sing, crashlanding -- to crashland, brainstorming -- to brainstorm, burglar -- to burgle, legislator -- to legislate, a diplomat -- to diplome.

In Modern English lots of compounds have been coined in such a way, for example: to vacuumclean, to housewarm, to stagemanage. The fact that historically the verbs to beg, to edit, etc. were derived from the corresponding agent-nouns is of no synchronous relevance. While analyzing and describing word-formation synchronically it is necessary to determine the position of these patterns and their constituents within the structural-semantic system of the language as a whole [10, p. 57]



1.1.1 Morpheme. Allomorph

The word is the fundamental unit of language, it has form and content. Linguists define the word as the smallest free form found in language. Words have an internal structure consisting of smaller units organized with respect to each other in a particular way. The most important component of word structure is the morpheme (Greek morphe "form" + -eme "the smallest distinctive unit") -- the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. The word builder, for example, consists of two morphemes: build (with the meaning of "construct") and -er (which indicates that the entire word functions as a noun with the meaning "one who builds"). Similarly, the word houses is made up of the morphemes house (with the meaning of "dwelling") and -s (with the meaning "more than one"). Some words consist of a single morpheme. For example, the word train cannot be divided into smaller parts (say, tr and ain or t and rain) that carry information about its meaning or function. Such words are said to be simple words and are distinguished from complex words, which contain two or more morphemes [12, p. 24].

It is important to keep in mind that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound, but a meaning and a stretch of sound joined together. Morphemes are usually arbitrary -- there is no natural connection between their sound and their meaning. Thus, morphemes are the smallest indivisible two-facet language units. They are not independent sense units as words or sentences are. They are always used as parts of words. Like a word a morpheme is a two-facet language unit, unlike a word a morpheme is not an autonomous unit and can occur in speech only as a constituent part of the word. It is the minimum meaningful language unit.

A morpheme that can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another element is said to be abound morpheme. The morpheme boy, for example, is free, since it can be used as a word on its own; plural -s, on the other hand, is bound. Thus, structurally morphemes fall into free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme coincides with the stem or a word-form. Abound morpheme occurs only as a constituent part of a word (bound morphemes often signify borrowings). Affixes are bound morphemes, for they always make part of a word [12, p. 24].

Morphemes do not always have an invariant form. Morphemes in various texts can have different phonemic shapes. All the representatives of the given morpheme are called allomorphs (from Greek allos "other") of that morpheme. The morpheme used to express indefiniteness in English, for instance, has two forms --a before a word that begins with a consonant and an before a word that begins with a vowel (an orange, an accent, a car). The variant forms of a morpheme are its allomorphs [12, p. 25].

Another example of allomorphic variation is found in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme -s in the following words: cats, dogs, judges. Whereas the plural is /s/ in the first case, it is /z/ in the second, and /iz/ in the third. Selection of the proper allomorph is dependent on phonological facts.

Other examples of patterns in which a morpheme's form changes when it combines with another element are easy to find in English. The final segment in assert, for instance, is [t] when this morpheme stands alone as a separate word but [J] when it combines with the morpheme -ion in the word assertion. Similar alternations are found in words such as permit/permiss-ive, include/inclus-ive, electric/electric-ity, impress/impress-ion.

Catastrophe consists of the two morphemes having different forms; each morpheme has two allomorphs and they occur in particular combinations. Consider the allomorphic contrasts in halfpenny and two pence, poor and poverty, autumn and autumnal, divide and divisible, profane and profanity, serene and serenity, receive and receptive and so on. Thus, an allomorph is a positional variant of that or this morpheme occurring in a specific environment.

1.1.2 Word Structure

In order to represent the morphological structure of words, it is necessary to identify each of the component morphemes. Words that can be divided have two or more parts: a core called a root and one or more parts added to it. The parts are called affixes -- "something fixed or attached to something else." The root is the morpheme that expresses the lexical meaning of the word, for example: teach -- teacher -- teaching. Affixes are morphemes that modify the meaning of the root. An affix added before the root is called a prefix (un-ending); an affix added after the root is called a suffix. A word may have one or more affixes of either kind, or several of both kinds.

Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes. A root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. To find the root, you have to remove any affix there may be, for example, the root -morph-, meaning "form", remains after we remove the affixes a- and -ous from amorphous. Roots have more specific and definite meaning than prefixes or suffixes, for example Latin root -aqua- means “water” (aquarium), -cent- means "hundred" (centennial), Greek -neo- means "new" (neologism), etc.

Roots belong to a lexical category, such as noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A), or preposition (P). Nouns typically refer to concrete and abstract things (door, intelligence); verbs tend to denote actions (stop, read); adjectives usually name properties (kind, blue); and prepositions encode spatial relations (in, near). Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is a bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with the meaning "one who teaches".

A base is the form to which an affix is added. In many cases, the base is also the root. In books, for example, the element to which the affix -s is added corresponds to the word's root. In other cases, however, the base can be larger than a root. This happens in words such as blackened, in which the past tense affix -ed is added to the verbal base blacken -- a unit consisting of the root morpheme black and the suffix -en. Black is not only the root for the entire word but also the base for -en. The unit blacken, on the other hand, is simply the base for -ed.

One should distinguish between suffixes and inflections in English. Suffixes can form a new part of speech, e.g.: beauty -- beautiful. They can also change the meaning of the root, e.g.: black -- blackish. Inflections are morphemes used to change grammar forms of the word, e.g.: work -- works -- worked--working. English is not a highly inflected language.

Depending on the morphemes used in the word there are four structural types of words in English:

· simple (root) words consist of one root morpheme and an inflexion (boy, warm, law, tables, tenth);

· derived words consist of one root morpheme, one or several affixes and an inflexion (unmanageable, lawful);

· compound words consist of two or more root morphemes and an inflexion (boyfriend, outlaw);

· compound-derived words consist of two or more root morphemes, one or more affixes and an inflexion (left-handed, warm-hearted, blue-eyed).

In conformity with structural types of words it's possible to distinguish two main types of word-formation: word-derivation (encouragement, irresistible, worker) and word-composition (blackboard, daydream, weekend).

Affixation

Affixation -- the addition of an affix -- is a basic means of forming words in English. It has been productive in all periods of the history of English. Linguists distinguish among three types of affixes. An affix that is attached to the front of its base is called a prefix, whereas an affix that is attached to the end of its base is termed a suffix. Both types of affix occur in English. Far less common than prefixes and suffixes are infixes -- a type of affix that occurs within abase of a word to express such notions as tense, number, or gender. English has no system of infixes, though many languages make great use of infixes.

1.2 Affixation

Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation. In Modern English, suffixation is characteristic of noun and adjective formation, while prefixation is typical of verb formation. As a rule, prefixes modify the lexical meaning of stems to which they are added. The prefixal derivative usually joins the part of speech the unprefixed word belongs to, e.g. usual /un -- usual. In a suffixal derivative the suffix does not only modify the lexical meaning of the stem it is added to, but the word itself is usually transferred to another part of speech, e.g. care (n) / care -- less (adj). Suffixes and prefixes may be classified along different lines. The logical classification of suffixes is according to:

· their origin: Romanic (e.g. -age, -ment, -tion), Native (-er, -dom, -ship), Greek (-ism, -ize), etc,

· meaning, e.g/-er denotes the agent of the action, -ess denotes feminine gender, -ence/ance has abstract meaning, -ie and -let express diminutiveness, -age, -dom -- collectivity, -an, -ese, -ian -- appurtenance, etc.;

· part of speech they form, e.g. noun suffixes -er, -ness, -ment; adjective-forming suffixes -ish, -ful, -less, -y; verb-suffixes -en, -fy, etc.;

· productivity, i.e. the relative freedom*with which they can combine with bases of the appropriate category, e.g. productive suffixes are -er, -ly, -ness, -ie, -let, non-productive (-dom, -th) and semi-productive (-eer, -ward) [7, p. 113].

Since suffixes determine the part of speech of words, we classify them according to parts of speech. The meanings given for the suffixes are very broad, and often they have little connection with the meaning of the resulting word.

The main function of prefixes is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. However in Modern English there are prefixes that form one part of speech from another, e.g. en- (endanger), bе- forms verbs from adjective, verb and noun stems (belittle, behead, befriend), the prefix a- forms statives (asleep, apart, aboard, ajar).

To sum it up, affixation (prefixation and suffixation) is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes) to stems. There are a number of polysemantic, synonymous and homonymous affixes in English. The essential difference between suffixation and prefixation lies in the fact that the former is closely bound up with a certain part of speech, whereas the latter is, as a general rule, neutral to the distinctions between different parts of speech. Classifications of derivational affixes are based on different principles [7, p. 113].

1.3 Conversion

The term "conversion" refers to the numerous cases of phonetic identity of word-forms primarily the so-called initial forms of two words belonging to different parts of speech.

Conversion is a process that assigns an already existing word to a new syntactic category. Even though it does not add an affix, conversion is often considered to be a type of derivation because of the change in category and meaning that it brings about. For this reason, it is sometimes called zero derivation.

Conversion has been the subject of linguistic discussions since 1891 when H. Sweet used this term in his New English Grammar. Various opinions have been expressed on the nature and character of conversion. Prof. Smirnitsky A. I. in his works on the English language treats conversion as a morphological way of forming words, where a word is transferred from one paradigm to another, and it is the paradigm that is used as a word-forming means. Hence, we may define conversion as the formation of a new word through changes in its paradigm. As a paradigm is a morphological category, conversion may be described as a morphological way of forming words.

Other linguists (H. Marchand, V.N. Yartseva, Yu.A. Zhluktenko, A.Y. Zagoruiko, I.V. Arnold) treat conversion as a combined morphological and syntactic way of word-building, as a new word appears not in isolation but in a definite environment of other words, and it involves both a change of the paradigm and a change of the syntactic function, i.e. distribution, of the word. There is also a purely syntactic approach known as a functional approach to conversion.

The three most common types of conversion in English are verbs derived from nouns (to butter, to ship), nouns derived from verbs (a survey, a call), and verbs derived from adjectives (to empty). Less common types of conversion can yield nouns from adjectives (a bitter, the poor, a final), from phrases, e.g. a down-and-out, from affixes, e.g. socialism, ologies and isms, and verbs from prepositions (up the price).

Conversion is usually restricted to words containing a single morpheme, although there are a few exceptions such as referee (noun and verb), and dirty (adjective and verb); in some cases, conversion can even apply to compounds.

There are two indisputable cases of conversion:

· formation of verbs from nouns and more rarely from other parts of speech;

· formation of nouns from verbs and rarely from other parts of speech.

1.4 Word-composition

Word-composition -- the combination of two or more existing words to create a new word -- is one of the most common and important word-building processes in English. It plays a central role in word formation in many languages. A compound is a unit of vocabulary that consists of more than one lexical stem, e.g. campsite (N+N), bluebird (A+N), whitewash (A+V), in-laws (P+N), jumpsuit (V+N). With very few exceptions, the resulting compound word is a noun, a verb, or an adjective. In most compounds the rightmost morpheme determines the category of the entire word, e.g. greenhouse is a noun because its rightmost component is a noun, spoonfeed is a verb because feed also belongs to this category, and nationwide is an adjective just as wide is. The morpheme that determines the category of the entire word is called the head.

1.4.1 Properties of compounds

Compounds in English can be written differently: they are sometimes written as single words, sometimes with an intervening hyphen, and sometimes as separate words. English orthography is not consistent in representing compounds. In terms of pronunciation, however, there is an important generalization to be made. In particular, adjective-noun compounds are characterized by a more prominent stress on their first component. In noncompounds consisting of an adjective and a noun, in contrast, the second element is generally stressed (cf. a compound word greenhouse "a glass-enclosed garden" and an expression greenhouse "a house painted green").

A second distinguishing feature of compounds in English is that tense and plural markers cannot typically be attached to the first element, although they can be added to the compound as a whole (there are some exceptions, however, such as passers-by and parks supervisor).

Compounds are used to express a wide range of meaning relation-ships in English.

In most cases, a compound denotes a subtype of the concept denoted by its head. Thus, cat food is a type of food, sky blue is a type of blue, and so on. Such compounds are called endocentric compounds (airplane, steamboat, policeman, bathtowel). In a smaller number of cases, however, the meaning of the compound does not follow from the meanings of its parts in this way. Thus, a redneck is a person and not a type of neck; walkman is a type of portable radio. Such compounds are said to be exocentric compounds.

1.5 Other Types of Word Formation

Affixation, compounding, and conversion are the three major types of word-formation. They play a crucial role in the formation of new words in English. Apart from these a number of other ways of forming words are referred to word formation, such as:

-- back-formation or disaffixation (baby-sitter -- to baby-sit). Back-formation is a process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another word in the language. Resurrect was originally formed in this way from resurrection, enthuse from enthusiasm, donate from donation, orient or orientate from orientation, and self- destruct from self-destruction. Words that end in -or or -er have proven susceptible to back-formation in English. Because hundreds of such words are the result of affixation (runner, walker, singer, etc.), any word with this shape is likely to be perceived as a verb + er combination. The words editor, peddler, and swindler were misanalyzed. The result was the creation of the verbs edit, peddle, and swindle. Back-formation continues to produce new words in modern English, for instance, the form attrit was formed from attrition, the verb lase from laser, liposuct from liposuction;

sound interchange (speak -- speech, blood -- bleed), and sound imitation (walkie-talkie, brag rags, to giggle);

distinctive change ('conduct -- to con 'duct, 'increase -- to in crease, 'subject -- to subject);

blending: these are words that are created from parts of two already existing items, usually the first part of one and the final part of the other: brunch from breakfast and lunch, smog from smoke and fog, spam from spiced and ham, chunnel (for the underwater link between Britain and the continent) from channel and tunnel, and infomercial from information and commercial. Some blends have become so integrated into the standard vocabulary of English that speakers are unaware of their status, for example, motel from motor and hotel, bit (in computer jargon) from binary and digit, modem from modulator and demodulator. Sometimes a word is formed by a process that is on the borderline between compounding and blending. It combines all of one word with part of another, e.g. workaholic, medicare, Eurotunnel, slanguvge, guesstimate;

clipping is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables: prof for professor, burger for hamburger. The word zoo, for instance, was formed from zoological garden; fax was formed from facsimile (meaning "exact copy or reproduction"). Some of the most common products of clipping are names -- Liz, Bob, Sue, and so on. Many clipped forms have been accepted in general usage: bike, phone, specs, fancy, doc, ad, auto, lab, sub, deli, condo;

acronymy: NATO, NASA, WAC, UNESCO. Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of the words in a phrase and pronouncing them as a word. This type of word formation is especially common in names of organizations and in terminology. NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NA TO -- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NOAA -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini-stration. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Such commonly used words as radar (from radio detecting and ranging), and laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) originated as acronyms;

onomatopoeia, i.e. formations of words from sounds that resemble those associated with the object or action to be named, or that seem suggestive of its qualities. Examples of such onomatopoeic words in English include hiss, buzz, meow, cock-a-doodle-doo, and cuckoo.

1.6 Term definition

It is not easy to define the term and there were many attempts to do it. We will consider two of them. Golovin B.N. says that the term is the word or a word combination that denotes a proffecional notion and should be used in a concrete field.

Terminology defines a term as a word or word combination as the unity of the phonetic sigh and the notion of this sign in the system of concepts of some scientific brunch. We may assume that terminology is the unity of terms which express the notion of some sphere, that were historically formed (Kvutko, Lejchuk 1986).

In the process of terminology research linguists define:

§ terminology study (terminology);

§ professional lexicon of some language (ukrainian or english lexicon);

§ professional lexicon of some field (linguistic or medicine lexicon).

The system is the unity of elements and the relations between them, and the term is its essential part and it will not exist if it is not systematic. This system consists of concrete knowladge of some field.

1.6.1 Semantic features of a term

Terminology being a part of general lexicon has it's own peculiarities. Some linguists recognize scientific and technical terminology. Winje G. and Marten A. emphasize that this difference is caused by circumstances of science and technic development: the technic appeared as the result of longlasting tests and mistakes that were held at random and the science was developed autonomous and on purpose. That's why we cannot say that technic and science belong to the same thought field and can be expressed by means of the same linguistic units. For each case different notions and means are used. But we should also remembered that these spheres had been developed in parallels and supplementing one another.

Term specification:

1. The term should suit the norms and rules of a language.

2. The term should be systematic.

3. The term should have clear definition of some notion.

4. The term may be relatively independent from the context.

5. The term should be accurate.

6. The term should be short.

7. The term should be monosemantic (this monosemantic should exist in one system of terms).

8. Synonymy is not inherent to terminology.

9. The term should be neutral.

10. The term should be euphonious (dialecticisms, slang or barbarisms cannot be used for term creation).

Though, the term is not isolated or independent from general lexicon but forms a full value part of general lexicon [1, p. 24].



2. Practical part

The term has a special nature of referential: its contents may be disclosed only through the definition. In the study of financial and credit terms of unrelated languages we stick to the definition that term is a word or phrase that has specific meaning expressing and forming a professional concept and applied in the process of learning and mastering the scientific and vocational-technical objects and relations between them [1, p. 16].

It is very important to identify all the ways, methods and peculiarities of different terms systems in the terminology of developing languages. For example, if the national language doesn't posses its own scientific terminology or its development is slow, the language refers to the more advanced terminology of another language. It can be explained by the specific features of the linguistic expression of the terms, the consistency of its formation and the systemic links in the terminological system. Terminology originates from common literary vocabulary and can not be isolated from the laws and processes of its development and functioning.

We studied the dictionary of financial terms. In our paper, we analyzed twenty financial terms. We have identified their part of speech, given their designation. Then we have defined a method of derivation of these terms.

1. default - noun; the omission or failure to perform a legal or contractual duty such as to satisfy the terms of a loan agreement. This word is formed with the prefix - de. The value of this prefix is reverse action.

2. foreclosure - noun; the legal process by which a property that is mortgaged as security for a loan may be sold and the proceeds of the sale applied to the mortgage debt. A foreclosure can occur when the borrower fails to comply with the terms of the loan; typically, the borrower fails to make timely loan payments.

Fore + closure - this word is formed with word- composition

3. haircut - noun; the difference between the market value of a security and the amount of money a lender will advance against it. The haircut serves as the borrower's equity in the transaction and acts as a buffer for absorbing any decline in the collateral's value in the event the loan is not repaid. hair + cut -this word is formed with word- composition.

4. insolvency- noun; incapacity to pay debts upon the date they become due in the ordinary course of business. This term is formed using the prefix in and the suffix ency. This financial term we assign to the word-formation by means of affixation.

5. LIBOR (London InterBank Offered Rate) The average interest rate at which international banks borrow funds from each other in the London interbank market. (LIBOR is actually computed as a trimmed mean, where the top and bottom 25 percent of the rates surveyed are thrown out to calculate the average rate.) LIBOR, typically the three-month or six-month LIBOR, may be used as the index to determine periodic interest rate changes on an adjustable rate mortgage or as the index for determining a variable interest rate on credit card balances. This term is formed with acronym.

6. mark-to-market - noun. An accounting rule (FASB 157) that requires companies to value assets at prices determined in the marketplace - so-called “fair value” prices. In practice, a variety of issues surround the application of mark-to-market accounting, such as what to do when the market is inactive, unstable, or nonexistent. This word is formed using compounds.

7. warrant - noun; a security that entitles the holder to buy stock of the issuing company at a specified price on or after a specified date. War + rant - this word is formed with word- composition.

8. workout- noun; the process by which a lender or servicer works with a borrower to make a delinquent loan current again. It may involve everything from delaying foreclosure to allowing the borrower to repay arrears to permanent changes in the terms of the loan. Work + out - this word is formed with word- composition.

9. too-big-to-fail Implicit government backing that protects large banking organizations from the normal discipline of the marketplace because of concern that their failure would be unacceptably disruptive to the economy. Such firms may be extremely important to particular markets and may be interconnected in complex transactions with many other firms. Market participants expect that the government would rescue such a firm rather than permit it to go into bankruptcy. If a firm is considered too-big-to-fail, it may be able to borrow money at exceptionally low rates because creditors consider loans to the firm to be risk-free. Managers of a firm considered too-big-to-fail may take extra risks, knowing that, although shareholders might lose some or all of their stockholdings in the event of a failure, most managers would keep their jobs, and all creditors would be protected. This word is formed using compounds.

10. liquidity - noun. A firm's ability to acquire money whenever it is needed in large and highly variable sums. Firms that are “liquid” have assets on their balance sheet that can be readily converted into cash. This word is formed with the suffix - ity. 11.

11. hedging - noun; making an investment or entering into a contractual arrangement to reduce the risk of price fluctuations in the value of an asset or assets. For example, the owner of a stock might agree to sell the stock at a particular price on a particular future date. This agreement protects the owner against a future decline in the stock's price: if the price declines to below the agreed-upon price, the owner will still get the agreed-upon price; the owner does, however, give up the opportunity to gain if there is instead a rise in the stock's price. This word is formed with the suffix - ing.

12. banker- noun; a person who manages or owns a bank or group of banks.. This word is formed with the suffix - er. The suffix -er a suffix is used in forming nouns designating persons from the object of their occupation or labor.

13. bank account - noun; facility for depositing and withdrawing money at bank; an arrangement that a customer has with a bank, by which the customer can deposit and withdraw money.. This word is formed using compounds. This is countable compound noun.

14. monopolize - verb; to have or to take control of smth. This verb is formed by adding the suffix -ize. Type of this word formation is suffixation.

15. cashflow - noun; the movement of cash in and out of a business from day-to-day direct trading and other non-trading or indirect effects, such as capital expenditure, tax and dividend payments. Cash + flow - this word is formed with word- composition.

16. depreciation - noun; the apportionment of cost of a (usually large) capital item over an agreed period, (based on life expectancy or obsolescence), for example, a piece of equipment costing Ј10k having a life of five years might be depreciated over five years at a cost of Ј2k per year. (In which case the P&L would show a depreciation cost of Ј2k per year; the balance sheet would show an asset value of Ј8k at the end of year one, reducing by Ј2k per year; and the cashflow statement would show all Ј10k being used to pay for it in year one.) This term is borrowed from the Spanish language -deprecia. Th financial term depreciation is formed with the suffix - tion. A method of forming this term is Suffixation.

17. goodwill - noun; any surplus money paid to acquire a company that exceeds its net tangible assets value. Good + will - this word is formed with word- composition.

18. overhead - noun; an expense that cannot be attributed to any one single part of the company's activities. Over + head - this word is formed with word- composition.

19. accumulation - noun; from the Latin, "pile up, heap". The continuous growth of capital by retention of interest or earnings (in computing the yield on a bond purchased at a discount) the amount that is added to each yield to bring the cost of the bond into equality with its par value over its life. Verbal base + suffix -ation. This word is formed with suffixation.

20. eurobond - noun; when a bond is issued in a currency other than its home currency (currency of the country from where it is issued), it is termed as a Eurobond. Euro + bond - this word is formed with word- composition.

Conclusion

In our work, we tried to give a full presentation if all aspects of such a linguistic event as terminology in connection with word building means. We performed a complete analysis of 20 most popular financial terminology according to the word building type.

Most financial terminology in our work were formed whether by word suffixation.

economic terminological word term



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