to describe the most common forms and functions of modal verbs;

My course work consists of Introduction, Part 1, Part 2, Conclusions and References.

The Introduction grounds the actuality of the problem, defines the object of investigation, gives the structure of the work.

Part I is a brief essay of theory and information about the modal verbs, their forms and functions of modal verbs in the sentence.

Conclusions contain the description of the major results of our research.

In Reference list views the scientific researches and other sources of literature that have been used during the investigation and on which our course work is based.

1. The forms and functions of modal verbs

1.1 General notions about modal verbs

Modal verbs are used to show the speaker's attitude towards the action. We must use them with other verbs. Modal verbs are not “complete” verbs. They are called defective because they lack (except dare and need) component tenses, the passive voice and have some other peculiarities:

1. We can't use them as “to”- infinitives: to go, to speak.

2. We don't use the “to” - infinitives after modals, except the modal verb ought to:

You mustn't phone now. It's late.

I ought to help him.

3. There is no -(e)s in the 3rd person singular:

The boss can see you now.

Modal verb is never used alone as the predicate of a sentence, but is always combined with an infinitive forming a modal compound verbal predicate. The infinitive expresses the main idea of the predication, the modal verb has only modal function, that is, indicates that the action denoted by the infinitive is considered as desirable, possible, doubtful, etc.

Modal verbs have no inflexions in the third person singular because their Present tense was originally a past and the Past tense had no inflexions in the third person singular. That's why these verbs are called preteritive presents.

The absence of the s-inflexion in the verbs will and ought has another explanation: these forms originated from the old subjunctive where the verb had no inflexion in the third person singular.

Because of the absence of the inflexion in the third person singular of the Indicative mood, in these verbs Subjunctive I does not differ from the Indicative.

Modal verbs have also no Imperative mood.

Modality and tense are so intervened that in English it is hardly possible to combine them as single variable. Some verbs function both as tense-auxiliaries and as modals. It is therefore of primary importance to see them in contrast with each other as used in different grammatical frames.

On different linguistic occasions a modal verb may perform three different functions:

a) it may be used in its original sense;

b) it may do the duty of a purely auxiliary in analytical verbal forms correlated with the corresponding simple ones within the limits of a given grammatical category(The Future Tense and the Subjunctive Mood);

c) it may weaken its lexical meaning when used in modal phrases expression supposition, certainty or uncertainty as to the action expressed by the notional verb.

The analysis of modal verbs is made rather difficult by other factors. The point is that their past tense-forms do not often refer to past time at all. Such are the verbs can and may, shall and will, for instance, which are not easily defined in formal terms of grammar learning. Morphologically they have the Present and the Past tense-forms, but in modal phrases they are not regularly used to mark time relations. Moreover, to indicate past time does not seem to be their main function.

The modal verbs are: can (could), may(might), must, should, ought, shall, will, would, need, dare. The modal expressions to be+ Infinitive and to have + Infinitive also belong here.

All modal verbs ( except dare and need) form the negative and interrogative form without the auxiliary do. All of them have two negative forms - a full and a contracted one:

should not - shouldn't, may not - mayn't, must not - mustn't, need not - needn't, dare not - daren't.

Some of them have the peculiar contracted form, such as:

cannot - can't, shall not - shan't, will not - won't .

So, modal verbs unlike other verbs do not denote actions to states, but only show the attitude of the speaker towards the action expressed by the infinitive in combination with which they form compound modal predicates. Thus modal verbs may show that the action (or state, or process, or quality) is viewed by the speaker as possible, obligatory, doubtful, certain, permissible, advisable, requested, prohibited, ordered, etc. Modal verbs occur only with the infinitive. This or that meaning is to a great degree determined by the comminicative type of the sentence and the form of the infinitive.

The peculiarities of forms and function of modal verbs.

1.2 The modal verbs can and may

The modal verb can has two forms: can - for the Present tense and could - for the Past tense and for the subjunctive mood.

I can't dance now but I could when I was young.

I wish I could go with you.

According to Kobryna N.A. we distinguish that:

I. Can followed by the non-perfect common aspect infinitive expresses:

1. Physical and mental ability or capacity.

The notion of ability is also expressed by “to be able to”.

Mary can speak English quite well but she can't write it at all (can = to be able, to know how to...).

I can drive a car = I know how to...

He could (was able to) speak English very well when he was twelve.

The meaning of ability is expressed only by “to be able to” when the reference is to the future, as can, having no infinitive, has no future tense form.

Soon he will be able to speak English quite fluently.

Can is interchangeable with to be able to when it denotes mere capacity,

I couldn't/was not able to do that new job; it was too difficult.

This man could/was able to cure all diseases.

But only to be able to is used to express attainment or achievement of something through some capacity. Thus to be able to often combines the idea of “ability” and “achievement”. In this case was able to means “managed to” or “succeeded in”, and could is impossible.

I was able to go to the mountains yesterday as I had a day off (I could and went). I was able to finish my work in an hour (I managed, I could and did it) In the meaning of ability and capability can occurs in all kinds of sentences.

She can play a few simple tunes on the piano.

Can you write with your left hand?

I cannot (can't) promise you anything.

2. Possibility.

a) possibility due to circumstances:

Anybody can make a mistake.

I couldn't take your coat without paying you for it.

b) possibility due to the existing rules of laws:

In old days a man could be sentenced to death for a small crime.

The Lower House alone can initiate financial measures.

c) possibility of the idea (the so-called “theoretical” possibility):

The railways can be improved. (It is possible for the railways to be improved, as they are not yet perfect).

In general statements of possibility can has roughly the same meaning as “sometimes”.

The sea can be rough. = The sea is sometimes rough.

Can is generally used in questions about possibility and in statements about impossibility.

Can this be true? (Is it possible that this is true?)

This can't be true. (It is impossible that this is true.)

3. Permission.

Can we go home, Miss?

The teacher said we could go home .

Can is now more common than may (or might) to express the idea permission.

Can in this meaning is found in affirmative sentences, interrogative sentences in which a request is expressed, and in negative sentence where it expresses prohibition.

You can use my car.

Can I use your car?

You can't use my car today.

In this meaning can is combined with the Simple Infinitive. The form could with reference to the present is found only in interrogative sentences in which it expresses a more polite request

Could I use your car?

4. Prohibition

It is found only with the negative form of the modal verb, as prohibition may be understood as the negation of permission - not to be allowed to...

You can't touch the exhibits in a museum (it is not allowed).

- Can we stay here? - No, I'm afraid you can't. (It's not allowed).

5. Request.

Can you hold on a minute, please?

Can I have some water?

Could suggests a greater degree of politeness:

Could you come again tomorrow?

II. Can followed by any form of the infinitive may express:

1. Strong doubt, improbability, incredulity.

This meaning occurs only with the negative form of the modal verb + perfect infinitive, continuous infinitive, or be.

He can't have seen it (it's impossible that he saw it). He can't be there.

Could is used instead of can to express greater doubt. Thus the difference between can and could is in the degree of expressiveness, could showing a greater degree of doubt or incredulity. The time-reference is indicated not by the form of the verb but by that of the infinitive .

2. Surprise, when can/could is used in questions.

Can it be so late as all that?.

То refer the action to the past Perfect Infinitive is used.

Could he have been telling her the truth?

Can (could) he have let you down?

The verb can expressing surprise is not used in the negative form.

3. Reproach, implying that a person should have done something, or behaved in a certain way, but didn't do it. This meaning is found only with the form could.

You could at least have met me at the station, couldn't you?

In this sense could is interchangeable with might.

4. Purpose.

This meaning occurs only with the form could in clauses of purpose.

I wrote down the telephone number so that I could remember it.

The form could is used in two ways:

a) in past-time contexts as a form of the Indicative Mood.

He could speak English when he was a child.

b) in present-time contexts to express unreality, or as a milder and more polite form of can, or as a form implying more uncertainty than can

He could speak English if necessary.

Could it be true?

Another modal verb that has similar functions as can is may. It has two forms: may for the present tense and might for the Past and as the Subjunctive mood form.

The form might, as N. A. Kobryna determined, is used:

a) in indirect speech according to the rules of the sequence of tenses (though the verb could is preferable in this case).

He told me that I might go.

The librarian told the man that he might take the book home.

b) in some syntactical patterns requiring the subjunctive mood forms:

However hard he might (or may) try, he will never manage to do the same.

I've brought you the book so that you may write your paper.

The form might is used in two ways according to I.P. Krylova: a) in past-time contexts, mainly in reported speech in accordance with the rules of the sequence of tenses:

He told me that it might be true.

b) in present-time contexts as a milder and more polite form of may, or as a form implying more uncertaintly than may:

Might I come and see you?

According to N.A. Kobryna:

I. May followed by the non-perfect common infinitive expresses:

1. Permission. In this usage it expresses the meaning: to have permission to, to be allowed to, to be permitted to.

You may go now (you are allowed to go).

May we leave this with you? (Are we allowed to...? Is it all right if we leave it here?).

In polite requests for permission might is used.

Might I use your telephone, please?

I wonder if I might borrow your book.

Can is now more common than may or might to express informally the idea of permission, but may is often used when talking of ourselves.

May/might I help you?

2. Possibility of the fact (the so-called “factual possibility”).

This meaning occurs only in affirmative sentences.

You may find all the books you want in the National Library. (It is possible that you will find...)

The railways may be improved. (It is possible that the railways will be improved).

The above sentence could suggest that there are definite plans for improvement.

May expressing possibility is avoided in questions and in negative sentences, instead can is used.

4. Prohibition (only with the negative form of the modal verb).

You may not go swimming. (You are not allowed to ...).

You may not enter the room until I say so.

The contracted form mayn't is also very rare.

There are other ways of expressing the idea of prohibition which are more common. They are mustn't, can't, and don't. Mustn't and can't are often found in negative answers to express prohibition instead of may not.

II. May (might) followed by any form of the infinitive denotes:

1. Supposition, uncertainty.

May in this sense is synonymous with perhaps or maybe, and occurs in affirmative and negative statements.

This news is so strange that you may not believe it. (Perhaps you won't believe it.) He may come or he may not.

The non-Perfect Infinitive indicates reference to the present or future, that is, it expresses supposition or uncertainty about a present or future action.

They may arrive tonight or tomorrow.

The Perfect Infinitive indicates reference to the past.

May (might) in the sense of supposition or uncertainty is not used in questions, instead some other means are used: Is it (he) likely ... ? or Do you think ... ?

Is Mary likely to arrive tonight?

Do you think he has already come?

2. Reproach.

This meaning is found only in positive statements and only with the form might as it is a reproach made about something that has not been done and thus implies some unfulfilled action.

You might at least offer to help.

In combination with the perfect infinitive it renders irritation (annoyance) that the action was not carried out.

You might have opened the door for me.

3. May/might partly loses its meaning when used in certain sentence patterns and is in such cases a quasi-subjunctive auxiliary:

a) in clauses of purpose:

Sit here so that I may see your face more clearly.

He died so that others might live.

b)in clauses of concession:

Try as he may he will never be top of his class.

However hard he might try, he never managed it.

c) in object, predicative and appositive clauses after verbs or nouns expressing hope, wish, fear:

The doctor has fears that she may not live much longer.

The prisoner had hopes that he might be set free.

According to M.A. Ganshina and N.M Vasilevskaya, the modal verb might expresses admonition and advice.

You really might do something for them.

To summarize, there are two modal verbs can and may that have similar functions and grammarians usually compare them. The use of can and may is parallel only in two meanings: possibility due to circumstances and permission. In these meanings, however, they are not always interchangeable for a number
of various reason.

1.3 The modal verb must

The modal verb must has only one form for the present tense. It may also be used in reported speech, after the verb in the Past tense in the principal clause:

I knew I must go there too.

According to I.P.Krylova, must is used in present-time contexts with reference to the present or future and in combination with the Perfect Infinitive it refers to the past. In past-time contexts this form is used only in reported speech, so the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with must.

I. Must followed by the non-perfect common infinitive may express:

1. Immediate obligation or necessity, or an obligation referring to the future. This meaning occurs in positive statements and questions.

We must begin before five, or we shan't finish in time for our supper.

He must move the furniture himself. I can't help him.

Must you really go so soon?

Must expresses obligation or compulsion from the speaker's viewpoint (unlike `have to', which involves some other authority than the speaker, such as official regulations, etc.).

You must be back at 2 o'clock. I want you to do some cooking.

You must call me Sir (I like it that way).

Obligations expressed by must refer to the present or future, in reported speech they may refer to the past.

James said we must invite the Stewarts to dinner.

Future obligations can be made more precise with the future indefinite of the verb have to.

I'll have to read it again.

We shall have to give you a new copy of the book.

Since the negative form of must denotes a negative obligation or sometimes prohibition, it cannot express absence of necessity which is expressed by needn't.

- Must I go? - No, you needn't, if you don't want to.

Must is used interchangeably with to be to for instructions, notices, or orders.

Passengers must cross the lines by the footbridge (the railway company instructs them to).

Guests must be out of the building by midnight.

With a 2nd person subject must expresses an obligation which has the same effect as a command.

You must do as you are told.

You must be careful.

You must go now. I want to go to bed.

2. Prohibition.

Such sentences are sometimes negative commands.

The girl mustn't go home alone. It's very late.

You mustn't do that!

3. Command, an urgent request.

You must leave the room at once.

4. Invitations.

You must come and have dinner with us.

You must come and see our picture gallery.

This use of must renders emphasis to the sentence.

5. Emphatic advice.

You must take more exercise. Join a squash club.

II. When combined with any form of the Infinitive must expresses probability, near certainty. It has the same meaning as the modal words probably, evidently. In this sense must occurs only in positive statements.

He must be mad (it seems certain that he is mad).

He must be lonely (probably he is lonely).

With verbs which admit of the continuous aspect, the Continuous Infinitive should be used for reference to the present.

John isn't here. He must be working in the garden.

Jane is busy. She must be packing for the trip.

The Perfect Infinitive indicates a past action.

Did you always live with your father? You must have led quite a busy social life (evidently you led...).

The Perfect Continuous infinitive indicates the duration of the past action, a process in the past.

It must have been raining when you left (evidently it was raining when you left).

In summary, the modal verb must has only one form. It is used in
present-time contexts with reference to the present or future and
in combination with the Perfect infinitive it refers to the past. It expresses immediate obligation or necessity, prohibition, command, an urgent request, invitations, emphatic advice, probability, near certainty.

2. The modal verbs should and ought to

V.L. Kaushanskaya says that the modal verbs should and ought are treated together here as there is hardly any differences between them. Very often they are interchangeable.

Historically should was the past form of shall and both the forms expressed obligation. But in present-day English they have developed different meanings and are treated as two different verbs.

Should followed by the non-perfect infinitive may be used with reference to the present and future and is not changed in reported speech.

You should be more careful.

I told him he should be more careful.

The modal verb ought has only one form. It is not changed in reported speech.

Ought combines with the to-infinitive. When followed by the non-Perfect or Continuous Infinitive it indicates reference to the present or future. In indirect speech it may also refer the action to the past.

You ought to be ashamed of yourself.

She told him he ought not to go away.

These two modal verbs express:

1. Moral obligation, moral duty, which may not be fulfilled. Should is found in this sense in all kinds of sentences. However ought to is preferable in this sense.

All students should submit their work by present date (but some of them don't). If you see anything strange you should call the police.

You ought to look after your children better (you don't always do it).

He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?

When used in the negative form should denotes a weakened prohibition, more like negative advice.

He shouldn't be so impatient.

When combined with the Perfect Infinitive should denotes criticism, faultfinding; the statement indicates that something desirable has not been done.

Your shoes are wet. You should have stayed at home.

You should have put more sugar in the pie. It isn't sweet enough.

A negative statement indicates that something wrong has been done.

You shouldn't have done that. It was stupid.

They should never have married. They are so unhappy.

When used with the Perfect Infinitive ought means that something right has not been done, a desirable action has not been carried out, and it, therefore, implies reproach.

You ought to have helped him (but you didn't).

Не ought to have been more careful (he was not careful enough).

Ought not + Perfect Infinitive means that something wrong has been done and it is now too late to change it. It may also be viewed as a reproach.

She told him he ought not to have done it (but he had done it).

You oughtn't to have laughed at his mistakes.

The opposite to ought to is needn't used to mean that the action is unnecessary. We ought to wash the dishes, but we needn't dry them, because they will dry themselves.

2. Advice, desirability. This meaning is more common with ought to than with should.

I think you should read this book.

You ought to see a doctor.

3. Probability, something naturally expected.

The effect of the tax should be felt in high prices (will probably be felt).

Apples ought to grow well here.

Ought to + infinitive is used when describing something exciting, funny or beautiful in the meaning of I wish you could.

You ought to hear the way he plays the piano!

To sum up, we can investigate that the modal verbs should and ought to are very much alike in meaning and are often interchangeable. In using ought to, however, we lay more stress on the meaning of moral obligation, whereas should is common in instructions and corrections.

2.1 The modal verbs shall and will

In present-day English shall is not a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning of obligation with the function of an auxiliary verb in the future tense.

Usually the meaning of modal verb shall is rendered by emphatic intonation.

Shall combined with only a non-Perfect Infinitive expresses:

1. Promise, oath, or strong intention. In this meaning shall is used with the 2nd or 3rd person with a weak stress.

It shall be done as you wish.

He shall get his money.

In the 1st person shall in this sense acquires a strong stress.

I want that prize and I `shall win it.

2. Threat or warning (shall is used in this meaning in the 2nd and 3rd person). That day shall come.

The child shall be punished for it. I won't allow it.

In the first two senses shall is used in affirmative and negative sentences.

3. A suggestion or offer

It is used in questions (and offers) in the 1st person singular and plural. Such sentences are translated into Ukrainian by the infinitive.

Shall we begin? - Yes, let's.

Shall I read? - Please, do.

Like shall, will is not a purely modal verb. It almost always combines its modal meaning with its functioning as an auxiliary verb expressing futurity. Will has two forms: will for the present tense and would for the past tense. Thus will and would are looked upon as forms of the same verb, although in a few cases their meanings differ.

I. Will combined with the non-perfect infinitive expresses:

1. Willingness, intention, determination.

Would in this meaning shows reference to the past.

I will write as soon as I can.

When he was young, he was so poor that he would do anything to earn some money.

This meaning is often found in conditional sentences.

If you will help me we can finish by six.

If you will wait for me I'll be very grateful.

2. A polite request or an offer. This meaning occurs only in questions.

Will you pass the salt, please?

Will you haw some tea?

3. A command (in military contexts it is a strict command).

Officers will report for duty at 06.00.

You will do exactly as I say.

An impatient command can begin with will you.

Will you be quiet!?

Will you in the tag after a negative command can tone down the command (and is pronounced with the falling tone).

Don't be late, will you?

But after a positive command will you has a rising intonation and expresses impatience.

Sit down, will you?

Shut the door, will you?

4. Insistence, resistence. Will and would are stressed when used in this sense.

He will try to mend it himself (he insists on mending it himself).

With reference to inanimate objects will and would show that a thing fails to perform its function. It occurs in negative statements.

The door will not open.

The engine wouldn't start.

5. Inevitability, characteristic behaviour, quality, or something naturally expected.

What will be will be.

Accidents will happen.

5. Disapproval of something expected. In this meaning only would is used. It is found mainly in responses.

“Hе refused to interfere.” - “He would”.

You would be late!

You would forget.

II. Will/would combined with different forms of the infinitive can express prediction, a certainty about the present or the future.

That will be my wife.

This will be our train.

In conclusion, the modal verbs shall and will express promise, oath, or strong intention, threat or warning, suggestion or offer, willingness, intention, determination, a polite request or an offer, a command, insistence, resistence, inevitability, characteristic behaviour, quality, or something naturally expected and prediction.

2.2 The modal verb need

The modal verb need may be either a defective or a regular verb. As a defective verb need has only one form and combines with a bare infinitive. In reported speech it remains unchanged. As a regular verb it has the past indefinite form needed and regular negative and interrogative forms.

There is a slight difference in the usage of regular and irregular forms. The regular form is used mainly when the following Infinitive denotes habitual action. The defective form is more common when one particular occasion is referred to:

Need I do it?

You needn't do it just now.

Do I need to show my pass every time?

You don't need to say it every time you see him.

The defective form is mainly restricted to negative and interrogative sentences, whereas the regular verb can be used in all types of sentences and is therefore more common.

Need expresses necessity. It is mainly used in questions and negative statements, where it is a replacement for must or for have (got) to.

Do you need to work so hard (Do you have to work so hard? Have you got to...).

The negation is not always combined with the verb, but may be expressed by other parts of t1he sentence.

I don't think we need mention him at all.

I need hardly say that you are to blame.

In questions need is used when there is a strong element of negation or doubt or when the speaker expects a negative answer.

Need she go there? (hoping for a negative answer).

I wonder if I need go there (statement of doubt).

In negative statements need followed by a Perfect Infinitive indicates that the action expressed by the infinitive was performed but was not necessary. It implies a waste of time or effort.

You needn't have spent all the money. Now we've got nothing left.

We needn't have waited for her because she never came at all.

The difference between the two forms of need in negative sentences is as follows: the regular verb indicates that the action was not done because it was unnecessary, whereas the defective verb shows that the action, although unnecessary, was carried out.

Didn't need to do smth = It wasn't necessary, so probably not done.

We didn't need to say anything at all, which was a great comfort.

Needn't have done smth = It was not necessary, but done nonetheless.

You needn't have said anything. Then he would never have known about it.

2.3 The modal verbs to have to, to have got to, to be to

As a modal verb to have to differs from the others in that it is not defective. It can have the category of person and number and all tense-aspect forms, as well as verbals. It is followed by a to-infinitive and combines only with the non-perfect form of it.

We had to look all over town before we found what we wanted.

She won't have to walk the whole way, will she?

Having to go so soon we were afraid of missing the man.

Have to builds up its interrogative and negative forms with the help of the auxiliary verb to do.

Do you have to work so hard?

You don't have to do what your sister tells you.

The modal verb to have to expresses:

I. Obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. It is similar in its meaning to must.

She is usually short of time so she has to go by air.

In the past tense have to indicates a fulfilled obligation.

We had to do a lot of things during the week we stayed in the country (were obliged and did it).

Have to replaces must where must cannot be used:

a) to express past necessity or obligation.

We had to do it again.

They had to do what they were told.

b) to express absence of necessity (in the sense of needn't), since must not means prohibition.

c) You don't have to make another copy of the document, Miss Black; this copy will be quite satisfactory.

d) to express a future obligation, since the future tense of the verb have to makes the obligation more precise.

You'll have to take a taxi if you mean to catch the train.

Have to as a modal verb can be used together with the modal verb may:

We may have to wait long here.

Have got to has the same basic meaning as have to. The difference lies in that have to usually denotes a habitual action and have got to denotes a particular action.

Do you have to get up early every morning?

Have you got to get up early tomorrow morning?

To be to as a modal verb is used in the present and past indefinite tenses.

To be to expresses:

1. An obligation arising out of an arrangement or plan. It is found in statements and questions.

We are to complete this work by tomorrow. (Somebody expects it.)

When is the wedding to be?

3. A strict order or an instruction given either by the speaker or (more usually) by some official authority.

You are to stay here until I return (I tell you to ...).

You are to do it exactly the way you are told.

3. Strict prohibition (only in the negative form).

You are not to do that.

You are not to tell anybody about it.

4. Something that is destined to happen or is unavoidable.

I didn't know at the time that she was to be my wife.

If we are to be neighbours for life we should be on friendly terms.

It was not to be.

5. Impossibility.

In negative sentences or in sentences containing words with negative meaning the verb to be to implies impossibility. In this case the passive form of the non-perfect infinitive is used, unless it is a question beginning with the interrogative adverbs how, where.

They are not to be trusted.

Nothing was to be done under the circumstances.

This meaning is similar to the meaning of can and may.

In summary, the modal verb to have to expresses obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances, past necessity or obligation, absence of necessity, a future obligation and to be to expresses an obligation arising out of an arrangement or plan, a strict order or an instruction, strict prohibition, something that is destined to happen or is unavoidable, impossibility. Have got to has the same basic meaning as have to.

Conclusion

In my course paper I have investigated the forms and functions of modal verbs. I have achieved the aim of my research paper and all the tasks were fulfilled.

1. I have determined the definition of the modal verbs and pointed out general notions about them. The most common definition of the modal verbs is:

Modal verbs are verbs, which are used to show the speaker's attitude towards the action.

I have described the most common forms and functions of modal verbs. They are the following: can(could, be able) expresses physical and mental ability or capacity, possibility, permission, prohibition, request, strong doubt, improbability, incredulity, surprise, reproach, purpose; may(might) expresses permission, possibility of the fact, prohibition, supposition, uncertainty, reproach; must expresses immediate obligation or necessity, prohibition, command, an urgent request, invitations, emphatic advice, probability, near certainty; should and ought express moral obligation, moral duty, advice, desirability, probability; shall and will express promise, oath, or strong intention, threat or warning, suggestion or offer, willingness, intention, determination, a polite request or an offer, a command, insistence, resistence, inevitability, characteristic behaviour, quality, or something naturally expected and prediction; need expresses necessity; dare expresses courage or independence to do something; to have to expresses obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances, past necessity or obligation, absence of necessity, a future obligation; to be to expresses an obligation arising out of an arrangement or plan, a strict order or an instruction, strict prohibition.

modal verb adjective

References

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