Lexical problems of translation in newspaper's articles from english into kazakh

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Introduction

One of the most wonderful things in the world is any foreign language, especially english. There are so many different countries and people and all of them speak their own languages. Thus definite expression can sound different ways and has one meaning. There are some people, who are engaged in studying any special features of foreign languages, such as culture, grammar, punctuation and so on. But i think the most attractive is using of some styles of language in different fields. Any style of english can be interesting. We know that modern english isn't the same, as english returned by chaucer and wycliffe. The matter is, that during to norman conquest there were three languages in england. Latin was the language of church and law. French was the language of kings and nobles, but english was only the language of the masses people and peasants. Such situation continued for 300 years and only in 1350 english became the language of law. It began to return to our life of english. And only some time later it became the main language of the country. The english language when it became into general use was not quite the same as it was before the conquest. The grammar remained but many words came into it from french language. In it modern language there were some styles of english, we know english literature, in which shakespeare wrote his poems, modern literature of english, newspaper articles, business english and so on. I would like to know every of them, because i'm intending to connect my life with english. Really, i have plunged, in sphere, and like it. I have already been to london and heard how the english speak. I have read some books, including english authors. I'm studying english at my college and do all my best. That's why the theme: “lexical problems of newspaper articles translation from english into kazakh” seems to be more interesting for me. I have known that only english has many styles, but english newspaper has many styles too. That's why i have chosen this theme “lexical problems of newspaper articles from

english into kazakh”. I find it interesting to deal with the problems of translation of newspaper articles.

the course paper includes following parts:

introduction. Here is talked about the aim, the objectives, the methods, which i have used in paper work and it's coming out the reason of choosing exactly this theme which is connected with its actuality.

theoretical part deals with the following problems:

- general principles of translation of newspaper articles;

- problems of correlation between words in source language and target language;

- context and its role in translation;

- lexical problems in translation of newspaper articles.

Practical part. In this part of my paper work i've tried to give an analysis of translation of some newspaper articles.

Conclusion. In the end of my paper work i've given some summarizing of my work.

1. Newspaper's style

Newspaper's style was the last of all the styles of written literary english to be organized as a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms.

English newspaper writing dates from the 17^th century. All close of 16 century short news pamphlets began to appear. Any such publication either presented news from only one source or dealt with one specific subject. Note the titles of the earliest news pamphlets: new news, containing a short rehearsal of stukly's and mori's rebellion” (1579), “news from spain and holland”(1593), “wonderful and strange news out of suffolke and essex, where it rains wheat the space or six or seven miles”(1583). News pamphlets appeared only from time to time and can not be classed as newspaper, though they were unquestionably the immediate forerunners of the british press.

The first of any regular series of english newspaper was the weekly news which first appeared in may 23, 1622. It lasted for some twenty years till 1641 it ceased publication. The 17^th century so the rise of a number of other news sheets, which with varying success, struggled on in the teeth of discouragement and restrictions impose by the crown. With the introduction of the strict licensing system many such sheets were suppressed and the government, in it turn, set before public a paper of it on - the london gazette, first published on february 5, 1666. The paper was a semi-weekly and carried official information, royal decrees, news from abroad, and advertisement.

the first english daily newspaper - the daily courant - was brought out in march 11, 1702. The paper carried news, largely foreign, and no comment, the late being against the principals of the publisher, as was stated in the first issue of his paper. Thus early english newspaper was principally vehicle of information. Commentary as a regular future found it way into the newspaper later. But as far bag as a middle of the 18^th century the british newspaper was very much like what it today, carrying on its pages news, both foreign and domestic, advertisement, announcements and articles containing comments.

the rise of the american newspapers, which was brought onto american soil by british settlers, dates back to the late 17^th, early 18^th centuries.

it took the english newspaper more than a century to establish a style and standard of its own. And it is only by the 19 century that newspaper english may be said to have developed into a system of language media, forming a separate functional style.

the specific conditions of newspaper publications, the restrictions of time and space, have left an indelible mark on newspaper english. For more than a century writers and linguist have been vigorously attacking “the sleep shot construction and the vulgar vocabulary” of english newspaper. The very term newspaper english carried a shade of disparagement. Yet, for all the defects of english newspaper serious though they may be this form of the english literary language can not be reduced as same purists have claimed merely to careless slovenly writing or to destored literary english. This is the one of the forms of the english literary language characterized as any other style by a definite communicative aim and its own system of language means.

not all the printed matter found and newspaper comes under newspaper style. The modern newspaper carries material of an extremely diverse character. On the pages of newspaper one finds not only news and comment on it, press reports and poems, crossword puzzles, chess problems in the like. Since the latter serve the purpose of entertaining the reader, they can not be considered specimens of newspaper style. It is newspaper printed matter that performs the function of informing the reader and providing him with an evaluation of the information published that can be regarded as belonging to newspaper style.

thus, english newspaper style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, phraseological and grammatical means which is perceived by he community as a separate linguistic unity that serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader.

Information and evolution co-exist in the modern english newspaper, and it is only in terms of diachrony that the function information can claim priority. In fact, all kinds of newspaper writing are to a greater or lesser degree both informative and evaluative. But, of course, it is obvious that in most of the basic newspaper “genres” one of the two functions prevails; thus for example, news of all kinds is essentially informative, whereas the editorial is basically evaluative.

information in the english newspaper is conveyed, in the first place, through the medium of:

1) Brief news items,

2) Press reports (parliamentary, of court proceeding, etc.)

3) Articles purely informational in character,

4) Advertisements and announcements.

The newspaper also seeks to influents public opinion on political and other matters. Elements of appraisal maybe observed in the very selection and way of presentation of news in the news of specific vocabulary, such as allege and clime casting some doubt on the facts reported, and syntactic contractions indicating a lack of assurance on the part of the reporter as to the correctness of the facts reported or his desire to avoid responsibility (for example, `mr. X was said to have opposed the proposal'; `mr. X was quoted as saying…'). The headlines of news items, apart from giving information about the subject-matter, also carry a considerable a month of appraisal (the size and arrangement of the headline, the use of emotionally colored words and elements of emotive syntax), thus indicating the interpretation and appraisal is in newspaper article, and the editorial in particular. Editorials (leading articles or leaders) are characterized by a subjective handling of facts, political or otherwise. They have much in common with classical specimens of publicistic writing unmistakably bears the stamp of newspaper style. Thus, it seems a natural to regard newspaper article, editorials and included, as coming within the system of english newspaper style. But it should be

Noted that while editorials and other articles in opinion columns are predominantly evaluate, newspaper feature articles, as a rule, carry a considerable amount of information, and the ratio of the informative and the evaluative a varies substantially from article to article.

to understand the language peculiarities of english newspaper style it will be sufficient to analyze the following basic newspaper features:

1) Brief news items,

2) Advertisements and announcements,

3) The headline,

4) The editorial .

Brief news items

the principal function of a brief news item is to inform the reader. It states facts without giving explicit comments, and whatever evaluation there is a news paragraphs is for the most part implicit and as a rule unemotional. News items are essentially matter-of-fact, and stereotyped forms of expression prevail. As an invariant, the language of brief news items is stylistically neutral, which seems to be in keeping with the allegedly natural and unbiased nature of newspaper reporting; in practice, however, departures from this principal of stylistic neutrality are quite common.

It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary used in newspaper writing is neutral and common literary. Besides that newspaper style is characterized by the next features:

a) Special political and economic terms, e.g. Socialism, constitution, president, apartheid by-election, general assembly, gross out put, per capita production and etc.

b) Non-term political vocabulary, e.g. Public, people, progressive nation wide, unity, peace.

1. A word of sl and a word of tl may be identical in their meaning. Such words are called equivalents (the corresponding kazakh term is ýêâèâàëåíòòåð). To this group usually belong proper names such as “london - ëîíäîí”, “galsworthy - ãàëñóîðñè”, etc.; terms such as “a morpheme - ìîðôåìà”, “logarithm - ëîãàðèôì”, etc.; names of months, days of the week; numerals. Equivalents are usually monosemantic words and they are easily translated. In newspaper articles we often deal with such equivalents. There aren't any difficulties of translation them so we decided that we can not take them into consideration in this course work.

2. The meanings of a sl word and a tl word may coincide partially. There are three variants within this type.

A word in one of the languages may have more meanings than the corresponding word of the other language, so that the meaning of the latter is as it were included in the meaning of the former, e.g. The english noun “finish” and the kazakh noun “ì?ðå” both denote “the conclusion, end”, which completely exhausts the meaning of kazakh word. The english word “finish”, however, also denotes “that which finishes, completes or perfects”, which corresponds to the kazakh words «ñî?û», «?ðëåó», «àïïðåðòóðà». Thus the meaning of the word “finish” includes the meaning of the word “ì?ðå”, but is not exhausted by it. This is the first variant of semantic relations characterized by partial coincidence of meanings.

The second variant of semantic relations between partially corresponding words may be described as intersection. It means that both the words have some meaning (or even meanings) in common, but at the same time each word has some other meanings which do not coincide. E.g.: the english word “tight” and the kazakh “òû?ûç” both means “close against body”, besides which the word “tight” means “not generous with money” (in kazakh - ñàðà?), while the kazakh «òû?ûç» denotes also “ø??ûë ³ñòåëåò³í æ?ìûñ”, which corresponds to the english word “urgent”. Thus, the meanings of these two words (“tight” and “òû?ûç”) intersect in one point only - i.e. They both denote close against body.

the third variant of relations within this type is somewhat more complicated, which we often can sight in the newspaper articles. The fact is that different people reflect reality in different ways, and these differences find their manifestation in the languages which the people speak. It is well known that for the english it seems quite necessary to differentiate between a hand on arm, while in kazakh we usually do not feel it so very important and use the word “?îë” to denote both the notions indiscriminately (cf. Also “watch”, and “clock” - “ñà?àò”, “mirror” and “looking glass” - “àéíà”, etc.). On the other hand we usually differentiate between “øèå” and “?ûçûë øèå”, while for the english there exists one notion (“cherry”), as well as both “??ëïûíàé” and “?îéá?ëä³ðãåí” are discriminately called “strawberry”; we think that “á?ðø³ê” and “ò?éíåê” are quite different things and englishmen always call it “a bud”, no matter whether it is going to form a leaf or a blossom.

it does not mean, of course, that we cannot express the difference between a hand an arm in kazakh or that englishmen do not see any difference between a leaf bud and a blossom bud. They do, but traditionally some aspects of reality are reflected as differentiated notion in the mind of one people and as undifferentiated notion in the mind of another people. Theoretically speaking every language can express everything, but it differs from other languages in what it should express.

this group of words demands special attention in translation of newspaper articles because it often causes trouble in the process of translation.

in all the cases when the meaning of words coincide partially there arises a problem of choosing the right variant of translation. This choice should be based on two factors: on the knowledge of possible semantic relation between the words of sl and tl and on the information derived from the context.

3. The next difficulty in translation of newspaper articles is in one of the languages there may exist words which have no correspondences in the other language at all. They are usually proper names which are not used or even known in other countries (personal names such as aubrey, hope, ?ñåì, í?ðã?ë, etc.; place names such as hindley, catmose, àëìàòû, ñåìåé, etc.) And names of specifically national notions and phenomena (such as lobby, muffin, drugstore, êè³ç ?é, øà?ûðà?, áåñáàðìà?, etc.)

2. Context and its role in translation

the meaning of equivalents practically does not depend on the context, so to translate them one should merely look them up in a dictionary. The demand to consult dictionaries is essential. No guesswork is allowed in translation: a word should be either known or look up; otherwise there is always a risk of translation the word “family” as “ôàìèëèÿ” or “billet” as “áèëåò” or writing some other nonsense of the kind.

it is more difficult to translate those words of sl which are characterized by partial correspondence to the words of tl. Such words are mostly polysemantic. That is why in order to translate them correctly it is necessary first of all to state which particular meaning of such a word is realized in the utterance. The most reliable indicator in this case is the context in which the word is used.

linguistic context in its turn is subdivided into narrow (context of a phrase) and wide (context of a sentence). Very often the meaning of a word is revealed in the minimum context, i.e. In a phrase (“to make” - «³ñòåó, æàñàó, ?íä³ðó, ?ç³ðëåó, äàéûíäàó, æèûñòûðó», etc.) But there is problem in translating the phrase “to make dinner” - “ò?ñê³ òàìà? ?ç³ðëåó” or “to make a bed” - “ò?ñåê ñàëó”). However, there are such cases when we need at least a sentence to see what the word means, e.g. “form” - “ôîðìà, àäàìíû? êåëáåò³, ð?ñ³ì, ñàëòàíàò, ò?ðò³ï, ò?ð, ñûíûï, etc.”.

“the form of the present continuous is “to be + v+ ing”

despite distinguishing all kinds of differences we should say that, both languages sufficiently reflect one and the same perception of reality. Therefore the difficulty stylistics devices represents to a translator is based on word play, if in corresponding words of both languages are featured different signs.

the second reason, causing lexical difficulties to translation of newspaper articles is the difference in the semantic volume of a word. In every language, a word exists in a close connections with the lexical-semantic system of a given language. It may have various kinds of lexical meanings (lexical-semantic) variants; it may widen or narrow its meaning and make it more abstract or concrete.

the third reason presenting lexical difficulties the difference in combinability. Words in languages have some definite relation characteristic only to the given language. It should be mentioned that word combinability is possible if words point to similar objects they denote. This difference of word combinability in various languages is very important; therefore, some types of combinability are easily acceptable in other language.

last but not the least is the accepted usage of words in a language. It is, of course related to the development of a given language and formation of its lexical system. Every language worked out its own clichés and some set expressions used by speakers, nevertheless those word expressions are not phraseological units but they possess complete form, which, in comparison with the phraseological units, are never broken by adding some introductory words or substitution of some of its elements.

translation studies showed that there are cases when due to the distinguished signs a word acquires wider semantic volume and can not be covered by corresponding equivalent in the target language. Let us take teenager for example: etymology it is related to the numerals from thirteen till nineteen. The kazakh æàñ?ñï³ð³ì does not semantically cover its meaning in complete volume for it is narrower in its meaning. Therefore the word teenager is usually translated by different words - áîéæåòêåí, áîçáàëà and in plural as ?ëàí.

difference in the semantic structure of a word represents one of the main reason causing lexical difficulties in translation. These differences are related to peculiar features of separate words or word groups. And it is quite natural that this matter covers a wide range of examples. Practically, even identical words in different languages are not always equal in their meaning, they never correspond completely. Most often correspondence of first lexical-semantic variants of such words - their primary meaning - then we have various lexical-semantic variants for the course of development of these words was of different nature.

this is characterized by different functioning of a word in language, different in usage and combinability, but even the primary meaning of an english word maybe wider of the corresponding one in russian.

the semantic structure of a word predefines the possibility of its contextual use, and the translation of contextual meaning presents a hard task to translators.

contextual meaning of a word in many instances depends on the character of semantic context, on the semantics of the words combining with it. Occasional meanings, suddenly originated in the context are not always arbitrary - it is based into the semantic structure of the word. In contextual usage of a word in poetry or prose - often point to the author's penetration into the depth of the word's semantic structure. For paradigmatic and semantic relations are characteristics to any words and the lexical potential of words can be revealed in both cases. But revealing these potentials of words is closely connected with the specificity of lexical-semantic aspects of every language and here forth we may observe the difficulty of translation of contextual meaning of words. What is possible in one language maybe impossible in another because of its difference in semantic structure and its usage.

Words, that is it is objective and but subjective, like in the words: hate, love, friendship. But it is not an exception when emotional meaning originates from contextual usage. Emotional meaning, based in the word is usually created by association - positive or negative - which a word causes and the associations that exist in it despite the context of perception.

a peculiar group of words demanding transformation in translation are the words that possess different volume of meaning in kazakh and english languages. To this group belong international words, some words of human perception, mental activity.

but we should mention that the words that belong to these groups are of different semantic structure. International words and the words of human perception, mental activity represents polysemantic words in english.

there are a lot of words having similar form and equal meaning. Let's compare the following words: “football” - “ôóòáîë”, “trolleybus” - “òðîëëåéáóñ”, “diplomacy” - “äèïëîìàòèÿ”, “diagram” - “äèàãðàììà”, “dialect” - “äèàëåêò”, “computer” - “êîìïüþòåð”, “display” - “äèñïëåé”, “designer” - “äèçàéíåð”. As it is known such words are called “international words” because they are included into the vocabulary of many world languages. These words express scientific and social-politic notions.

the volume meaning of these words does not usually coincide (except term-words). For example, the word “compositor” is derived from latin word “componere” and in english meant “òåðóø³”, while it is practically monotonous with the kazakh word “êîìïîçèòîð” (someone who writes music). These words are called pseudo-international one. The translation of such words make a great number of difficulties to interpreters. Though it is well-known that they comprise the false-friends of translators and the mistakes in their translation are frequent.

in the given translation, besides concrete definition of “?îë” and “àÿ?”, we also had to use fixed word phrase.

the following problem, which demands careful consideration in lexical transformations of translation, is problem of word combinability. In all languages there are typical norms of word combinability. The concept of norm is relative, on the one hand, with system of language, and on the other hand, it is closely connected with speech, in which the originality of speech formation is displayed. Each language can form uncountable number new word combinations that will be understood by its bearers. In any language there exists generally accepted tradition of word combinations, which do not coincide with the corresponding tradition of word combinations in the other languages.

and it makes look for similarly accepted word combinations in the target language. The main part combined words usually coincides in translation, but the second one is frequently translated by a word possessing other logical meaning, but performing the same function, as for example, as for example, trains run- ïîéûçäàð æ?ðåä³.

the wider is the semantic volume of a word, the wider is its combinability, thus due to this feature it can interact with various word forms and word combinations. And this feature enables the translator to use his creativity.

along with traditional combinations in languages unexpected combinations are also possible, but they are quite clear, for they follow generally accepted semantic models of word combinability. This phenomenon - the connection of words with completely various semantic features - is peculiar to all languages, but in each language it has various rules and traditions. In english language such unexpected word combinations are formed very easy. It is probably caused by conversion and easiness in formation of new words in various ways, heterogeneity of languages vocabulary and some other reasons.

3.Additions

it is very difficult to say whether this information is lexical or grammatical: it is both. Its lexical aspects have already be discussed: it is necessary to make some explanation of transcribed words, describe those notions which have no names in tl, add the words which are implied but not expressed in the structure of attributive phrases, etc. However, in all these cases the structure of the sentence is involved, that is why the transformation is considered to be grammatical. Sometimes there appear grammatical reasons for adding new words: it happens when some meaning is expressed grammatically in the original text while there is no way of expressing it grammatically in tl. The most important in english they use articles to differentiate between an author and his creation: “… the jewel of his collection - an israels…” (morning star). In kazakh it is necessary to add the word “ñóðåò”: “...îíû? æèíà?ûíû? ìåðóåðò èñðàåëñò³? ñóðåò³”. When using the transformation of addition one should be very careful to add only that which should really be added. It requires good knowledge of deep structure and surface structure grammars of both sl and tl and ability to analyze semantic and pragmatic aspects of a text.

Omissions.

this transformation is seldom structurally obligatory, it is usually caused by stylistic considerations and deals with redundancy traditionally normative in sl and not accepted in tl. A typical example of such redundancy is the use of synonymic pairs in english: “…their only stay and support…” (the kazakhstan monitor) both the words mean “òàÿíûø”, “ñ?éåí³ø”, “ò³ðåê”. There is no need to translate them both, one is quite enough: “îëàðäû? æàë?ûç ò³ðåã³”.

however, it must be remembered that logical redundancy of speech and various repetitions are used by writers to characterize the personage's individual manner of speaking, his way of thinking, etc. In such cases omissions are not allowed.

Replacements.

there are several types of such replacements.

the first type of lexical transformations is used in translating words with wide and non-differentiated meaning. The essence of this transformation lies in translating such words of sl by words with specified concrete meaning in tl (íà?òûëàó æ?íå äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿëàó àóûñòûðìàñû). When translating from english into kazakh they use it especially often in the sphere of verbs. If english verbs mostly denote actions in rather a vague general way, kazakh verbs are very concrete in denoting not only the action itself but also the manner of performing this action as well: “to go (on foot, by plane, etc.)” - “æàÿó æ?ðó”, “?øà?ïåí ?øó”,etc.; “to get out” - “øû?ó, øû?àðó”,etc. The choice of a particular kazakh verb depends on the context. It does not mean, of course, that the verb “to go” changes its meaning under the influence of the context. The meaning of “to go” is the same, it always approximately corresponds to the kazakh “îðûí àóûñòûðó”, but the norms of the kazakh language demand a more specified nomination of the action. The same can be illustrated with the verb “to be”.

“the clock is on the wall”

“ñà?àò ?àáûð?àäà ³ë³í³ï ò?ð”

“the apple is on the plate and the plate is on the table”

“àëìà òàðåëêàäà, îë òàðåëêà ?ñòåëäå ò?ð”

though in all those cases “to be” preserves its general meaning “áîëó”. The sentence “he is on hollywood” in the times (28 november,2006) should be translated as “îë ãîëëèâóäòà æ?ìûñ ³ñòåéä³”

this transformation is applicable not only to verbs but to all words of wide semantic volume, no matter to what part of speech they belong: adverbs, adjectives, nouns, etc. E.g. Due to their most vague meaning such nouns as “a thing”, “stuff”, “a camp” are used to denote practically anything, often remaining neutral stylistically. In kazakh however, nouns with so general a meaning are less universal, besides, they sometimes belong to the colloquial register which often makes it impossible to use theme in translation (cf. “a thing” - “çàò”, “í?ðñå”, “³ñ æà?äàé”, “ì?ñåëå”, etc.), that is why in every case there should be found a word with a more concrete meaning denoting that particular “thing” or “stuff” which is meant by the author: “…this madman stuff that happened to me” - “ìåí³ìåí áîë?àí ?îëàéñûç æà?äàé”; “…all the dispensary stuff” - “á?ê³ë ìåäèöèíàëû? ä?ð³ ä?ðìåê” or “ä?ð³”; “toilet things”- “ ä?ðåòõàíàëû? êåðåê æàðà?òàð”, “you have never done a single thing in all your life to be ashamed of” - “ ñåí åø?àøàí ?ÿòòû ?ûëû?òàð æàñà?àí æî?ñû?”.

the second type of transformation is quite opposite in its chapter and is usually called “generalization”. In many cases the norms of tl make it unnecessary or even undesirable to translate all the particulars expressed in sl. Englishmen usually name the exact height of a person: “he is six foot three tall”. In kazakh it would hardly seem natural to introduce a character saying “îíû? áîéû àëòû ôóíò æ?íå ?ø äþéì”; substituting centimeters for feet and inches wouldn't make it much better: “îíû? áîéû 190,5 ñàíòèìåòð”. The best variant is to say: “îíû? áîéû ?òå ?çûí”.

generalization is also used in those cases when a sl a word with differentiated meaning corresponds to a word with non-differentiated meaning in tl ( “a hand” - “?îë”, “an arm” - “?îë”, etc.)

the necessity to use generalization may be caused by purely programmatic reasons. In the original text there may be many proper names informative for the readers in tl. There may be names of some firms, of the goods produced by those firms, of shops (often according to the name of the owner), etc.: englishmen know that “tonibell” is the name of various kinds of ice-cream produced by the firm tonibell, while “trebor” means sweets produced by trebor sharps ltd and “tree top” denotes fruit drinks produced by unilever. Transcribed in the kazakh text these names are absolutely senseless for the for the reader who would not see any difference between “òîíèáåëë”, “òðåáîð”, “òðè-òîï”, “òîóòàë”, which is not eatable since it petrol. An english reader in his turn can hardly guess what they sell in “äèíàìî” shops (even if it spelt “dynamo”) or in “àñûë” (no matter whether it is rendered as “assyl” or “jewel”). Hardly are more informative such as names as “åðêå” (a café ao laundry), “àéíàëàéûí” ( a drink), “àæàð” (sweets), “í?ç³ê” (a cake), etc. That is why it is recommended to substitute names (unless they are internationally known or play a special role in the context) by generic words denoting the whole class of similar objects:

“îë æåéäåñ³í `åðêåãå' ?òê³çåä³”.

“he has his shirts washed at the laundry”

“îëàð `íàóðûçäû' æåï, `àéíàëàéûíäû' ³øò³.”

“they were eating a cake washing it down with a juice”.

the third type of translation is bases upon logical connection between two phenomena (usually it is a cause-and effect type of connection), one of which is named in the original text and the other used as its translated version. This transformation presupposes semantic and logical analytics of situation described in the text and consists in semantic development of this situation. If the situation is developed correctly, that is if the original and transited utterences are semantically connected as cause and effect, the transformation helps to render the sense and to observe the norms of tl:

“when i went on board i found mr. Tolepov's luggage already below” (the kazakhstan monitor 31 november 2006) “…ìåí ò?ëåïîâ ìûðçàíû? æ?ã³í ò?ìåííåí òàóûï àë?àí åä³ì” is not kazakh. The verbs ”òàóûï àëó” do not render the situation adequately. It is much better to translate it as “…ò?ëåïîâ ìûðçàíû? æ?ã³ ò?ìåíäå åä³”, which describes the situation quite correctly: why did i find his luggage below? - because ò?ìåíäå áîë?àí åä³.

this example illustrates substitution of the cause for the effect: the english sentence names the effect while the kazakh variants names its cause. There may occur the opposite situation - substitution of the effect for the cause (ñåáåïò³ ñàëäàðìåí àëìàñó).

the forth type of transformation is based on antonym (?àðñû ì?íäåñ àóäàðó). It means that a certain word is translated not by corresponding word of tl but by its antonym and at the same time negation is added (or, if there is negation in the original sentence, it is omitted in translation): “it wasn't too far”. - “á?ë àéòàðëû?òàé æà?ûí áîëûï øû?òû” (“far” is translated as “æà?ûí” and negation in the predicate is omitted). Not far = æà?ûí.

the necessity for this transformation arises due to several reasons:

· Peculiarities of the system of sl and tl

· Contextual requirements

· Traditional norms of tl

With the help of these four types of transformations one can overcome practically all lexical difficulties.

The peculiarities of translating of newspaper materials

1. In the practical part of my course i want to give several examples of using different types of lexical transformation in the process of translation newspaper articles. The analyzed article was taken from “financial times”

in the last thirty years, philip condit says, not much has changed. The problem, he says, is not just that employees at boeing think of other countries as being exotic. They take the same attitude to anywhere in the us outside seattle, where the company has its headquarters and its most important factories. Boeing staffs talk about something as being `in-plant' or `out-plant'. In-plant means seattle. Out-plant means one of the group's other locations, such as wichita, kansas.

condit, who became boeing's chairman in february, wants to change all that. Over the next 20 years, he wants boeing to become a global rather than a us company. Boeing employees could be forgiven for thinking that being a seattle company has served them well enough. Boeing is the world's most successful aircraft maker.

condit believes, however, that boeing cannot stand still. There are too many examples in aviation and other sectors of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.

last year, in a speech to managers, he described his vision of what the group would look like in 2016, its centenary year. He told them that boeing would be an aerospace company. It would not repeat earlier mistakes such as attempting to enter the train or boat-building business.

(from the financial times)

ñî??û 30 æûëäû?òà ôèëèïï êîíäèòò³? àéòóû áîéûíøà àç ?àíà ?çãåð³ñ áîëäû. Îíû? àéòóû áîéûíøà ì?ñåëå, áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñûíû? æ?ìûñøûëàðûíû? áàñ?à ìåìëåêåòòåðä³ ýêçîòèêàëû? ñèÿ?òû ê?ðó³íå áàéëàíûñòû ?àíà åìåñ. Êîìïàíèÿíû? íåã³çã³ áàñ?àðìàñû ìåí ê?ïòåãåí ìà?ûçäû çàóûòòàð ìåí ôàáðèêàëàð îðíàëàñ?àí à?ø ?àëàëàðû òóðàëû äà, ñîíäàé ê?ç?àðàñ ?àëûïòàñ?àí. Áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñûíû? ?ûçìåòø³ëåð³ «³øê³ çàóûò» æ?íå «ñûðò?û çàóûò» òóðàëû ñ?ç ?îç?àéäû. ²øê³ çàóûò äåãåí ñèýòëäà îðíàëàñ?àí äåãåí ìà?ûíà á³ëä³ðåä³. Êåëåð 20 æûëäû? ³ø³íäå îë áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñûí à?ø êîìïàíèÿñûíà ?àðà?àíäà á?ê³ë ?ëåìãå òàíûìàë áîë?àíûí ?àëàéäû. Áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñûíû? æ?ìûñøûëàðû ?çäåð³í³? ñèýòë êîìïàíèÿñûíäà æ?ìûñ ³ñòåéò³íäåð³í æåòê³ë³êò³ äåãåí îéëàðûí ?ìûòó êåðåê.

áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñû - ?ëåìäåã³ ?øà? øû?àðóøûëàðäû? å? òàáûñòûëàðûíû? á³ð³. Ñî?àí ?àðàìàñòàí êèíäèòò³? ñåí³ì³ áîéûíøà áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñû îñû ?àëûïòà ?îë àëìàéäû. Àâèàöèÿäà æ?íå áàñ?à ñàëàëàðäà äà ñîë ?àëûïòà ?àëó?à òûðûñ?àí êîìïàíèÿëàð?à íå áîë?àíûí ê?ðñåòåò³í ìûñàëäàð ?òå ê?ï.

?òêåí æûëû ?ç³í³? ìåíåäæåðëåð³íå àðíàë?àí ñ?ç³íäå îë êîìïàíèÿíû? 2016 æûëû, êîìïàíèÿíû? ??ðûëóûíà 100 æûë áîëàòûí æûëû, ?ç³í³? ê?ç ?àðàñû áîéûíøà ?àíäàé áîëàòûíûí ??ã³ìå åòò³. Îë áîèíã êîìïàíèÿñû àâèàöèÿëû? ?àðûøòû? êîìïàíèÿ áîëàòûíûí àéòòû. Îë ïîåçä æ?íå êåìå ??ðûëûñ áèçíåñ³ìåí àéíàëûñó ñåê³ëä³ ?òêåí ?àòåë³êòåð³í ?àéòàëàìàñ.

(financial timesòàí)

Used types of lexical transformation.

Additions.

In-plant means seattle.

to translate this sentence into kazakh one who wants to translate it coorectly is obliged to add new word “îðíàëàñ?àí” because it is not adequate to translate this sentence like “³øê³ çàóûò ñèýòë äåãåí ìà?ûíà áåðåä³”. If we translate this sentence so, we will misrepresent the meaning of the sentence and this will mean that the meaning of the word `in-plant' is `seattle'. And here we have to make some explanations if we want to represent the appropriate meaning of this sentence. So the sentence `in-plant means seattle' was translated `³øê³ çàóûò äåãåí ñèýòëäà îðíàëàñ?àí äåãåí ìà?ûíà áåðåä³', which means that the in-plant is situated in seattle.

Differentiation and concretization.

boeing employees could be forgiven for thinking that being a seattle company has served them well enough.

the verb `to be' is polysemantic. For example, he is to arrive on monday - îë ä?éñåíá³ ê?í³ îðàëóû òè³ñ; assel is from astana - ?ñåë àñòàíàäàí,etc. The translation of the verb `to be' depends on the context. In this sentence we can translate …being a seattle company…as…ñèýòë êîìïàíèÿñûíäà æ?ìûñ ³ñòåéò³íä³êòåð³í... .here we have translated the verb `to be' as ` æ?ìûñ ³ñòåó' because it's necessary to concretize the meaning of this verb. In that way we have used here the verb `to be' in the meaning of “to work”.

Anatomic transformation.

in the last thirty years, philip condit says, that not much has changed.

the using of the antonymous transformation means that a word not much is translated not by corresponding word of tl `ê?ï' but by its antonym `àç' and at the same time negation in the predicate is omitted. The necessity for this transformation is to make the sentence more natural.

i have taken the following sentence to show the peculiarities of translation of pseudo-international words.

the word “revolution” has two corresponding meanings: “ðåâîëþöèîíäû? ò??êåð³ë³ñ” and “ðåàêöèÿëû? ò??êåð³ë³ñ”. For instance:

the revolution in chile headed by pinochet

ïèíî÷åò áàñ?àð?àí ÷èëèäåã³ ò??êåð³ë³ñ.

in such cases the english word “revolution” may be rendered only as “ò??êåð³ë³ñ” or “ðåâîëþöèîíäû? ò??êåð³ë³ñ”.

The role of context

To translate the word facility in the following sentences we should take into consideration the context, because this word is polysemantic one.

facility n. -

1. Æå?³ëä³ê; î?àéëû?;

2. Ê?ñ³ïîðûí;

3. Ìåìëåêåòò³ê ìåêåìå;

4. Åïò³ë³ê; èêåìä³ë³ê;

5. ?îëàéëû æà?äàé;

6. Ì?ìê³íä³ê.

a) Mps already complain of lack of facilities to do their work while press and other staff although find they work in overcrowded and unsuitable conditions.

Ïàðëàìåíò ì?øåëåð³ ?îëàéñûç æà?äàéëàðäà æ?ìûñ ³ñòåï æàò?àíäàðûíà øà?ûìäàíàäû; ïðåññà æ?íå ?çãå äå ?ûçìåòêåðëåð ?îëàéñûç æà?äàéëàð?à ò?ç³ï òàð æåðäå æ?ìûñ ³ñòåï æ?ðãåíäåð³ òóðàëû àéòàäû.

b) As the crematorium facilities were maintained for the public by the public, regardless of whether they were religious of not, they should be treated equally.

Êðåìàòîðèé ?àíäàé äà ä³í ñåí³ì³íå ?àðàìàñòàí á?ê³ë õàëû??à ?ûçìåò ê?ðñåòåò³í ìåìëåêåòò³ê ìåêåìå áîë?àíäû?òàí á?ð³íå ?îë æåòåðë³ê áîëóû òè³ñ.

Ñonclusion

translation newspaper article

· Every language worked out its own clichés and some set expressions used by speakers, nevertheless those word expressions are not phraseological units but they possess complete form, which. In comparison with the phraseological units, are never broken by adding some introductory words or substitution of some of its elements.

· The most difficulty presents the translation of emotional coloring that demands lexical changes. There is a wide range of words in a language that besides their logical meaning have emotional meanings or co-meaning

· Pseudo-international words. The translation of such words makes a great number of difficulties to interpreters. Though it is well-known that they comprise the false-friends of translators and the mistakes in their translation are frequent.

And i would like to say that it was really interesting to work at this theme. I found much information, i hadn't known before. And i'm sure that all this information will be very useful in my future profession. In my view it's very important to have good abilities in translating newspaper articles because a good interpreter should have all needed information. One of the most important tasks of us - to help people from different countries to communicate with each other. And if we want to be good at translation we should be in the know about all the events in the world. And as we know, we may take the latter information from newspapers.

Bibliography

1.Vinogradov v.c. introduction to translation. Moscow, 2001

2. Fedorov a.v. the basis of the general theory of translation. Moscow, 2002.

3. Kazakova t.a. practical transfer basis. Spb, union, 2002.

4. Komissarov v.n. the theory of translation (linguistic aspects). -m.,1990.

5. Krupnov n.v. the course of translayion of the english language. - m., international relations, 1979.

6. . ×èòàëèíà í.à. «ó÷èòåñü ïåðåâîäèòü» ìîñêâà, 1975. (ëåêñè÷åñêèå ïðîáëåìû ïåðåâîäà). Èçäàòåëüñòâî «ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ».

7.. Website: www.herald.kz

8. Market leader. Intermediate, longman,2002.

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