Great Britain

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

ГАОУ СПО «МАМАДЫШСКИЙ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ № 87»

ЗАЧЕТНАЯ РАБОТА ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

Great Britain

2014 г.

Introduction

For several centuries Great Britain dominated virtually all the oceans of the globe. Due to this, the English language has received wide distribution. Not only in Britain but also in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and on many Islands speak English. The number of learners all over the world exceeded mark. I also teach this language, so I'm curious to describe home language and people for whom it is native. This was the reason for choosing the theme of my essay the UK. I want to describe in detail the customs and character of the British, their way of life and thoughts, their amazing sense of humor and composure, not change them in the most difficult and dangerous situations. But the limited scope of the essay doesn't allow it in full. Still, a few words about the people in England to say, as many phenomena in the course of development of the UK is closely related to the nature of these people. About the British legends go, if they taciturn, starchy, sad and don't know how to have fun. London imagine how gloomy, gray, unfriendly city. I would like to dispel this impression. Perhaps it was true, but today London is the largest center of entertainment, tourism, and very fun city, maybe even most fun city in the world. It is dynamic and cosy at the same time. In London very nice alleys. London taxis can literally unfold in place and warping on any side streets, despite the terrible loaded highway with an average speed of 18 km/H. All the streets, especially in summer, packed with crowds of people. And the person who is in London, it seems that every day is some crazy celebration of life. Young people sitting on the sidewalks, plays and sings. Around pubs (beer bars) - pandemonium. Londoners love for hours to talk, to communicate standing. Hanging idly young Englishmen or chuliganai in the doorways, are not visible. Many teenagers, even from affluent families, in the summer of part-time jobs. By the way, does not exist with London and fences. Typical Street is a long row of houses near each - garden.

State structure

Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The Constitution is not here, its legislation is based on the centuries-old constitutional customs and precedents, that is, parliamentarians look, as it was settled a similar case (so polished over hundreds of years of parliamentary laws and procedures). Formally, a country ruled by a monarch (since 1952, Queen Elizabeth II). But in fact, the highest legislative body is the Parliament, which includes the Queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords (see diagram in Annex). The Commons is a nation-wide meeting, izbrauksanas in five years. The house of lords - noblemen, princes of the blood, the hereditary peers... the House of Lords has the right to delay the bill (not financial) year. Finance bills become laws with the passage of the House of Commons and the signing of the Queen. Usually it does not impede the work of the House of Lords and do not interfere in state Affairs. From this we can conclude that the Queen for British tradition, which, like many others, they value and are considered necessary to highlight the huge sums from the budget.

The Executive power is the Cabinet of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Members of the Cabinet of Ministers are the most prominent figures of the ruling party, i.e. the party that won the majority at the last elections. A few words about political parties, usually belonging to the government and define the internal and external policy of the country. This is a conservative and labor party.

The labor party consists mainly of workers (labor - labor). The basic position of labor's programmed: “improvement” of capitalism, i.e. the transformation of capitalism into socialism through reforms. The labor party of Great Britain: the idea of creating a “Socialist Commonwealth of great Britain”, nationalization of some industries.

The main objectives of the policy conservatives: support of free enterprise, individual initiative, struggle against the “government bureaucracy”. The conservative party represents the interests of the aristocracy, entrepreneurship, landowners. In recent years in the political life of the country has increased role of small parties - Liberal, nationalist parties Scotland and Wales. The leading roles are often forced to seek support in Parliament.UK politically is a constitutional monarchy. The order of succession to the throne is specified by the Act of succession (1701). The sons of the sovereign inherit the throne on seniority; in case of absence of the sons of the throne passes to the eldest daughter. The right to the throne has only Protestants. The monarch is head of state, Supreme commander, the head of administration and secular head of the official Church of England. The monarch is an important symbol of national unity. Oath of allegiance to the crown pronounces Ministers, government officials, police and armed forces; state administration is the name of Her Majesty.

The Queen is the Supreme media Executive, the head of the judiciary, the Supreme commander of the armed forces, secular head of the Anglican Church, has a formal right to convene Parliament in session. The monarch is a part of the Parliament along with the House of lords and House of Commons; has the right of absolute veto on any law enacted by Parliament, but the last time it was applied in 1707, for which he received the nickname of "the sleeping authority"; the monarch has the right to appoint and dismiss the Prime Minister and Ministers, but following this for 200 years of constitutional tradition, the President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the party that won the elections, and Ministers on the proposal of the head of government.

Only the monarch has the right to dissolve the House of Commons, although in reality according to the constitutional tradition is always done by the government and the Prime Minister.

The Queen is head of the Commonwealth of Nations, which consists of 54 States. The Queen is the head of States of a number of Commonwealth countries (Islands of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Islands of Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Islands, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu), where the Queen is represented by the governors-General. The order of succession to the crown is determined by case law and other legislation. Britain is a country without a Constitution. The election procedure of the formation of the government, as well as the rights and duties of citizens shall be determined by numerous laws and decrees. Despite such a complex structure of legal and political institutions of this great country with a powerful economy and a huge polarizing the influence global processes is the legal state with predominant in all its internal structure by the principles of legality and morality. It is impossible to overestimate the role of tradition in all spheres of relations between the state and society of England, for example, there is a draft version of the Constitution, which should replace the existing set of laws, but until the final implementation will be a long time, because there is no consensus about the existing "unwritten" Constitution, and on whether to change it. The highest legislative body is the Parliament (the oldest in the world, founded in 1265), which consists of the monarch (king or Queen), the house of lords and House of Commons. In fact, under the Parliament refers only two chambers, and in ordinary usage is lower, which performs legislative functions. The king shall sign all laws, and on the basis of the constitutional tradition of almost 300 years does not apply owned veto. The veto of the house of lords can be overcome by the lower house by a simple majority of votes, but on the next session of Parliament, which means that in case of holding the session once a year upper chamber may on year to delay the entry into force of the law. In practice, the House of Lords, as a rule, objections against the bills adopted by the House of Commons, proposes a very rare. Although the head of state for constitutional doctrine is an integral part of the Parliament, from the point of view of the concept of separation of powers it is all the same to the Executive. He House of Lords is formed by inheritance that in modern conditions is an archaism. Lords - representatives formed by centuries of land, industrial and financial aristocracy. The House of Lords, which is called "the upper chamber of the Parliament, consists of 1260 members.

State emblems

united kingdom great britain

The Royal coat of arms of Great Britain is the official emblem of the British monarch (currently Queen Elizabeth II). Other members of the Royal family and the government used other emblems. The Royal coat of arms comes in two versions, one of which is used only in Scotland. In usual version of the coat of arms of the two lions and seven heraldic leopards: six Golden leopard with azure II weapons on Board, three in the 1st and 4th fields Severoceske divided shield (they correspond England). Scarlet, lion with azure II weaponry in the second field represents Scotland. Golden crowned lion as sedately supports the shield to the right. On the other hand shield supports chained unicorn. On the Scottish variant four lions and three leopard: five animals on Board (three of them leopard meet England, two lions - Scotland), one pramoniniai crowned lion is in naslednica. Seventh predator, crowned lion, supports the coat of arms on the left. On the right side of the shield supports chained unicorn. In both variants of the coat of arms in the third azure field placed Golden harp (embodies Ireland).Three leopard on a red field (they are officially called "walking lions guard") appeared in the English emblem when king Richard the Lion heart. Stamp duty stamp duty is a shield with three leopards or tigers for a long time remained the only symbol of England.

During the hundred years war, which lasted from 1337 in 1453 year, and is known as the War of the leopard against lilies, English emblem has undergone changes. When the French Royal dynasty Capet was stopped in 1328, among the contenders for the French throne was and English king from the house of Lancaster Edward III (1312-1377). When the king chose Philip VI of France, Edward III, in token of their claims to the throne of France, cut and crossed the shield, leaving the second and third quarters of traditional leopards, and in the first and fourth placed an azure field, covered with Golden lilies - the emblem of France. He followed heraldic to the rule that children heraldic heiress (women with family crest) can in his arms to put her arms with coat of arms of the father. To do this, they must share the shield of the coat of arms into four parts, depicting in the first and fourth quarters, the arms of the father, and the second and the third - the coat of arms of the mother. In full accordance with the rules Edward would have to put leopards in the first and fourth quarter of the shield, but gave up these position lilies that in case of winning more accurately reflect the ratio of English and French parts of his future in the UK. In this form English emblem lasted until 1800, when the mention of France disappeared from the Royal title. Henry IV (1367-1413) left on the coat of arms of the only three lilies (this symbol is called "fleur-de-lis").In 1603 the English throne under the name of James I succeeded James VI of Scotland. (In Russian tradition, the names of biblical characters, the saints, the clergy and European monarchs are given in the Greek form - so Jacob and not Jace James) When it emblem replenished with the emblems of Scotland and Ireland. Scottish red lion in a gold box was an old coat of arms of the County Faltskog and Tana Footslog Mac duff. In the XIII century, this coat of arms is decorated with a red border, which later, in the XV century, the Scottish Parliament unsuccessfully tried to cancel. Golden harp became the emblem of Ireland in the XV century. The origin of this symbol is unclear. Nassau and the Hanover dynasty, who replaced the Stuarts, was placed on the English coat of arms shields with patrimonial arms. Finally, when Queen Victoria (1819-1901) the coat of arms of Great Britain took the form, remain unchanged and in our days. Pieces of chargers for centuries have changed. At different times the shield is supported falcons, white Swan, Yala, the white boar king Richard III (1452-1485), red Welsh dragon, pointing to the Celtic origin of the Tudor dynasty, silver dog Richmond County. Since 1603, the shield established crowned British lion and the unicorn. Golden helmet English coat of arms is crowned with a crown of St. Edward, which appeared in the coat of arms in the reign of Charles II (1633-1701). The top of the helmet - Golden-crowned leopard, called the British lion. Named - gold, planted with ermine. Below disaggregated emblem of the UK:"...on the green English lawn stamp shield Gothic forms, surrounded suspender belt and embroidered on it the motto of the order of the Garter "Honi soit qui mal y pense" (FR. "Shame on him who is wrongly think about it") with the two sides support the crowned lion rampant (the symbol of England) and the unicorn rampant on the chain (the symbol of Scotland). On the lawn grow rose, clove and thistles is a symbolic plants England, Northern Ireland and Scotland. At the bottom is written the motto of the monarch in the UK: "DIEU ET MON DROIT" (FR. "God and my right"). Stamp duty stamp duty is a shield divided into 4 quarters. In the 1st and 3rd quarters bears the emblem of England - 3 lion or leopard pass ante. In the 2nd quarter bears the emblem of Scotland - Lev rampant, and in the 4th quarter of the coat of arms of Ireland - Irish harp. The shield is crowned crowned tournament helmet, surrounded snaring, and on top of the helmet is crowned lion pass ante...As stated in the decree of Jacob: "After much anxiety among our beloved subjects of the North and South, we recognized for the benefit of combining these two flags.

The name "Union Jack" may have arisen from the familiar treatment for James - Jacques. "Union" - the Union of England and Scotland. The following changes occurred during the time of Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1688). Cromwell - the leader of the English bourgeois revolution - put in the center of an existing flag Irish harp is one of the most ancient musical instruments, which became the ancestor of all the strings. The harp was played in Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Assyria, Ancient Greece and Rome, and in the middle ages it became very popular in Europe. Particularly renowned for harpers - Irish. They told Saga - Saga - accompanying himself on small ARF. The performance of musical works on the harp was so popular in Ireland that the image of this tool was included in the national emblem of the country. It is there that the harp was transferred to the flag of the time of Oliver Cromwell. But she did not stay there for long: once in 1660 in the country monarchy was restored, drawing on the flag was still Captured by the British in the XII century Ireland since 1801 officially transferred under the authority of the British crown. On the flag of Ireland was represented oblique red cross on a white background - the sign Saint Patrick is the patron Saint of Ireland [Vilinbachov 1990: 57].Traditionally needed to add the Irish symbols on the emblem and to combine the flags of Britain and Ireland.

Culture

The British are committed to long-established traditions and habits. It affects many aspects of life of the population. They still try to live apart, in a separate house. Even some of the apartment buildings are built so that each apartment had its entrance. Old residential houses are often long two-storey brick building with a lot of doors, painted in a different color, because they belong to different owners. So the Kingdom is sometimes called “two”. For many English homes characterized by vertical location apartments for two or three floors. In the past the house was heated by a fireplace - coal or gas. But now increasingly Central heating, so the residents of London and other major cities began to suffer less from the famous English smog. In the twentieth century in the cities there are new neighborhoods that was built modern block of flats, however, a lot is being built and a separate two-storey houses for 1 or 2 families usually live in more affluent. Multi-storey houses in the UK are still relatively few, but there are projects for the construction of such. The British prefer to keep the two-storey layout even in large buildings. In such houses is preserved and a traditional fireplace and gas or electric. Since feudal times in the UK still has many medieval castles belonging to large landowners. They look very beautiful, surrounded by acres of ancient parks. Within the many castles decorated with sculptures, paintings, antique furniture. In recent years, many castles turned into museums: for a fee of them are open to visitors. The British are great lovers of the sport. Many sports games or terms are of English origin, such as football, the Motherland of which is the United Kingdom; and now it is the most popular sport game. In football the British began to play in the middle ages and in those days it was a ritual game. The echoes of that persist today: on Shrovetide and Easter in some villages arranged a kind of football, which often involves all the residents. The game is usually held on all streets and squares of the village, not subject to any rules. Sometimes it lasts a whole day, because the gates are often at a distance of 3 - 5 km from each other.

Conclusion

For several centuries Great Britain dominated virtually all the oceans of the globe. Due to this, the English language has received wide distribution. Not only in Britain but also in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and on many Islands speak English. The number of learners all over the world exceeded mark. I also teach this language, so I'm curious to describe home language and people for whom it is native. This was the reason for choosing the theme of my essay the UK. I want to describe in detail the customs and character of the British, their way of life and thoughts, their amazing sense of humor and composure, not change them in the most difficult and dangerous situations. But the limited scope of the essay doesn't allow it in full. Still, a few words about the people in England to say, as many phenomena in the course of development of the UK is closely related to the nature of these people. About the British legends go, if they taciturn, starchy, sad and don't know how to have fun. London imagine how gloomy, gray, unfriendly city. I would like to dispel this impression. Perhaps it was true, but today London is the largest center of entertainment, tourism, and very fun city, maybe even most fun city in the world. It is dynamic and cozy at the same time. In London very nice alleys. London taxis can literally unfold in place and warping on any side streets, despite the terrible loaded highway with an average speed of 18 km/H. All the streets, especially in summer, packed with crowds of people. And the person who is in London, it seems that every day is some crazy celebration of life. Young people sitting on the sidewalks, plays and sings. Around pubs (beer bars) - pandemonium. Londoners love for hours to talk, to communicate standing. Hanging idly young Englishmen or chuliganai in the doorways, are not visible. Many teenagers, even from affluent families, in the summer of part-time jobs. By the way, does not exist with London and fences. Typical Street is a long row of houses near each - garden. All the Brits can't imagine my life without private garden. Now Britain is a highly developed country with a stable, rich economy. But it was not always so. Below are the historical events and processes, thanks to which the United Kingdom became what it is today.

Application

The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles in the North-Western coast of continental Europe. Official name - the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In the UK consists of three areas: England, Wales and Scotland. In the United Kingdom is also included Northern Ireland occupies the North-Eastern part of the island of Ireland. The capital is London. British Isles - the largest in Europe. British archipelago separated the North sea from Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany and the Straits of La Manche and Pas-de-Calais region of France. Area - 244 thousand sq. km its population in 1978 was about 56 million people.