English for managers

1. Working together

The male approach to business is competitive, direct and confrontational. The end justifies the means. Personal status and a focus on the individual are important.

The female method is collaborative. Collective action and responsibility are more important than personal achievement. Lateral thinking, as well as goodwill and the well-being of the individual, are also of great importance.

2. Tackling problems

The male approach is to go to the heart of the problem, without taking into account secondary considerations. The female preference is to look at various options.

3. Body language

Male body language tends to be challenging. Female body language tends towards self-protection. A stereotypical female pose is sitting cross-legged; the male sits with legs apart to give an impression that he is in control.

Male behaviour can include forceful gestures for example banging a fist on the desk for effect. The female style does not usually include aggressive gestures.

4. Language

The male way of speaking does not encourage discussion. Women tend to welcome others' opinions and contributions more.

5. Conversation

Men like to talk about their personal experiences and achievements or discuss “masculine” topics such as cars or sport. Women tend to talk about staff problems and personal matters.

6. Meetings

If a woman does not copy the male confrontational style, she is often ignored.

7. Self-promotion

Men find it easy to tell others about their successes. Women tend to share or pass on the credit for a success.

8. Humour

Men's humour can be cruel - a man's joke usually has a victim. Female humour is less hurtful. A woman often jokes against herself.

CAVEAT

Many men have a female style of working. Equally many women have a male approach.

As Ms Stuart says many of the current management theorems - flatter organizations, empowerment, managing by consensus - have a female style to them.

Notes

* the end justifies the means: it doesn't matter what methods you use; success is the only important thing

* lateral thinking: thinking in a creative way, making unusual connections

* flatter organizations: organizations in which there are fewer managers and people have equal status

* managing by consensus: managing by getting everyone to agree

From: First Insights into Business. By Sue Robbins

Give the Russian equivalents from the box below:

there are exceptions to every generalization -из каждого правила есть исключения; run courses for men and women working together -вести курсы для мужчин и женщин, работающих вместе; the male approach to business -мужской подход к ведению бизнеса; the end justifies the means -цель оправдывает средства; competitive -конкурирующий (соперничающий); the collaborative female approach -нацеленный на сотрудничество женский подход; lateral thinking- нестандартное мышление; goodwill -доброжелательность; as well as -а также; take into account secondary considerations -принимать во внимание второстепенные доводы; male behavior -мужское поведение; forceful gestures- энергичные жесты; encourage discussion -поощрять дискуссию; talk about one's personal experiences -говорить о личном опыте; caveat -предостережение; equally- в равной степени.

According to the text, which of these phrases are typically used by men and which by women?

Example: “It's very simple. The point is…”

Men because “the male approach is to go to the heart of the matter”.

1. “But we need to take account of…”

Women because “ the female preference is to look at various options”.

2. “You look worried. What do you think about the new plan?”

Women because “ women tend to welcome others' opinions and contributions more”.

3. “That's rubbish!”

Men because “ they discuss “masculine” topics such as cars or sport”.

4. “I built the department from nothing”.

Men because “ they like to talk about their personal experiences and achievements”.

5. “Thanks for your kind words, but this really was a team effort.”

Women because “ women tend to share or pass on the credit for a success”.

6. “It was so funny. He looked ridiculous!”

Men because “ men's humors can be cruel - a man's joke usually has a victim”.

Complete the table with words from the text.

Verb	Noun	Adjective
to compete (with)	competition	competitive
to confront	confrontation	confrontational
to collaborate	collaboration	collaborating
to control	control	controlling
To encourage	encouragement	encouraging
to achieve	achievement	achieving

Complete the following sentences using one of the words from the table.

1. It was a great competition to win the company's prize for excellence.

2. This is a really difficult job at times. I'd like a bit of encouragement from my boss occasionally.

3. I hate having meetings with Alan. He's always aggressive and confrontational.

4. I don't like working on my own, I need other people to collaborate with.

5. It's impossible to confront events, but you can influence them.

Now, make lists of characteristics peculiar to the male and female approaches to business. Comment on them.

the male approach	the female approach
competitive, confrontational, achieving	collaborative, encouraging, controlling

Text 12. Women in Management

Read the text and answer the questions:

What tactics are applied by those companies which want to use the talents of women more effectively?

To keep good women, firms need to find ways of giving them those things, yet using them efficiently. That normally involves letting women with small children work flexible hours, not requiring them to relocate or travel at a moment's notice, or even letting them share their jobs with someone else. In exchange, women may have to accept lower pay, or slower promotion, until they return to full-time work.

Though women make up over 40% of the western workforce, the firms they work for promote very few of them far. In America and Britain alike, women hold about 2% of big-company board seats. Where women do get to run big companies, it is not by climbing the ordinary corporate ladder. The lone female chief executive of a Fortune 500 company, Marion Sandler, of Golden West Financial, a Californian savings bank, shares the post with her husband. They bought the bank together. Katharine Graham, chief executive of The Washington Post Company until taking the chairmanship last year, inherited the firm from her father.

People who work in large organizations have an innate tendency to hire and promote those who resemble themselves. “Our managers are all white, middle-aged men, and they promote in their own image”, says one woman.

If a firm does genuinely want to use the talents of women more effectively, how should it go about it? The watershed dividing different employers' approaches is positive discrimination. Some use quota schemes. At Pitney Bowes, an American office-equipment manufacturer, 35% of all promotions must go to women, 15% to non-whites.

Positive discrimination can hurt the women it is designed to help. Bosses compelled to hire women to fulfil some quota are unlikely to take them seriously. “If you feel people are just there because you had to have them, then you work around them, not with them. Then they feel under-utilized, because they probably are”, says Nancy Gheen, a personnel manager at Monsanto.

Most women want to have children. Raising a family requires time off, and shorter working hours, for either husband or wife. To keep good women, firms need to find ways of giving them those things, yet using them efficiently. That normally involves letting women with small children work flexible hours, not requiring them to relocate or travel at a moment's notice, or even letting them share their jobs with someone else. In exchange, women may have to accept lower pay, or slower promotion, until they return to full-time work. Such programmes have been dubbed “mommy-tracks”.

True or false:

1. The number of female chief executives in western business is very high. (true)

2. Positive discrimination means using quota schemes when hiring employees. (false)

3. “Mommy-tracks” are programmers for working women with children which allow them to combine work and children upbringing. (true)

Now, make a prйcis of the text.

Text 13. Who would you rather work for?

Read the text and answer the question:

What are the main results of the surveys carried out in the UK and the USA?

In the UK a majority of those questioned believed women had a more modern outlook on their profession and were more open minded and considerate. Women have become role models for managers. In the USA: Female managers use time more effectively. Women on the other hand leave men in the starting blocks when it comes to teamwork and communicating with staff.

Women are more efficient and trustworthy, have a better understanding of their workforce and are more generous with their praise. In short they make the best managers, a report claims today.

The survey of 1,000 male and female middle and senior managers from across the UK is an indictment of the ability of men to function as leaders in the modern workplace.

A majority of those questioned believed women had a more modern outlook on their profession and were more open minded and considerate. By way of contrast, a similar number believe male managers are egocentric and more likely to steal credit for work done by others.

Management Today magazine, which conducted the research, said that after years of having to adopt a masculine identity and hide their emotions and natural behavior in the workplace, women have become role models for managers.

The findings tally with a survey of female bosses carried out in the US. A five-year study of 2500 managers from 450 firms found that many male bosses were rated by their staff of both sexes to be self-obsessed and autocratic. Women on the other hand leave men in the starting blocks when it comes to teamwork and communicating with staff.

In Britain more than 61% of those surveyed said men did not make better bosses than women. Female managers use time more effectively. Female managers also appear to make good financial sense for penny-pinching companies: most people, of either sex, would rather ask for a rise from a man.

“If men want to be successful at work they must behave more like women,” said the magazine's editor Rufus Olins. “Businesses need to wake up to the fact that so-called feminine skills are vital for attracting and keeping the right people. In the past women who aspired to management were encouraged to be more manly. It looks now as if the boot is on the other foot.”

2. From the Guardian

Give the Russian equivalents from the box below:

trustworthy -заслуживающий доверия, надежный; generous with praise -щедрый на похвалу; survey -изучать с какой-л. целью (исследование); indictment- обвинительный приговор; outlook on -взгляд на; open minded - с широким кругозором; considerate -внимательный к другим, тактичный; steal credit for work done by others -приписывать себе заслуги за работу, выполненную другими; conduct the research-проводить исследование; tally with -совпадать, соответствовать; findings -полученные данные; self-obsessed -одержимый; autocratic -властный; make good financial sense -иметь финансовое чутье; penny-pinching companies -компании, находящиеся в стесненном финансовом положении; ask for a rise-просить повышения жалования; aspire to-стремиться к.

Make lists of characteristics peculiar to the male and female managers according to the surveys. Compare with those which you've made up in Text 11. Comment on them.

Female managers	Male managers
more efficient	egocentric
use time more effectively	autocratic
have a good financial sense	self-obsessed

Now, make a prйcis of the text.

Text 14. “Talk-to-Text” CEO Is Young Entrepreneur of the Year

Read the text and answer the questions:

1. What kind of business is the company SpinVox engaged in?

The company SpinVox engaged in industry of the mobile phone.

2. What have you learnt about the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award?

It claims to be the first firm in the world to offer voice message-to-text conversion services, creating a new class of voice-message applications.

3. Why has Christina Domecq been honoured as a Young Entrepreneur of the Year? Christina Domecq has founded and managed her own IT service businesses that have had a turnover of 14 million US dollars at any one time.

One innovative company that is shaping the future of the mobile phone industry is SpinVox of the United Kingdom. It claims to be the first firm in the world to offer voice message-to-text conversion services, creating a new class of voice-message applications. To recognize that achievement, Christina Domecq, the company's co-founder and chief executive officer (CEO), has been honoured as a Young Entrepreneur of the Year (2007) at the annual Ernst & Young Awards. For nearly a decade Christina Domecq has founded and managed her own IT service businesses that have had a turnover of 14 million US dollars at any one time.

“Christina is developing a product that could revolutionize mobile telephony for both customers and business users,” said Lord Young, chairman of the judges' panel. “She is capable, driven and structured business leader - at a young age.”

The idea of voice-message application was thought up by Christina Domecq after she recognized that accessing multiple voicemails was not always convenient and could be frustrating and time consuming. She reasoned that by converting voicemail to text, users could see who had called and what they had said.

By using SpinVox, customers can instantly see their voice messages as text and respond either by text, email or voice. The service works on any handset or network regardless of the network technology.

Over the past 20 years, the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award has developed the reputation as the most prestigious honour for business people and innovators. The award recognizes their “vital contributions of the leaders and creators who build and sustain world-class business that are testament to vision, leadership, achievement and social responsibility.”

By Richard Maino, English #4, 2007

Make a precis of the text using the above questions as a plan.

Now, answer the question. Give your arguments.

Who would you prefer to work for?

- a male boss

- a female boss

- either - you don't have a preference.

Think and say. The Key Words may help you.

1. What job areas have become more important in the last twenty years?

2. What jobs have become less important?

3. What skills and qualities are useful to get a good job nowadays?

Key Words

Job areas: agriculture, coal mining, information technology, the media, professional services, steel

Skills: communication skills, computer skills, driving, language skills, organizational ability, typing

Qualities: co-operation, creativity, cultural awareness, flexibility, initiative, motivation

Text 15. Survival of the Fittest

“Between now and the 21st century citizens of the world's richest and most technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly difficult to keep up with the demand for change. For them, the future will arrive too soon.” So begins Alvin Toffler's book Future Shock, written back in 1970.

Now people are beginning to pay attention to Toffler's prediction, because the speed of change is accelerating rapidly. It is sometimes difficult to work out the patterns of change. What should you do? First of all, don't panic. Take a deep breath and try to get a sense of the good things the future has to offer.

You don't need to be a genius to predict the job areas which will be most affected by technological change. Agriculture, textiles, coal mining and heavy industry are all doing badly. On the other hand, business and professional services, the media, information technology, and the biosciences are doing really well.

Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will rise dramatically. By 2020 the number of computers in the world will be around one billion. Because of this, computer programmers and systems analysts will be in much greater demand.

There are also many other important changes taking place in the workplace. First, the job market is getting more and more competitive and the idea of a “job for life” has already become old-fashioned. Because of this, workers will have to be more flexible. According to Mark Hastings of the Institute of Management, in the future people will organize their working life around a variety of contracts, instead of working just for one company.

In the same way, companies will change, they will be organized more democratically. People will move sideways to do different jobs, rather than moving up the “company ladder” as before. Many more people will work for small, dynamic companies which can react quickly to changes in the market. Other people will give up working for a boss and become self-employed. All this means that companies will require people who are flexible and responsible. They will also need people who can work co-operatively and get on well in a team.

Good communication skills will be essential. According to Dr Laurence Lyons of the Future Work Forum, women will initially have an advantage in this area. James Traeger, of the training agency Menswork, explains that many men will have to be retrained. “It's not about making men more like women, but helping men to communicate as well”.

We are undoubtedly moving towards a global economy. English will probably remain the international business language, so learning Russian or Chinese is not a priority. However, understanding other people, their minds, culture and history will be vital. Above all, a manager will need to feel comfortable working with people from other cultures and coping with cultural differences,

New technology is the driving force behind the rapidly changing workplace, so don't get left behind. You don't need to become a computer expert, but you must consider improving your computer skills. Work with more than one program in case you have to use them at work, and try to read about all the latest technology.

Undoubtedly, all this new technology is changing the way we work and offering many alternative ways of working. Rather than go into an office, a lot of people are connected to the Internet and now work from home. Working like this may give you the flexibility you want - to live where you want, to continue your studies and to have a lot more free time. That must be good news.

From: Opportunities Intermediate. By Michael Harris,

David Mower and Anna Sikorzynska

Answer the questions.

1. What is “future shock” and how does it affect people?

“Future shock”- when people find it increasingly difficult to keep up with the demand for change and it is difficult to work out the patterns of change.

2. What are the job areas of the future?

Computer programmers and systems analysts will be in much greater demand.

3. How will careers change?

In the future people will organize their working life around a variety of contracts, instead of working just for one company.

4. How will companies change?

Companies will require people who are flexible and responsible. They will also need people who can work co-operatively and get on well in a team.

5. What skills and personal qualities will people need?

You don't need to become a computer expert, but you must consider improving your computer skills. Work with more than one program in case you have to use them at work, and try to read about all the latest technology.

6. What personal benefits will the new situation bring?

A lot of people are connected to the Internet and now work from home. Working like this may give you the flexibility you want - to live where you want, to continue your studies.

3. For Additional Information

What Do Americans Mean When They Say Embrace Change?

To embrace change means to welcome change. This has become very common advice in American business. Recently there has been a lot of change in American business culture. Almost everyone in business today has to deal with change. For example, in the traditional American company a job was often long-term. A person could work for the same company for more than 40 years and do the same job. In the past, job stability was normal. Now employees have to get used to changing jobs and companies. Even if you stay in the same job, the job requirements will change. If you don't keep your knowledge and skills up-to-date, you won't be able to do a good job.

Do you know?

MBA = Master of Business Administration - магистр делового администрирования

Степень магистра, вообще говоря, не является ученой. Эта степень скорее «профессиональная», свидетельствующая о том, что получивший ее имеет не только теоретические, но и практические знания и навыки в области бизнеса и менеджмента на основе разбора большого количества управленческих ситуаций, участия в управленческих играх, стажировок в крупных фирмах. Ведущими школами бизнеса США являются Гарвардская, Стэнфордская, Уортонская (в Пенсильвании), Слоуновская (в Массачусетском технологическом институте).

Text 16. Knowledge Is Power

Read the text and make its prйcis.

As the world of business becomes more competitive it may be a good time to consider enhancing your credentials with an MBA. Having an MBA will significantly boost your chances of getting promoted to senior management was the message to graduates of the Open University as they received their diplomas.

Graduates of the three-and-a-half year program were optimistic about their prospects, with many saying that they had already received promotions thanks to the course. Extra qualifications can lead to promotions due to a shortage of highly skilled managers in Russia.

The course is not just for those looking to climb the ladder, but also attracts students who already hold senior management positions in major companies and are striving to improve their companies' performance.

Most of the students already work in business and the part time, distance learning program allows them to continue working, while the practice based approach used by the Open University encourages students to apply theoretical concepts in the workplace. “We started implementing ideas from the course the moment we began studying. I've used techniques for motivating the staff such as performance appraisals,” one of the graduates said.

The program is one of only a few schools to receive triple accreditation from the world's top 3 MBA bodies - the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB), the Brussels-based European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD) and the Association of MBA (AMBA) - providing graduates with an internationally recognized qualification.

The course, which costs 728,100 rubles, is conducted in English.

By Ed Bentley

The Moscow News, December 2008

Text 17. Russia's MBA Boom

Read the text and make its prйcis.

Official recognition of the MBA program in Russia was first granted by the Ministry of Education in 1999. Since that time more than 60 business schools have sprung up around Russia to serve domestic demand for the MBA qualification. Around 5,000 people receive the diploma of the Russian business schools every year. The average price of a Russian MBA is now $24,000. A growing number of Russians seem to be willing to shoulder this financial burden. Many MBA applicants bank on the fact that the money they invest in diploma will soon be recouped through increased future earnings.

However many MBA students are looking for something more than just increased earning power; according to a recent survey carried out by the Russian monthly magazine Study & Career, 82 percent of MBA graduates said the most important reason for doing the course was to acquire new knowledge. The second most popular reason was to bring their existing knowledge up to date.

Alexei Mosesov, who graduated from an MBA program offered by Russia's International Institute of Management LINK in partnership with Britain's Open University in 2007, is positive about the benefits the MBA has had for his career: `I learned how to manage the company efficiently, to manage myself, my time, I've got self-assertion, and won much precious time that is so important for a manager.'

By Rebeccah Billing

The Moscow News, July, 2008

In pairs, discuss what things you can do to improve your future career prospects. (диалог)



Glossary

A

ability	способность
absenteeism	прогул, невыход на работу
accept	принимать; признавать
accomplish accomplish objectives	совершать, выполнять; завершать; достигать достигать целей
accountant	бухгалтер
achievable	достижимый
achieve	достигать; добиваться
achievement	достижение; результат
advancement	продвижение; успех
advantage	преимущество; выгода, польза
affect	влиять, воздействовать
against	относительно (чего-то)
allocate	распределять, размещать
analyze	анализировать
analysis	анализ; разбор
apparently	очевидно; видимо
apply apply to	применять относиться; быть приемлемым
applicable	применимый, пригодный, подходящий
appraisal	оценка
appraise	оценивать
approach	подход
argue	доказывать
arrange	располагать, классифицировать, расставлять
assess	оценивать, давать оценку
assign (to)	поручать (задание); назначать
assume	принимать на себя; предполагать, допускать

B

behave	вести себя; поступать
behaviour	поведение
belong to	принадлежать
benefit	выгода, польза
board of directors	правление, совет директоров
bonus	премия
breadth	широта взглядов
bring character to	привносить характер в

C

(be) called upon	быть вынужденным
carry out	выполнять; осуществлять
cause	заставлять; быть причиной, вызывать
caveat	предостережение
ceremonial duties	официальные обязанности
chair (v.)	возглавлять, стоять во главе
chairman	президент (компании)
challenge	сложная задача, проблема
challenging	сложный; требующий максимального использования потенциала
classify	классифицировать
collaborative	располагающий к сотрудничеству
colleague	коллега
command	приказывать
command the respect	внушать уважение
communicate	общаться
communication	общение
comparison	сравнение
compensate for	компенсировать
competition	конкуренция
competitive	конкурентоспособный; соперничающий, конкурирующий
complete	заканчивать, завершать
compulsory	обязательный
concerned (with)	занятый (чем-л.), связанный с, имеющий отношение к
conclude	делать вывод, заключать
conduct (experiments)	проводить (эксперименты)
conduit (of information)	проводник, канал (информации)
consequently	следовательно; поэтому
consider	рассматривать; обсуждать
considerable	значительный; большой
continual	постоянный, непрерывный
contribute	вносить вклад; содействовать, способствовать
contribution	вклад; содействие
coordinate	координировать; согласовывать
create	создавать
creation	создание
critical	решающий; крайне необходимый
criticize	критиковать, подвергать критике
crucial	решающий
current	текущий
customer	клиент, заказчик, покупатель

D

deadline	крайний, последний срок
deal with	иметь дело; решать вопрос
decision make (take) decisions decision making	решение принимать решения принятие решений
decisional	связанный с принятием решений
decisiveness	решительность
define	определять, давать определение
definition	определение
delegate	передавать полномочия; поручать
delivery	поставка
demand	требование; потребность
demoralize	подрывать дисциплину, вносить дезорганизацию
depend on	зависеть от
de-skilling	потеря квалификации
despite	несмотря на
develop	разрабатывать; развивать
development	разработка; развитие
devote (to)	посвящать
direct	руководить, управлять; направлять, побуждать
disadvantage	недостаток; неудобство
dissatisfaction	неудовлетворенность; недовольство
disseminate	распространять
disseminator	распространитель
distant	сдержанный; сухой; холодный
distinguish	различать; отличать; выделять
disturbance handler	регулирующий проблемы
diversify	вкладывать (капитал) в различные предприятия
draw	лотерея
drive	большая энергия; напористость; побуждение; тенденция

E

efficiency	продуктивность, производительность; работоспособность
efficient	умелый, квалифицированный (о человеке); рациональный; продуктивный, с высоким коэффициентом полезного действия
emphasize	подчеркивать; придавать особое значение
employee	служащий; работающий по найму
	уполномочивать; давать возможность
encourage	поощрять, поддерживать
ensure	обеспечивать, гарантировать
enterprise	предприятие
entitle (be) entitled to	озаглавливать иметь право на
entrepreneur	предприниматель
environment	окружение, окружающая обстановка (среда)
equipment	оборудование
essential	необходимый, весьма важный, неотъемлемый; существенный
esteem (n., v.)	уважение; уважать
evaluate	оценивать; определять количество, качество
evaluation	оценка
excel	отличиться; превзойти
exception	исключение
executive	должностное лицо, руководитель
exist	существовать
existence	существование
expect	предполагать, полагать
expectation	ожидание; надежда
experienced	опытный

F

face up to the competition	противостоять конкуренции
fail	не иметь успеха, провалиться
favourable	благоприятный; благосклонный
feature	особенность, характерная черта
feedback	обратная связь
female	женский
figurehead	номинальный глава (лицо)
find out	узнавать, выяснять
flexitime	свободный режим рабочего дня, скользящий график (свободный выбор времени начала и окончания работы)
fluency	плавность, беглость (речи)
focus	сосредоточивать
	сильный; энергичный; убедительный
forecast	предвидеть; прогнозировать
fringe benefits	дополнительные льготы

G

generalization	обобщение; общее правило
genius	гений, гениальная личность
get on well with	уживаться, ладить
goal	цель

H

hierarchy	иерархия
hire	нанимать
hostile	враждебный
hygiene	гигиена; гигиенический

I

identify	устанавливать
implement	выполнять, осуществлять, обеспечивать выполнение
improve	улучшать, совершенствовать
inability	неспособность
include	включать
increase	возрастать, увеличиваться
influence (n.) influence (v.)	влияние влиять, оказывать влияние
initiate	начать, положить начало, инициировать
initiative (n.) initiative (adj.)	инициатива инициативный
in order to	чтобы
insight	интуиция, понимание
insist (on)	настойчиво утверждать; настаивать
in spite of	несмотря на
instead (of)	вместо
interact	взаимодействовать
interpersonal	межличностный
involve be involved in	вовлекать, затрагивать быть вовлеченным в
involvement	вовлечение, участие в

J

judge (v.) judge (n.)	судить, составить мнение; оценивать судья
judgement	мнение, суждение
justify	подтверждать; оправдывать; объяснять

K

key (adj.)	основной; ключевой

L

lateral thinking	нестандартное мышление
leadership	руководство
level	уровень
liaise	поддерживать связь
liaison	связной, связующий
log	регистрировать
long range planning	долгосрочное планирование



M

maintain	поддерживать, сохранять
make decisions	принимать решения
male	мужской
manage	руководить, управлять, заведовать; справиться, суметь (сделать что-то)
manager	управляющий, заведующий
management	управление, заведование; (the ~ ) правление, дирекция, администрация
managerial	относящийся к управлению, административный
MBO = Management by Objectives	управление посредством целей
manufacturer	производитель
means	средства
measure (n.) take measures measure (v.)	мера, мероприятие; принимать меры оценивать
measurement	оценка
meet an urgent order	выполнить срочный заказ
middle managers (management)	управленцы среднего звена
modify	изменять
motivate	мотивировать, побуждать, стимулировать

N

negotiate	вести переговоры; обсуждать условия
negotiator	лицо, ведущее переговоры; посредник
non-for-profit	некоммерческий

O

objective	цель
offer	предлагать
opportunity	возможность
overall (direction)	общее, генеральное (руководство)
oversee	наблюдать, надзирать
overvalue	переоценивать, слишком высоко оценивать

P

participate	участвовать
pattern	образец, модель
pay attention to	уделять (обращать) внимание
penalize	наказывать; штрафовать
perform	выполнять, исполнять
performance	исполнение, выполнение
personnel	персонал, кадры
point out	указывать; обращать внимание
policy	политика, курс
policy making	формирование политики (компании)
position	должность
possess	обладать
practitioner	практик
praise	хвалить
prejudice	предубеждение, предвзятое мнение
pressure	затруднение
priority	приоритет
productivity	производительность; продуктивность
profit-oriented	коммерческий
promote	продвигать; содействовать распространению; рекламировать
provide	снабжать; обеспечивать; предоставлять
purpose	цель, намерение
put forward	выдвигать, предлагать

Q

quality	качество
quantity	количество
quarrelsome	вздорный; придирчивый
questionnaire	вопросник; анкета



R

rank	классифицировать, ранжировать
rate	оценивать; определять класс (разряд)
rating	рейтинг, оценка; класс, разряд
receive	получать
receiver	получатель
recognition	признание
reduce	понижать; уменьшать
refer to	иметь отношение, относиться
regard	считаться; признавать
reject	отвергать; отклонять
relationship	отношение, взаимоотношение
reliability	надежность
rely on	полагаться
require	требовать
resolution	решение, разрешение (проблемы)
resources	ресурсы, средства; возможности
resource allocator	распределяющий средства
respond (to)	реагировать
responsibility have a responsibility be responsible for	ответственность; обязанность нести ответственность быть ответственным за
reward	вознаграждать
run	работать, действовать (о предприятии)

S

salary	оклад
satisfaction	удовлетворение
satisfy	удовлетворять
scale	шкала
scheme	план; программа; система; схема
scientific	научный
seek	просить; обращаться за
self-actualization	самореализация
sequence	последовательность
set (n.)	набор, комплект
set (v.) objectives	ставить цели
set oneself the goal	поставить перед собой цель
share	делиться (мнением)
simplify	упрощать
skill	умение
sort out	улаживать, утрясать (проблемы)
sound out	зондировать, стараться выяснить (мнение)
specify	точно определять; устанавливать
specific	определенный, конкретный
spell out	подробно излагать
spokesperson	представитель
staff(ing)	штат служащих, кадры, персонал
stage	этап
stated (goals, objectives)	поставленные, установл...

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