Структура и значение фразеологизмов с лексемой "money" (The Structure and Meaning of Phraseological Units with the Lexeme "Money")

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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

АНАПСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ МОСКОВСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ГУМАНИТАРНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ИМЕНИ М.А. ШОЛОХОВА

(ФГБОУ ВПО АФ МГГУ имени М.А. Шолохова)

Кафедра русской и зарубежной филологии

Курсовая работа

Структура и значение фразеологизмов с лексемой “money”

(The Structure and Meaning of Phraseological Units with the Lexeme “Money”)

Выполнила студентка

3 курса очного отделения

факультета иностранных языков

Удовенко Н.С.

Научный руководитель:

к.п.н. Кулькина Е.А.

Анапа-2013

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1. Phraseological units as a specific part of the English vocabulary

1.1 Different approaches to the definition of a phraseological unit

1.2 Classifications of Phraseological Units

Resume findings on Chapter 1

Chapter 2. Analysis of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

2.1 The syntactical classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

2.2 The structural classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

2.3 The classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to the ways they are formed

Resume findings on Chapter 2

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The course paper is devoted to studying English phraseological units with the lexeme “money”. A large part of the vocabulary of a language is made up of phraseological units. . Lexicology deals with words and their meanings, whereas phraseology studies such collocations of words as phraseological units, idioms, where the meaning of the whole collocation is different from the simple sum of literal meanings of the words. The issues of phraseological units were in the center of interest in many linguistics studies, because they are colorful and lively and at the same time, they are difficult because they have unpredictable meanings of collocations and grammar, and often have special connotations. Because of their close connection with the culture, nationality, stylistic and emotional coloring phraseological units have always attracted the attention of linguists. The researches of idioms show that they have important roles in spoken and written languages.

The problem of the study of phraseological units of the Russian and English languages has been considered by A.I. Smirnitsky, A.V. Kunin, G.B. Antrushina, I.V. Arnold and other scholars. At the same time phraseology is a field of science where not all the questions have been resolved. Thus, the topic of our work is quite important and actual.

The object of this course paper is phraseological units of the English language. The subject of the paper is English phraseological units with the lexeme “money”. The purpose of this course paper is to describe and analyze the structure and the meanings of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”. The following tasks are to be solved in this paper:

1. To study the definition of a phraseological unit;

2. To investigate the characteristics of phraseological units in the English language;

3. To study various classifications of English phraseological units;

4. To analyze the structure and the meanings of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money”.

Theoretical basis of the research is the scientific works on phraseology in the English language written by foreign and Russian scientists A.I. Smirnitsky, A.V. Kunin, G.B. Antrushina, I.V. Arnold, R.S.Ginzburg and others.

The material for the study is 43 phraseological units presented in “The English-Russian Dictionary of Phraseological Units” by A.V. Kunin.

The methods used in our scientific research are: analysis of the scientific literature, classification and statistical analysis of the selected phraseological units.

Practical importance of our course paper consists in that the obtained results can be used both in the theoretical study of phraseological units by the other scientists and in practical teaching the subjects of “Lexicology” and “Phraseology”.

The present course paper consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography. In the introduction we consider the subject, the object of this course paper, the purpose and the tasks of it. In the first chapter we study the notion of a phraseological unit and some classifications of phraseological units. In the second chapter we analyze the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to the considered classifications. In the conclusion we summarize our researches.

phraseological lexeme money

Chapter 1. Phraseological units as a specific part of the English vocabulary

1.1 Different approaches to the definition of a phraseological unit

The vocabulary of a languages is unreached not only by words, but also phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech. They exist in a languages as ready-made units.

So, it is necessary to give the definition of a phraseological unit itself. Michael McCarthy and Felicity O'Dell use the term `idiom' in their book `English Idioms in Use' and write that idioms are fixed expressions which have a meaning that is not immediately obvious from looking at the individual words [McCathy, O'Dell; 1994: 6]. Hockett claims that it is a phrase whose meaning is non-compositional, that is the meaning of the whole cannot be fully deduced from the meanings of the parts [Hockett; 1958: 15].

R.S.Ginzburg also accepts the term “phraseological units” and the definition given by her is the following: “Phraseological units are [..] non-motivated word-groups that cannot be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready-made units.” [Ginzburg; 1966: 190]. In her turn N.N.Amosova defines phraseological units as units of fixed context, that is a context characterized by a specific and unchanging sequence of definite lexical components and a peculiar semantic relationship existing between them [Амосова; 1963: 97].

Another linguist, Shansky, defines phraseologisms as `frozen patterns of language that consist of two or more components and allow little or no variation inform, structure or meaning' [Шанский; 1969: 91]. Another outstanding Russian linguist A.V.Kunin having done an elaborate research comes to the conclusion that phraseological units are stable combinations of words with a fully or partially figurative meaning [Кунин; 1970: 78].

Phraseological units are complied in special dictionaries. The most famous dictionary is by A.V. Kunin. The same as words phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as a part of it. American and British lexicographers call such units “idioms”, Smith - “words and idioms”, Kunin - “a book of English idioms”. In these dictionaries you can find words peculiar in their semantics, side by side with word groups and sentences. In such dictionaries they are arranged into different semantic groups.

1.2 Classifications of Phraseological Units

Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed, according to the degree of motivation of their meaning, according to their structure, according to their part of speech.

A.I. Smirnitsky worked out a structural classification of phraseological units. He points out one-top units which he compares with derived words, because derived words have only one-root morpheme. And he points out tow-top units which he compares with compound words, there are two-root morpheme. Among one-top units he pointed out 3 structural types:

1. Unites of the type “to give up”: verb + preposition (e.g. to back up, to drop out, to buy into)

2. Unites of the type “to be tired”: verb”to be” + participle2 (e.g. to be interested in, to be surprised at)

3. Prepositional-nominal phraseological units: these units are equivalents of unchangeable words( preposition, conjunctions, adverbs), they have no grammar centre and their semantic centre is the nominal part (e.g. on the doorstep, on the nose)

He points out tow-tops units, among them there are the forming structural types:

1. Attributive nominal (e.g. a month of Sundays, a mill stone round one's neck)

2. Verb-nominal, the grammar centre is a verb (e.g. to read between the lines, to fall in love)

3. Phraseological repetitions (e.g. now or never, ups and downs). Sometimes they are formed as means of alliterations (e.g. as busy as bee). Components in repetitions are joined by means of conjunctions. These unites are equivalents of adverbs or adjectives and have no grammar centre. They can be also partly or perfectly idiomatic (e.g. cool as a cucumber, bread and butter).

Phraseological unites the same as compound words can have more than tow tops (e.g. at one's own sweet will)

I.V.Arnold points out a syntactical classification of phraseological units. She states that “structured like phrases they function like words” [Arnold; 1966: 38]:

1. Noun phraseologisms denoting an object, a person, a living being (e.g. redbrick university)

2. Verb phraseologisms denoting an action, a state, a feeling (e.g. to be on the beam, to nose out)

3. Adjective phraseologisms denoting a quality (e.g. loose as a goose)

4. Adverb phraseological units (e.g. like a dog with two tails)

5. Prepositional phraseological units (e.g. in the course of)

6. Interjection phraseological units (e.g. catch me! Well,I never!)

Another classification in which there are two principles applied is established by N.Amosova. She distinguishes two types of phraseological units:

1) phrasemes (units of fixed context in which one of the components has specialized meaning dependent on the second component, e.g.,small talk, fair sex);

2) idioms (idioms are semantically and grammatically inseparable units, e.g., play with fire) [Амосова; 1963: 69].

Taking into account the comparative analysis of different classifications of phraseological units which we has observed, we think that the following classification worked out by A.V. Kunin can be considered the most detailed one. He has critically examined most of the existing classifications and elaborated his own classification of phraseological units which is based on more thorough analysis of these phenomena of language. In his classification A.V.Kunin keeps a close watch to the elements of phraseology which have not been emphasized by other researchers, as well as takes into consideration also the development of the English language. A.V. Kunin's classification of phraseological units is grounded on wide theoretical and practical material concerning different languages.

A.V. Kunin classified phraseological units according to the ways they are formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming phraseological units. Primary ways are those when a unit is formed on the bases of three word-group:

-the most productive in modern English is the formation by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-group and free word-group ( e.g. black money, dirty money, pin money)

- by means of alliteration (e.g. a sad sack, culture vulture)

- by using archaisms. Both components preserve their archaic meaning (e.g. in brown study)

- by using a sentence in a different sphere of life. Can be used in a free word-group, when it is used in everyday life, it becomes a phraseological unit, it is used metaphorically ( e.g. that cock won't fight)

- by using some unreal image ( e.g. to have butterflies in the stomach, to have green fingers)

- by using expressions of politician in everyday life (e.g. corridors of power)

Secondary ways are those when the phraseological is formed on the bases of another phraseological unit. There are such ways as

- Changing the grammar form (e.g. “make hay while the sun shines” is transferred into a verbal phrase - “to make hay while the sun shines” with the meaning “to do something while the situation or conditions are right”)

- Analogy (e.g. “curiosity killed the cat” was transferred into “care killed the cat” and means that being care can get you into trouble)

- Contrast (e.g. “thin cat” was formed by contrasting it with “fat cat” and has the meaning “someone who is ostentatiously and smugly wealthy”)

- Shortening of proverbs (e.g. from the proverb “you can't make a silk purse out of a sow's ear” by means of clipping the middle of it the phraseological unit “to make a sow's ear” was formed with the meaning “to make a mistake”)

- Borrowing phraseological units from other languages, either as translation loans (e.g. “living space” means “space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding” (German), “ to take the bull by the horns”(Latin) means “to do something difficult in a determined and confident way”).

Resume findings on Chapter 1

1. Phraseological units are defined as word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech and exist in a languages as ready-made units.

2. There is no a uniform classification of phraseological units. Linguists divide phraseological units according to the following principles: the ways they are formed, the degree of motivation of their meaning, their structure, their parts of speech.

3. According to the structural classification phraseological units are divided into one- top units and two- top units.

4. In accordance with the syntactical classification phraseological units may function as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition or interjection.

5. There is a classification of phraseological units according to the ways they are formed. The primary ways of forming phraseological units include transferring the meaning of terminological word-group and free word-group, alliteration, using archaisms, using a sentence in a different sphere of life, using some unreal image and expressions of politicians in everyday life. The secondary ways consist of such ways as: changing the grammar form, analogy, contrast, shortening of proverbs, borrowing phraseological units from other languages.

Chapter 2. Analysis of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

2.1 The syntactical classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

Money in the lives of people occupies a significant place. There is no sphere of life that is not related to money. Nowadays people pay too much attention to this notion. People relate to money in a various way, that's why there are different expressions and phraseological units, which denote the attitudes of people towards money. The monetary system of the country is important for the state and population, so money is the most important indicator of living standards.

In this chapter we'll analyze phraseological units with the lexeme “money” from English-Russian Dictionary of Phraseological units by A.V. Kunin. There are 43 phraseological units with this component. And we'll consider phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to some classification.

First, we turn our attention to the syntactical classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money” by I.V.Arnold:

Noun phraseologisms denoting an object, a person, a living being:

Black money(незаконно заработанные деньги)

caution money(денежный залог)

conscience money(сумма подоходного налога)

dirty money(повышенная оплата труда рабочих, выполняющих грязную работу)

easy money(легко доставшиеся деньги)

folding money(бумажные банкноты)

hard money(металлические деньги)

hot money(капитал, который возят за границу, чтобы предотвратить его обесценивание)

a mint of money(крупная сумма)

pin money(карманные деньги)

smart money(отступные деньги)

soft money(бумажные деньги)

token money(разменная монета)

money for jam(деньги, полученные за пустяковую работу)

Verb phraseologisms denoting an action, a state, a feeling:

Be bad money(быть невыгодным)

be flush with money(загребать деньги лопатой)

be good money(быть выгодным)

buy money(ставить самую большую ставку на фаворита)

coin money(быстро богатеть)

lie out of one's money(не получить причитающихся денег)

have more money than sense( бросать деньги на ветер)

make money(зарабатывать)

marry money( выйти замуж за богатого)

put one's money on a scratched horse( просчитаться)

sink money(вложить деньги в безнадежное дело)

spend money like water(сорить деньгами)

there is money in it(на этом можно заработать)

throw good money after bad(бросать деньги на ветер)

Adjective phraseologisms denoting a quality:

Not everybody's money(подходящий не каждому)

somebody/something for my money( подходящий)

Adverb phraseological units:

For my money(по моему мнению)

Interjection phraseological units:

Your money or your life!(кошелек или жизнь)

There are no prepositional phraseological units.

Phraseological units which didn't go into the syntactical classification.

Syntactical classification doesn't include the phraseological units that function as a proverb. There is a list of these phraseologisms:

Lend your money and lose your friend(хочешь потерять друга, одолжи ему деньги)

money answers all things(с деньгами можно добиться всего)

money begets money(деньги к деньгам)

money doesn't grow on trees(деньги на улице не валяются)

money has no smell(деньги не пахнут)

money is a good servant, but bad master(человек должен распоряжаться деньгами, а не деньги человеком)

money is the sinews of war(деньги-движущая сила войны)

money makes the man(деньги делают человека)

money makes the mere go(за деньги и кляча поскачет)

money spent on the brain is never in vain(деньги, истраченные на образование, всегда окупаются)

money talks(когда деньги говорят, все молчат)

As we can see, the list of phraseological units which didn't go into the syntactical classification is rather big. And we can make the conclusion that this classification isn't appropriate for all phraseologisms. The results of the syntactical classification are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. The syntactical classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

Syntactical category	Number
Noun phraseologisms	14
Verb phraseologisms	14
Adjective phraseologisms	2
Adverb phraseologisms	1
Interjection phraseologisms	1
Prepositional phraseologisms	0
Phraseological units which didn't go into the syntactical classification	11

The results show that the majority of phraseological units function as a noun and a verb.

2.2 The structural classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

As we mentioned previously, A.I. Smirnitsky worked out a structural classification of phraseological units. We consider 43 phraseological units with the component “money” according to this classification. Among one-top units there are 3 structural types:

Units of the type “to give up”: verb + preposition:

Units of the type “to be tired”: verb”to be” + participle2:

Prepositional-nominal phraseological units:

Not everybody's money(подходящий не каждому)

somebody/something for my money( подходящий)

For my money(по моему мнению)

There are tow-tops units:

Attributive nominal:

Black money(незаконно заработанные деньги)

caution money(денежный залог)

conscience money(сумма подоходного налога)

dirty money(повышенная оплата труда рабочих, выполняющих грязную работу)

easy money(легко доставшиеся деньги)

folding money(бумажные банкноты)

hard money(металлические деньги)

hot money(капитал, который возят за границу, чтобы предотвратить его обесценивание)

pin money(карманные деньги)

smart money(отступные деньги)

soft money(бумажные деньги)

token money(разменная монета)

money for jam(деньги, полученные за пустяковую работу)

Verb-nominal:

Be bad money(быть невыгодным)

be flush with money(загребать деньги лопатой)

be good money(быть выгодным)

buy money(ставить самую большую ставку на фаворита)

coin money(быстро богатеть)

lie out of one's money(не получить причитающихся денег)

have more money than sense( бросать деньги на ветер)

put one's money on a scratched horse( просчитаться)

sink money(вложить деньги в безнадежное дело)

spend money like water(сорить деньгами)

there is money in it(на этом можно заработать)

money answers all things(с деньгами можно добиться всего)

money doesn't't grow on trees(деньги на улице не валяются)

money has no smell(деньги не пахнут)

money is the sinews of war(деньги-движущая сила войны)

money talks(когда деньги говорят, все молчат)

Phraseological repetitions:

a mint of money(крупная сумма)

money begets money(деньги к деньгам)

throw good money after bad(бросать деньги на ветер)

money is a good servant, but bad master(человек должен распоряжаться деньгами, а не деньги человеком)

money makes the man(деньги делают человека)

money makes the mere go(за деньги и кляча поскачет)

make money(зарабатывать)

marry money( выйти замуж за богатого)

money spent on the brain is never in vain(деньги, истраченные на образование, всегда окупаются)

Your money or your life!(кошелек или жизнь)

As we can see the number of one-top phraseological units is very small. As usual, the phraseological units with the component “money” have more than one top. The results of the syntactical analysis are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. The structural classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money”

Structural category	Number
Units of the type “to give up”	0
Units of the type “to be tired”	0
Prepositional-nominal phraseologisms	3
Attributive nominal	13
Verb-nominal	17
Phraseological repetitions	10

The results show that the majority of phraseological units are verb-nominal or attributive nominal and there are no units of the type “to give up” and units of the type “to be tired”.

2.3 The classification of phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to the ways they are formed

As we said previously A.V. Kunin classified phraseological units according to the ways they are formed. And now we consider phraseological units with the lexeme “money” from his dictionary according to his classification. . He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming phraseological units. Primary ways:

formation by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-group and free word-group:

caution money(денежный залог)

conscience money(сумма подоходного налога)

dirty money(повышенная оплата труда рабочих, выполняющих грязную работу)

easy money(легко доставшиеся деньги)

coin money(быстро богатеть)

folding money(бумажные банкноты)

hot money(капитал, который возят за границу, чтобы предотвратить его обесценивание)

smart money(отступные деньги)

token money(разменная монета)

money for jam(деньги, полученные за пустяковую работу)

be flush with money(загребать деньги лопатой)

buy money(ставить самую большую ставку на фаворита)

lie out of one's money(не получить причитающихся денег)

make money(зарабатывать)

marry money( выйти замуж за богатого)

sink money(вложить деньги в безнадежное дело)

there is money in it(на этом можно заработать)

somebody/something for my money( подходящий)

For my money(по моему мнению)

Not everybody's money(подходящий не каждому)

formation by means of alliteration:

a mint of money(крупная сумма)

formation by using archaisms

formation by using a sentence in a different sphere of life:

have more money than sense( бросать деньги на ветер)

put one's money on a scratched horse( просчитаться)

throw good money after bad(бросать деньги на ветер)

Your money or your life!(кошелек или жизнь)

Lend your money and lose your friend(хочешь потерять друга, одолжи ему деньги)

money doesn't grow on trees(деньги на улице не валяются)

money spent on the brain is never in vain(деньги, истраченные на образование, всегда окупаются)

formation by using some unreal image:

spend money like water(сорить деньгами)

money makes the mere go(за деньги и кляча поскачет)

money talks(когда деньги говорят, все молчат)

money begets money(деньги к деньгам)

formation by using expressions of politician in everyday life

Secondary ways:

formation by changing the grammar form:

formation by analogy:

formation by contrast:

hard money(металлические деньги)

soft money(бумажные деньги)

be bad money(быть невыгодным)

be good money(быть выгодным)

formation by shortening of proverbs:

formation by borrowing phraseological units from other languages:

money answers all things(с деньгами можно добиться всего)

money has no smell(деньги не пахнут)

money is a good servant, but bad master(человек должен распоряжаться деньгами, а не деньги человеком)

money is the sinews of war(деньги-движущая сила войны)

money makes the man(деньги делают человека)

The results of the analysis of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to the ways they are formed are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. The classification of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to the ways they are formed

The way	Number
transferring the meaning of word-group	22
alliteration	1
archaisms	0
using a sentence in a different sphere of life	7
unreal image	4
using expressions of politician in everyday life	0
changing the grammar form	0
analogy	0
contrast	4
shortening of proverbs	0
borrowing phraseological units from other languages	5

The results show that the majority of phraseological units are formed by transferring the meaning of word-group and there are no phraseological units that are formed by using archaisms, expressions of politician in everyday life, analogy and by changing the grammar form, shortening of proverbs.

Resume findings on Chapter 2

1. From the results of the syntactical analysis of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” we can see that the majority of phraseologisms function as a noun and a verb.

2. The results of the structural analysis of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” show that the majority of phraseologisms are verb-nominal or attributive nominal and there are no units of the type “to give up” and units of the type “to be tired”.

3. The analysis of the phraseological units with the lexem “money” according to the ways they are formed shows that the majority of phraseologisms are formed by transferring the meaning of word-group.

Conclusion

The results obtained in the process of the work allow us to make the following conclusions:

1. Phraseological units are defined as word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech and exist in a languages as ready-made units.

2. There is no a uniform classification of phraseological units. Linguists divide phraseological units according to the following principles: the ways they are formed, the degree of motivation of their meaning, their structure, their parts of speech.

3. According to the structural classification phraseological units are devided into one- top units and two- top units.

4. In accordance with the syntactical classification phraseological units may function as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition or interjection.

5. There is a classification of phraseological units according to the ways they are formed. The primary ways of forming phraseological units include transferring the meaning of terminological word-group and free word-group, alliteration, using archaisms, using a sentence in a different sphere of life, using some unreal image and expressions of politicians in everyday life. The secondary ways consist of such ways as: changing the grammar form, analogy, contrast, shortening of proverbs, borrowing phraseological units from other languages.

6. From the results of the syntactical analysis of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” we can see that the majority of phraseologisms function as a noun and a verb.

7. The results of the structural analysis of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” show that the majority of phraseologisms are verb-nominal or attributive nominal and there are no units of the type “to give up” and units of the type “to be tired”.

8. The analysis of the phraseological units with the lexeme “money” according to the ways they are formed shows that the majority of phraseologisms are formed by transferring the meaning of word-group.

Bibliography

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