16. What does soil pollution effect?

17. Why do people use recycling?

18. What should be done to reduce soil pollution?

Exercise 4. Find English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-phrases.

1. загрязнение окружающей среды;

2. выпускать в атмосферу выхлопные газы;

3. чистая, возобновляемая энергия;

4. сократить загрязнение воды;

5. сточные воды;

6. устанавливать более строгие законы;

7. устанавливать дополнительные фильтры;

8. переработка отходов;

9. термическое загрязнение;

10. причинять вред озерам, рекам, растениям;

11. запасы питьевой воды;

12. очищать от вредных элементов;

13. выбрасывать химические отходы;

14. мусор;

15. неочищенные сточные воды;

16. заводы по очистке стоков;

17. охлаждать оборудование;

18. устанавливать очистительное оборудование.

Exercise 5. Agree with the statements if they are right and correct if they are not right. Make use of clichйs for expressing agreement / disagreement.

1. Factories, plants, cars and trucks produce a lot of breath air.

2. To burn coal and oil for energy is not harmful.

3. Ozone depletion and greenhouse effect are results of soil pollution.

4. To make tougher laws against air pollution, install extra filters are the ways out.

5. Energy from the sun and the wind is clean and renewable.

6. Industries discharge chemical wastes and hot water into water streams and cause pollution.

7. Untreated sewage is not harmful.

8. Agricultural chemicals and wastes add a lot to water pollution.

9. Water used for irrigation is one of the main sources of pollution.

10. Water pollution causes many diseases and poisons drinking water.

11. Cleansing equipment help remove harmful chemicals from wastes.

12. Trash is the serious problem today.

13. Polluted soil can be used to grow crops.

14. Recycling is a way to reduce trash.

Exercise 6. Make a retelling of the text, using questions from the ex. 5 as a plan.

Exercise 7*.

a) Prove that air pollution is harmful for a man. Use the following openers (take your time to think it over)

· Well ...

· You know ...

· You see ...

· Er …

b) Prove that water pollution is a serious problem today. Stress that agricultural wastes and chemicals add a lot of harm. Don't forget to use openers.

c) Prove that pollution of the soil needs more attention today. Explain why recycling is necessary.

Exercise 8*. Compare your opinion of pollution control with that in the text. If you think the same, say how pollution can be reduced. Use the openers:

· I suppose ...

· To my mind ...

· I guess ...

· As far as I know ...

· In fact ...

· To tell the truth ...

Exercise 9*. Pretend that you are journalists of a local newspaper. The newspaper wants to place an article to draw public's attention to the ecological problem, to the effect of environmental pollution on people to be exact. Suggest your articles and you'll choose the best one. Mind that the article should be brief.

Exercise 10*. You understand how essential it is to preserve nature especially when you have something unique like Lake Baikal. What do you know about it?

Read the text and find out why it is called a lake of superlatives and learn what the main pollutants of Baikal are. Be ready to use the information in the topic “Ecology”.

Lake Baikal

One can hardly find anything similar to Lake Baikal. It is called a lake of “superlatives” because it is the oldest lake - it is 20-30 million years. It is also the biggest lake - it is equal to the territories of Belgium and Holland taken together. It is the deepest lake - its depth in some places reaches 1,600 metres. Lake Baikal is unique by the diversity of wildlife - there are only 60 varieties of fish in the lake, 70% of which can be found nowhere else.

Who named it Baikal? Some people believe that the name originated from Chinese words “northern”, others are of the opinion that the Yakutians gave the name to the lake, because the word “Baikal” means in Yakutian “the rich lake”. So far it is not clear which of the variants is true. In fact, both of them are close to it.

But as you know Baikal is being polluted.

The main pollutants are:

1. Baikal and Selenginsk pulp and paper plants.

2. Ulan-Ude industrial complex. A number of industrial enterprises on the side of the Chita region.

3. Industrial wastes of industrial complexes in Irkutsk, Angarsk and Buryatia.

4. The Baikal-Amur Mainline, the Trans-Siberian Railway.

All of them effect the environment, polluting as they do surface waters with sewage and with harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

The coast of Baikal is covered with forest of a variety of trees: the birch, the aspen tree and firs of different species. The cedars are even found here of 120 feet in height.

Scientists are most concerned about fur-bearing animals - as their population decreased, fur earning also declined. Scientists are expressing growing concern over the ecological situation in the Lake Baikal areas.

Exercise 11*. It is quite evident that environmental pollution is an urgent issue today. One of the main ways to solve the soil pollution is to start recycling trash. Look at what can be made from recycled products. Prove that recycling is an important step in waste handling. Use the information from the text.

Use the following openers:

· I'm inclined to think that ...

· I suppose that ...

· In short ...

· To tell the truth ...

Exercise 12*. What environmental organizations do you know? Read the text and be ready to share information with your group-mates.

1.Friends of the Earth - one of the biggest environmental groups in the UK with such campaigns as Tropical Rain forests, Land Use and Transport, Water and Waste, Air Pollution and Global Warming. It is the strongest of the three at local level.

2.Greenpeace - the best known of the groups. It is an international organization, which work focuses on global warming and pollution in all its forms.

3.Global Action Plan - a new organization aiming to empower individuals and communities to take effective local environmental action. They run a six-month programme designed to “to bring your household into environmental balance”.

4.Royal Society for Nature Conversation - the most established “conservation” group. They are running a junior section “watch”, and some campaigns.

5.World Development Movement - one of the few development groups in the UK to work effectively on environmental issues. WDM focuses on trade, Third World debt, aid and justice. They are active locally.

6.World Wildlife Fund For Nature - the biggest of the organizations, mainly engaged in fundraising. Nationally their work on environmental education is excellent and they have a good school network and youth section.

Exercise 13*. Think of the name of the environmental organization you would like to start running. Prove that it is high time to take care of the earth. Be ready to tell about the aim, practical actions and contribution of this organization to environmental protection.

Topic 15

STUDENT RESEARCH WORK

Exercise 1. Study the new topical words and word-phrases.

1. research / research work - 2. researcher / research worker - 3. to carry out research work (to do research work) - 4. achievement - 5. to achieve scientific results - 6. a senior student - 7. creative abilities - 8. independent thinking - 9. to equip with all necessary devices - 10. an undergraduate essay - 11. a graduation paper - 12. to write a paper - 13. a graduate - 14. to graduate from - 15. a post-graduate student - 16. to take post-graduate courses - 17. to deal with a problem - 18. to solve a problem - 19. to have a chance to do smth. - 20. to express one's own opinion - 21. a report - 22. to be engrossed [in/ groust] in smth. - 23. to be of (great) importance - 24. to make experiments - 25. It goes without saying - 26. to work under the supervision of smb. - 27. to try one's hands at smth. - 28. thesis - 29. to major in - 30. to take / to pass exams - 31. qualifying exams for the Candidate's degree - 32. no doubt - 33. to be (quite) aware of smth. - 34. tutorial - 35. to work hard at the language - 36. to master English - 37. to have good command of а foreign language - 38. to follow the latest information - 39. to keep abreast of the science -	исследование / научно-исследовательская работа исследователь проводить исследовательскую работу достижение достигать / добиваться научных результатов старшекурсник творческие способности независимое мышление оснастить / оборудовать всеми необходимыми приборами курсовая работа дипломная работа писать научный доклад /научную статью выпускник окончить (ВУЗ) аспирант поступать в аспирантуру рассматривать / разрешать вопрос / проблему решать / разрешать проблему иметь шанс / возможность (сделать что-л.) выражать собственное мнение доклад быть поглощенным (чем-л.), углубиться (во что-л.) иметь (огромную) важность / значение проводить опыты / эксперименты само собой разумеется работать под руководством (кого-л.) попробовать (свои) силы (в чем-л.) диссертация специализироваться (по какому-л. предмету) сдавать экзамены кандидатский минимум несомненно / вне сомнения (полностью) осознавать / отдавать себе полный отчет (в чем-л.) консультация, встреча с руководителем упорно работать над языком овладевать / усваивать английский язык свободно владеть иностранным языком следить за последней информацией идти в ногу с наукой

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

MY RESEARCH WORK

It is a well-known fact that any country must pay much attention to the development of science. In Russia we also have hundreds of research institutes and scientists usually combine research work and teaching. Research work is carried out at every higher educational institution and great attention is paid to make students familiar with the latest scientific and technical achievements. Student research work is one of the most important means to improve the quality of specialists' training, to cultivate students' creative abilities and independent thinking thereby contributing to the development of the society.

The students of our Academy have every opportunity to carry out research work because the laboratories and workshops are equipped with all necessary devices, computers and up-to-date machines. Many of our teachers and lecturers are considered to be the leading scientists and they help the students in doing their research work. While doing research we are trained to use our knowledge rationally and effectively and learn modern scientific methodology.

Though the students of our Academy have quite favourable conditions for their scientific work they also know that they should work hard and devote much time and attention to achieve necessary scientific results. Everything the students do at the Academy is very important for their development, for their future work, for becoming good specialists and researchers.

In the third year all senior students are usually busy with their undergraduate essays. They choose themes for their scientific work and work hard at it spending a lot of time in the reading rooms and libraries. While working at their essays senior students actually deal with scientific problems which they have to solve. They have to read a lot of books and articles dealing with the problem, think of fresh and creative ideas and then write their papers trying to express their own opinions on the subject. Every year a special conference devoted to students' scientific activities takes place at the Academy and the students have a good chance to tell the people attending the conference about their work. All students' reports are listened to with great interest and attention. Some of the students are so much engrossed in their research that they decide to take the scientific problems they are now working at as themes of the graduation papers they will work at in their last year.

This year some students (me included) have been given an interesting problem to solve. This problem to my mind is of great importance. This research work is now being done by the students of our group. To solve this scientific problem a lot of work has to be done. We have to read and study quite a number of scientific magazines and to make plenty of experiments. It goes without saying we work under the supervision of our teachers and professors. We spend a lot of time in the laboratories and discuss plenty of ideas. I haven't finished my work yet. I'll have to go on making experiments in the laboratory because I must illustrate all the facts I'm going to describe in my undergraduate essay. I can't say I have made all the necessary experiments yet.

Spring term is usually much shorter than autumn term and the students of our faculty have to work hard and intensively. After spring examinations we usually have our practical training. During our practical work we have a good chance to collect additional materials for our undergraduate or future graduation papers. Interesting results achieved in the process of this research will be described in the articles we are going to write. And we hope they will be published in the Academy book of collected student essays. It is a good opportunity for us to try our hands at writing scientific papers as we know that any post-graduate student must publish at least three or four articles before presenting his thesis.

After graduating from the Academy some of us will try to take post-graduate courses. We know that a post-graduate student usually works on a thesis for three-five years. The graduates of our faculty can major in many fields. As for me I'd like to become a researcher. But before beginning research I'll have to take post-graduate exams. The minimum requirements for the Candidate's degree include qualifying exams in specialized field, philosophy and English. That's why all students are quite aware of the necessity to study English. We learn English for 2 years at our Academy. While preparing for our qualifying exam in English it's necessary to attend the tutorials regularly and work hard at the language. We usually read and translate various scientific articles and then discuss the problems raised in these papers. That's the way we can master English for our final examinations. No doubt I'll go on mastering English in the future as any research worker must have good command of any foreign language to follow the latest information in the specialized field and to keep abreast of the science.

Exercise 3. Answer the following comprehension questions.

1. Do scientists combine research work and teaching?

2. What institutions is research work usually carried our at?

3. What opportunities do the students have to carry out their research?

4. In what way can the students achieve scientific results?

5. Why is it important for the students to carry out work dealing with some scientific problems?

6. Why do the students try their hands at writing articles?

7. How do the students work at their undergraduate and graduation papers?

8. Where can the students collect additional materials for their essays?

9. Where do the students usually report about their scientific activities?

10. What do some students do after graduating from higher educational institutions?

11. What examinations do post-graduates usually take?

12. Why should all students master foreign languages?

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences.

1. Research work is carried out at …

2. Student research work is one of the most important means to …

3. The students of our Academy have every opportunity to carry out research because…

4. While doing research students are trained to …

5. All senior students are usually busy with …

6. While working at their essays senior students have to …

7. Every year a special conference takes place at the Academy where the students …

8. To solve a scientific problem the students have to …

9. During students' practical work they have a good chance …

10. It is a good opportunity for the students to try their hands at …

11. Any post-graduate student must publish …

12. After graduating from higher educational institutions some students try to …

13. Before beginning research work post-graduates have to …

14. While preparing for the qualifying exam in English it's necessary …

15. Any research worker must have good command of…

Exercise 5. Agree or disagree with the statements using the following conversational phrases.

- Oh, yes, you are right. - Exactly! - Absolutely so! - That's the point!	- Oh, no, you are wrong. - On the contrary! - I'm afraid you're mistaken. - You've got it wrong.

1. Any country must pay much attention to the development of science.

2. The students of our Academy don't have any opportunity to carry out research.

3. Our teachers and lecturers don't help the students in doing their research work.

4. The students of our Academy should work hard and devote much time and attention to achieve necessary scientific results.

5. In the first year all students are usually busy with their undergraduate essays.

6. To solve any scientific problem a lot of work has to be done.

7. Students don't work under the supervision of their teachers and professors.

8. During our practical work we have a good chance to have a lot of fun.

9. Interesting scientific results will be described in the articles.

10. A post-graduate student usually works on a thesis for ten years.

11. The minimum requirements for the Candidate's degree include qualifying exams in specialized field, history and mathematics.

12. There's no need for a researcher to follow the latest information in the specialized field and to keep abreast of the science.

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Научно-исследовательская работа студентов является одним из наиболее важных способов улучшения качества подготовки специалистов.

2. Студенты нашей Академии должны упорно работать и посвящать много времени и внимания научно-исследовательской работе.

3. При проведении исследовательской работы студентам приходиться читать много научных книг и статей, а также проводить много опытов.

4. Студенты нашего факультета всегда принимают активное участие в научных конференциях.

5. После окончания Вуза я собираюсь поступать в аспирантуру.

Exercise 7. Respond to the following statements expressing your interest, surprise or doubt. Say that this is true of someone else too. (Give two variants).

Model 1: - Max tries to combine his special training and his research work (we).

· Student 1: Max tries to combine his special training and his research work.

· Student 2: Does he? So do we. // We also try to combine our special training and our research work.

-Max is a bright student. (my sister)

· Student 1: Max is a bright student.

· Student 2: Is he? So is my sister. // My sister is also a bright student.

Model 2: - Max doesn't try to combine his special training and his research work (we).

· Student 1: Max doesn't try to combine his special training and his research work.

· Student 2: Doesn't he? Neither do we. // We don't try to combine our special training and our research work either.

-Max isn't a bright student. (my sister)

· Student 1: Max isn't a bright student.

· Student 2: Isn't he? Neither is my sister. // My sister isn't a bright student either.

1. Alice is working at the graduation paper dealing with management (Tom)

2. Next year we will try our hands at writing an article on veterinary surgery (they)

3. Lucy hasn't presented her thesis yet (my friend)

4. This group works under the supervision of professor Popov (that group)

5. Paul didn't take part at the student scientific conference last year (Helen)

6. I'm very much engrossed in my research work (my sister)

7. This post-graduate didn't have a chance to publish his paper (her cousin)

8. This graduate can't express his opinion on the subject (the other graduates)

9. He must go on making all the necessary experiments in the laboratory (I)

10. I can collect additional materials for my undergraduate paper during my practical work (we)

11. After graduating from the Academy my brother will try to take post-graduate courses (my sister)

12. Jane is working on her thesis now (Susan)

13. She doesn't want to be a research worker (his son)

14. Pete has good command of English (I)

15. We will go on mastering English after graduating from the Academy (she)

16. These students are aware of the necessity to learn English (those students)

17. The scientists must follow the latest information in the specialized field and keep abreast of the science (the post-graduate students)

Exercise 8. Interview your fellow-student about his/her work on an undergraduate essay (do this work in your group or in pairs).

You want to know:

· if he/she has chosen a theme for his/her undergraduate essay or graduation paper

· what scientific problem he/she deals with in his/her essay

· what he/she should do to write his/her undergraduate /graduation paper

· if he/she tries to express his/her own opinion on the problem

· if he/she is going to try his/her hand at writing an article

· why your fellow-student tries to take part at student scientific conferences

· if he/she is engrossed in his/her research work or not

· what he/she usually does in the laboratory

· how his/her practical work helps him/her in doing his/her research work

· if he/she is going to take post-graduate courses in the future

· what field he is going to major in

· how many articles a post-graduate student must publish before presenting his/her thesis

· what exams the minimum requirements for the Candidate's degree include

· if he/she has good command of English

· why he/she must go on mastering English after graduating from the Academy

Exercise 9. Make up the plan of the text.

Exercise 10. Retell the text using your plan.

Exercise 11. Compare your group-mate's research work with that of yours. Do it in pairs using the models. Ask as many questions as you can.

Model 1: (Ask general questions).

· Student 1: The theme of my undergraduate essay is dealing with the problem of veterinary surgery. Have you chosen the theme for your undergraduate essay already?

· Student 2: Yes, I have. I have been given an interesting problem to solve. This problem to my mind is of great importance.

Model 2: (Ask special questions).

· Student 1: I am working at the undergraduate essay dealing with accounting. What scientific problem are you dealing with?

· Student 2: As for me, I'm going to do research dealing with management.

Model 3: (Ask alternative questions).

· Student 1: I have to work hard to achieve necessary scientific results. That is why I spend a lot of time in the reading rooms and libraries. Do you spend a lot of time in the libraries or in the Internet?

· Student 2: As for me, I have to follow the latest information in the specialized field. That is why I devote more time to working in the Internet.

Model 4: (Ask disjunctive questions).

· Student 1: I've heard you collected additional materials for your research during your practical work, didn't you?

· Student 2: I did. Interesting results achieved in the process of this research will be described in the article I am going to write.

Учебно-методическое издание

Составители: Вера Борисовна Санданова

Наталья Валерьевна Индосова

Виктория Дугаровна Надмидон

Маргарита Алексеевна Моксоева

Валентина Афанасьевна Кульга

Марина Михайловна Тапхарова

Сэсэгма Ильинична Гармаева

Устные разговорные темы по английскому языку для студентов 1-2 курсов

Под общей ред.: В.Б. Сандановой

Н.В. Индосовой

Лицензия ЛР № 021274 от 26 марта 1998 г.

Подписано в печать Формат 60х84 1/16 Усл.печ.л. Уч.-изд. л. Тираж 1000 Заказ № Цена договорная.

РИО Бурятской государственной сельскохозяйственной академии им. В.Р. Филиппова 670024, г.Улан-Удэ, ул. Пушкина, 8

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