Phraseological unit as a linguistic category

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Introduction

English children's literature is one of a few kinds of literature whish has given to the world the most amount of literary fairy tales. These are classic compositions of such famous authors as L. Carroll, P. Travers, A.A. Milne which became popular not only in Great Britain but in other countries too. For instance, a fare tale “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” is very popular in Kazakhstan and every child knows such a book as “Winnie-the-Pooh”. The authors of these books gave their attention to the morphological content and phraseological units of the stories.

The topic of the research is «Phraseological units in the English children's literature» is stipulated for the importance of phraseological units of the English language as an integral part of the language.

During research the opinions of such linguist as A.V. Kunin, V.V. Vinograov, N.M. Shanskiy, V.N. Komissarov, A.D. Rakhshteyn, Y.P. Soloub, А.А. Reformatskiy, A.V. Federov, V.N. Teliya, Y.I. Tserker, N.S. Dementeva, S.Florin, S. Vlakhov, E.D. Polivanov and other were taken as basic ones.

The urgency of the work is the fact the phraseologisms taken from children's literature are a big layer of lexicology and they are a facility for the development of children's imagination and mental development. That's why they must be studied well.

The object of the research is a meaning of phraseological units taken from English children's literature and their classification.

The subject of the research is phraseologisms which were taken from children's fair tale by L. Carroll “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” and the fair tale by A.A. Milne “Winnie-the-Pooh”.

The main materials which were used in the research are “Phraseology of the English language” by Kunin A.V., “Fundamentals of the English phraseology” by Amosova N.N.. , “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” by L. Carroll and “Winnie-the-Pooh” by A.A. Milne.

The aim of the research is to give the definitions of these units and their classification.

The tasks are the following:

-to consider a general strategy of phraseologisms definitions;

-to give an analysis of the text which has phraseological units;

-to classify phraseologisms which were found.

The methods which were used during the research:

-a method of phraseological identification;

-a descriptive method;

-a contextological method.

The results of this research can be used at lessons of lexicology or home reading in institutions of higher education.

Students or teachers who study or are interested in topic of the English phraseological units and children's literature can be interested in the present work's results.

Scientific newness of the research lies in the fact that the no scientists classified English phraseological units taken from the fare tale “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” and “Winnie-the-Pooh” before.

The work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion, bibliography and appendices.



1. Phraseological unit as a linguistic category

1.1 Phraseological units, set phrase and types of stability

Phraseology (Greek phrases - “expression”, logos - “science”) - phraseological structure of the language (a battery of all phraseological units), and a chapter of linguistic which is studied it. In spite of phraseological units consist of several words their meaning (the meaning of a whole phraseological unit, not its constituent parts) and their using in a speech (phraseological unit is the one syntax part of a sentence) are similar to a word, that is the reason they are studied in a course of lexicology. [1, 25p.]

Phraseology is pervasive in all language fields and yet despite this fact - or perhaps precisely because of it - it has only relatively recently become established as a discipline in its own right. It is usually presented as a subfield of lexicology dealing with the study of word combinations rather than single words. These multi-word units (MWUs) are classified into a range of subtypes according to their degree of semantic non-compositionality, syntactic fixedness, lexical restrictions and institutionalization.

Long regarded as a peripheral issue, phraseology is now taking centre stage in a wide range of fields, from natural language processing to foreign language teaching and now, 25 years after the publication of Pawley & Syder's (1983) seminal article, it is gradually acquiring the place it deserves in linguistic theory.

Phraseology was considered as an independent branch of science in 1930-1940. The formation of phraseology as a separate branch of a science is connected with the name of Swiss scholar Charles Bailey. He was the first to introduce this term and who raise the question of studying phraseology as a science. The object of phraseology is a phraseological unit, which was first introduced by Academician V.V. Vinogradov. He defined phraseological unit as “a stable word-group characterized by completely or partially transferred meaning”.

The science is comparatively young which is a result of insufficiency of the definition of its subject, the object, the size and the methods. Linguists don't have general opinion about the definition of phraseological unit consequently they don't have common view about the structure of the units in a language. Some scientist (L.P. Smith, N.P. Zhukov, V.N. Telia, N.M. Shanskiy) include set phrases in a structure of phraseological units, other (N.N. Amosova, A.M. Babkin) include only appointed groups.

Interest in phraseology has grown considerably over the last twenty years or so. While the general linguists' view of phraseology before that time can probably be caricatured as `idiom researchers and lexicographers classifying and researching various kinds of fairly frozen idiomatic expressions', this view has thankfully changed. Nowadays, the issues of identifying and classifying phraseologisms as well as integrating them into theoretical research and practical application has a much more profound influence on researchers and their agendas in many different sub-disciplines of linguistics as well as in language learning, acquisition, and teaching, natural language processing, etc.[2, 113p.]

However, this influence is often not fully recognized or acknowledged, or reflected terminologically. This is undesirable, not only because it is often not easy to recognize the domains where research on phraseology has left its marks, but also because it renders the overlap of assumptions, concepts, and findings less transparent than is desirable.

All the phraseological units have their own features:

the structure ruggedness and separateness - all the phraseological units have divided structure and have several components which don't realize their lexical meanings being inside of the unit because they cannot be translated or used separately.

stability of a grammatical structure - each phraseological unit is a part of some grammatical category and it is concrete part of speech and that is why it has a set of grammatical forms and it has he same syntax function as its part of speech.

structural stability - it is typically for phraseological units to have constancy of its components and stability of lexical structure

semantic equivalence for the word - in the view of semantic and the structure a phraseological unit is more difficult language unit than a word. But it is typical for the most phraseological units to have a functional closeness to the word equivalence to the word.

repeatability - semantic integrity, components' and structure's permanence are define an impotent feature of the structure. There are a lot of prepared phraseological units in the phraseological system of the language, they aren't creating one more time, and they are just taken out off a memory.

While the notion of phraseology is very widespread, just as with other linguistic concepts, different authors have defined it differently, sometimes not providing a clear-cut definition, or conflating several terms that many scholars prefer to distinguish. However a closer comparative look at the vast majority of studies that exist allows us to identify a set of parameters that are typically implicated in phraseological research. Phraseology in particular, needs to take a stand regarding at least the following six parameters the nature of the elements involved in a phraseologisms;

the number of elements involved in a phraseologisms;

the number of times an expression must be observed before it counts as a phraseologisms;

the permissible distance between the elements involved in a phraseologisms;

the degree of lexical and syntactic flexibility of the elements involved;

the role that semantic unity and semantic non-compositionality / non-predictability play in the definition. [3, 46p.]

Every phraseological unit is a set phrase, because it cannot be changed or divided into several words, but not every set phrase is phraseological unit.

A set phrase or fixed phrase is a phrase whose parts are fixed, even if the phrase could be changed without harming the literal meaning. This is because a set phrase is a culturally accepted phrase. A set phrase does not necessarily have any literal meaning in and of itself. Set phrases may function as idioms or as words with a unique referent there is no clear dividing line between a commonly used phrase and a set phrase. It is also not easy to draw a clear distinction between set phrases and compound words. As the examples of such phrases can be following expressions: I see, I don't know, You are welcome. As we can see these phrases are set but they don't have any transferred meaning. And phraseological unit as it was told before is a stable word-group characterized by a completely or partially transferred meaning. [4, p.73]

Also some linguists (for ex. V.V. Vinogradov) don't include proverbs at one line with phraseological units. It is explained as their semantic and syntax structures are different from phraseological units. Vinogradov said: “Proverbs have a sentence's structure and they aren't a semantic equivalent of the word.”[5, 7p.]

The objectives of the phraseology as a linguistic discipline is a comprehensive study of idiomatic fund in a given language. The important aspects of the study of this science are: stability phraseological units, consistency and semantic phraseology structure of phraseological units, their origins and basic functions. Especially difficult is the translation of the phraseological units, requiring considerable experience in the field of study of the discipline.

Phraseology develops guidelines highlight the phraseological units methods of their study, the classification and phraseography - their descriptions in the dictionaries.

Phraseology uses a variety of research methods, such as component analysis values. On the basis of existing in linguistics research methods developed methods of phraseological analysis and description.

1. identification method - setting the identities of the words and phrases to form idioms, with their free counterparts

2. method of application is a variation identification method, a method limited in the choice of variables , establishing excellent structural and semantic organization idiom of the combinations formed in accordance with the regular and combinations of patterns of selection etc. phraseology offers different types of classifications of idiomatic language.[6, 22p.]

Phraseological unit is a stable formation. This state isn't contested. However scientists' views about phraseological stability are not similar. The most widespread stability's conception is its interpretation as a reproduction in prepared condition. But such conception is cannot be full because of it can be suitable for all the language units' not only phraseological one. [7, p.21] Phraseological units' stability is based on the different types of invariance or immutability of elements while other elements are changing. There are following types of invariance or macrostability.

Stability in use. A phraseological unit is a ready made reproduction. Phraseological units bare public properties, they are not individual. The most useful phrases are chosen by people and they are gradually stop being phraseological units and become language units adding its phraseological structure.

Structural-semantic stability. A phraseological unit is consist of two words as minimum and it is separately-modeled derivation which doesn't have any typical meaning (it cannot be a model for formation of other phraseological units)

Semantic stability is the stability of meaning. Each phraseological unit has a certain meaning which is unchangeable, and preserves its meaning over the time even if people don't remember the origin of the word, the situations, events which happened to be its source.

Phraseological variants these are types of the phraseological units which are similar according their quantity, quality of the meanings, their stylistics and syntax functions in the presence of partial differences of their lexical structure, their word forms and places of heir components. It is important that phraseological variants are not contrary to the stability because he fact of the presence of the stability and the phraseological variant in each appearances.

Lexical stability is connected with the problem of separability. The content of a phraseological unit is a stable including a certain number of words, but sometimes constituencies may be separated. For the sake of emphasis some words may be included. E.g. Don't put your nose into my affair.

Syntax stability is completely immutability of phraseological unit's constituent parts or change its order in he context of alternativeness, grammatical inversion. E.g. Can't the leopard change his spots. [8, 53p.]

1.2 Classification of phraseological units

phraseological unit semantic stability

Phraseological unites are very various according to their meanings, structure, degree of a semantic impartibility, functions in the speech and so on. That's why there are several classifications of phraseological unites which will be considered in the researching.

The first and the fullest classification is the classification which is based on the degree of semantic cohesion between the components of a phraseological unit. The classification was composed by V.V. Vinogradov. He has defined 3 main groups of phraseological units: phraseological fusions, phraseological unities and phraseological combinations

1. Phraseological fusions - these are absolutely undivided irresolvable set units which current meaning doesn't depend on the meaning of its constituent parts. They are demotivated; their meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of the constituent parts. This is such a metaphor, on which the shift of meaning was based, has lot its clarity and obscure. E. g. green room (a waiting room or lounge for the use of performers when they are offstage, as in a theater or concert hall), to show the white feather (to betray one's cowardice), a heavy father (a serious part in theatrical play), at six and sevens (in confusion or in disagreement), to rain cats and dogs (to be raining in great amounts), to be all thumbs (to be clumsy).[9] The first meaning of such phraseological units can be understood if to look through the history. For example the phrase to be all thumbs which means “to be clumsy, cannot do anything correctly” has its historical roots in the phrase one's fingers are all thumbs. Thus the connection between direct and figurative meaning is lost in the phraseological fusions and the figurative meaning became the main for them. This is the reason why it is difficult to translate he phraseological fusions.

Phraseological units have the following features:

There are could be such words as nechrotisms in the structure of a phraseological unit. Nechrotism is a word which isn't used anywhere except of the fusion, the word can be no understandable conformably to the modern language. E.g. to crack a jock which means “to say a very funny joke”, the word crack in the meaning “to tell something very loud and have a success in that deal” is a nechrotism or an archaism, the word hasn't used in this meaning anymore, and people can understand it only in the structure of the fusion. [10]

There are could be archaisms in the structure of the fusion.

Phraseological fusions cannot be syntactically divided.

It is impossible to change the places of fusion's components in the majority of cases.

Other words cannot be added in the phraseological fusion.

“ …the words which are included in the structure of the phraseological fusion have turned into components of lexical unit which by-turn have a meaning of one word.” That is why a lot of phraseological fusions are synonymic with one word. E.g. kick the bucket - to die; send smb to coventry - to ignore.

Phraseological unities - these are set phrases which in the presence of common figurative meaning have features of semantic severalty. These are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, that is, the meaning of the unit doesn't correspond to he meaning of its constituent parts. They are motivating units or, putting it another way, the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meanings of the constituent parts; the metaphor, on which the shift of meaning is based, is clear and transparent. E.g. to have other fish to fry (to have more important things to do), to paint the devil blacker than he is (to imagine a situation worse than it is), to lose one's head (to be at a loss what to do), to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen (to take precaution too late).

Phraseological unities are a little bit approach with phraseological fusions according to their figurativeness and metaphorismness. [11, 50p.] But Vinogradov thought that the figurativeness is only phraseological fusions' feature.

Typical features of the phraseological unities:

a bright figurativeness and possibility of a coincidence with other word-combinations (to throw dust into smb.'s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one's fingers, to burn bridges)

stability of the semantic structure of other components (to put a spoke in smb.'s wheel)

impossibility of substitution one component into another one (to hold one's cards close to one's chest)

an emotional - expressive coloration plays a decisive role (to throw dust into smb.'s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is)

capability to enter into relations with the synonymous single words or other phraseological units to gild refined gold -- to paint the lily).

Phraseological combinations - these are set phrases which have the words with free or concerned with phraseological meaning in their structure. These are word-groups with a partially changed meaning. They may be saif to be clearly motivated, that is, the meaning of the unit can be easily deduced from the meaning of its constituent parts. E.g. a bosom friend (a very good and close friend), rack one's brains (to think very hardly), to be good a something, to take he bull by the horns (to make intentional efforts), to fall in love (to love somebody), to play with fire (to do dangerous things).

Typical features of the phraseological combinations:

there is such possibility to change one of its component (a bosom friend, a bosom buddy)

there is a possibility to substitute the component for its synonym (a pitched battle - a fierce battle)

there is a possibility of including of the adjectives between nouns (he frowned his thick eyebrows)[12]

Vinogradov's classification is considered as the best and the fullest one, but also there are a lot of other scientists' classifications.

Such scientists as Kunin A.V., Arnold I.V., Litvinov P.P. pick out the classification according to interrelationship with parts of speech (so-called meaning classification). The basis of the classification is belonging of the main word to the part of speech. [13] There are following parts:

a verb + a noun - to bear malice ( to feel a strong anger), to fall in love

a verb + a preposition + a noun - to live on air ( to live without money)

a verb + a preposition + a pronoun - to stop at nothing ( do not pay attention on any barriers)

a verb + an adverb - to keep abreast

a noun + a preposition + a noun - it's a pity

to be + an adjective - to be sure

a verb + an adjective - to make sure

The next classification which will be shown is the classification of professor Smirnitskiy A.I. [14, 17p.]

Unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological units with grammatical and semantic coincidence centers phrases in the first component , acting as equivalents of verbs , for example , to give up, to make out, to look for, etc.;

Unimodal phraseological unit type “to be tired” with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component combinations , serving also as equivalents of verbs ;

Prepositional - nominal phraseological units with single-vertex semantic center in component names and phrases lack of grammatical center at all. They can act or as equivalents adverbs, e.g., by heart, in time, or equivalents as linking words, e.g., in order to, by means of.

Twin-modal phraseological units of English include:

Attributive - nominal phraseological units having construction of " adjective + noun " and represent equivalents noun e.g., black art, first night, common sense, best man, red tape, blue blood etc. These kind of phraseological units are widespread and often found not only in the English language. A.I. Smrnitskiy treated them as adjectival -substantive subtype of attribute names ancipitous phraseological units. There is also the subtype - substantively substantive phraseological units. E. g, son-in-law, man-of-war etc.;

Verb-substantial twin-modal phraseological unit acting as verb equivalents. E. g., to take the floor, to go to bed;

Phraseological repetitions, acting as equivalents adverbs, e.g. now or never, with might and main; betwixt and between etc.;

Adverbial mono-modal phraseological units, e.g., very other day, every now and then etc.

It should be noted that the basis of idioms are:

- Metaphors, based on circulation to normal, natural sciences (much water has flowed under the bridges; to fish in troubled waters; to take the bull by the horns) such idioms can easily trace from one language to another (« skeleton in the closet "). Moreover, we can assume that there is some general fund historically idioms family of languages; [15]

- A metaphor based on accessing specific, known manner limited and localized objects: to sit above the salt, City of brotherly love, the land of the Rose, the land of the Golden fleece etc.

- A metaphor based on transferring expressions from one sphere of use (to which they rightly belong) in other: acid test, dyed in grain, to throw up the sponge etc. [16, p.17]

When this chapter was studied, we can make an inference that phraseological units in the English language are very various layer of the lexical structure of the language. They have a lot of their own features and the speech used the units is very rich and remembering. In spite of the prevalence of the phraseologisms in the English language, their question isn't studied well. In spite of a lot of famous linguists have studied it the question is still open. There are a lot of the classifications and the most popular will be used during the research of the phraseological units taken from the English children's literature.

2. Phraseological unites in he English children's literature

2.1 Analysis of phraseological units taken from “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” to Vinogradov's classification, Smirnitskiy' classification and classification and meaning classification

During studying the first chapter of the given work we have gone into the topic of phraseological unit's classifications. The topic of the work is «Phraseological units in the English children's literature» made conditional for the title of he second chapter. The English children's literature was presented in two compositions: “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” by L. Carroll and “Winnie-the-Pooh” by A.A. Milne. These tales were read and the phraseological units were found. Then these units were classified.

We have studied first two chapters in the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” by L. Carroll. [17] There were found only eleven phraseological units. (appendix a) These units were classified according to Vinogradov's classification, Smirnitskiy' classification and classification and meaning classification, which were studied in the firs chapter of the work.

2.2 Classification of phraseologisms by Vinogradov

To be out of the way (something unusual) - phraseological unity - the meaning of its unit doesn't correspond to the meaning of its constituent parts. It's presence of common figurative meaning have features of semantic severalty, but the meaning of the unit can be understood. (the phraseologisms out of the way was found in the text two times)

To doze off (to slumber) - phraseological fusion - meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of the constituent parts.

To go hand in hand (to walk with somebody and take hold his or her hand in yours) - phraseological combination - the words with free or concerned with phraseological meaning in their structure, word-groups with a partially changed meaning. The meaning is clearly understood.

To fall eye on something (to look something, to glance) - phraseological combination - the meaning is clearly understood.

To get out of sight (to be out of the field of vision) - phraseological combination - the meaning is clearly understood.

To be sure (undoubtedly, certainly) - phraseological combination - the meaning is clearly understood. (the phraseologisms out of the way was found in the text two times)

To be high time (it should have happened a long time ago) - phraseological unity -it's presence of common figurative meaning have features of semantic severalty, but the meaning of the unit can be understood. [18]

Classification of phraseologisms by professor Smirnitskiy A.I.

To be out of the way - phraseological repetitions, acting as equivalents adverbs.

To doze off - unimodal phraseological unit type with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component combinations, serving also as equivalents of verbs.

To go hand in hand - verb- substantival twin-modal phraseological unit acting as verb equivalents.

To fall eye on something - unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological unit with grammatical and semantic coincidence centers phrases in the first component, acting as equivalents of verbs.

To get out of sight - unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological unit.

To be sure - unimodal phraseological unit with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component.

To be high time - unimodal phraseological unit with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component.

Classification of phraseological units according to interrelationship with parts of speech (meaning classification)

To be out of the way - a verb + a preposition + a noun

To go hand in hand - a verb + a preposition + a noun

To fall eye on something - a verb + a noun

To get out of sight - a verb + a preposition + a noun

To be sure - to be + an adjective

To be high time - to be + an adjective

During the research of the phraseological units taken from “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” it was studied that there are only eleven phraseological units in the first and in the second chapter. The total amount of the words in the chapters is about 4276 words. The total amount of the words in the phraseological units are 38. So, it is understandable that the amount of the phraseological units in the first and the second chapter of the book “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” are very small. 54% of them are phraseological combinations, 36% are phraseological unities and 9% are phraseological fusions - this is statistics according to Vinogradov's classification. According to Smirnitskiy's classifications there are 18% of the phraseological repetitions, acting as equivalents adverbs; 9% of the - substantival twin-modal phraseological unit acting as verb equivalents, unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological unit with grammatical and semantic coincidence centers phrases in the first component and unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological units; and 36% of the unimodal phraseological unit type with a semantic center in the second component , and grammatical center in the first component combinations , serving also as equivalents of verbs. And according to classification of the parts of speech there are the most amount of phraseological units which have structure a verb + a preposition + a noun.



2.2 Analysis of phraseological units taken from “Winnie-the-Pooh” to Vinogradov's classification, Smirnitskiy' classification and classification and meaning classification

The second part of the practice research in the present work was researching of the book by A.A. Milne “Winnie-the-Pooh”. [19] We have studied the second and he fifth chapters of the book and there were found fourteen phraseological units. (appendix b) Then these units were classified.

Classification of phraseologisms by Vinogradov

To say over (repeat) - phraseological combination - the words with free or concerned with phraseological meaning in their structure, word-groups with a partially changed meaning. The meaning is clearly understood.

By heart (to learn very well) - phraseological combination - the meaning of the phrase is clearly understood.

To be meant to be (destined to exist) - phraseological unity - the meaning of its unit doesn't correspond to the meaning of its constituent parts. It's presence of common figurative meaning have features of semantic severalty, but the meaning of the unit can be understood.

To be sure - To be sure (undoubtedly, certainly) - phraseological combination - the meaning is clearly understood.

To push one's way (squeeze through) - phraseological unity - the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meaning of its constituent parts, the metaphor, on which the shift of meaning is based.

In a little while (soon) - phraseological fusion - meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of the constituent parts.

It's a pity (regret) - phraseological combination - the meaning of the unit can easily deduce from he meaning of its constituent.

All of a sudden (suddenly) - phraseological combination - the meaning of the unit can easily deduced from he meaning of its constituent.

Head-over-heels (to be excited) - phraseological fusion - the meaning cannot be deuced from the meaning of the constituent parts.

Say a mouthful (to say a lot) - phraseological fusion - the meaning of the phrase cannot be deuced from the meaning of the constituent parts.

Side by side (lined up so their sides are adjacent) - phraseological combination - the meaning of the unit can easily deduced from he meaning of its constituent.

Never mind (o not worry about someone or something) - phraseological unity - the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meaning of its constituent parts, the metaphor, on which the shift of meaning is based.

Make sure (certain) - phraseological combination - the meaning of the unit can easily deduced from the meaning of its constituent parts.

Steal away (to disappear) - phraseological fusion - the meaning of the phrase cannot be deuced from the meaning of the constituent parts.

Classification of phraseologisms by Smirnitskiy A.I

To say over - unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological unit with grammatical and semantic coincidence centers phrases in the first component, acting as equivalents of verbs.

By heart - prepositional - nominal phraseological units with single-vertex semantic center in component names and phrases lack of grammatical center at all.

To be meant to be - verb- substantival twin-modal phraseological unit acting as verb equivalents.

To be sure - unimodal phraseological unit with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component.

To push one's way - verb-substantival twin-modal phraseological unit acting as verb equivalents.

In a little while - phraseological repetition, acting as equivalents adverbs.

It's a pity - phraseological repetitions, acting as equivalents adverbs.

All of a sudden - phraseological repetition, acting as equivalents adverbs.

Head-over-heels - adverbial mono-modal phraseological unit.[20]

Say a mouthful - verb- substantival twin-modal phraseological unit acting as verb equivalents.

Side by side - prepositional - nominal phraseological unit with single-vertex semantic center in component names and phrases lack of grammatical center at all.

Never mind - prepositional - nominal phraseological unit with single-vertex semantic center in component names and phrases lack of grammatical center at all.

Make sure - unimodal phraseological unit with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component combinations, serving also as equivalents of verb.

Steal away - unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological unit with grammatical and semantic coincidence centers phrases in the first component, acting as equivalents of verb.

Classification of phraseological units according to interrelationship with parts of speech (meaning classification)

To say over something - a verb + a preposition + a pronoun

By heart - a preposition + a noun

To be sure - to be + an adjective

To push one's way - a verb + a noun

It's a pity - a noun + a verb + a noun

All of a sudden - a noun + a preposition + a noun

Head-over-heels - a noun + a preposition + a noun

Say a mouthful - a verb + a noun

Side by side - a noun + a preposition + a noun

Make sure - a verb + an adjective

Steal away - a verb + a preposition + a pronoun

When the book “Winnie-the-Pooh” was studied there were found fourteen phraseological units. The total amount of the words in those chapters is about 4219 words. The total amount of he words in the phraseological units is 44 words. The amount of the phraseological units isn't very big, but if compare them with phraseological units taken from “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” we will see that phraseological units taken from “Winnie-the-Pooh” are more various and more widespread. The statistics is following: according to Vinogradov's classification, there are 50% of the phraseological combinations; 28% of the phraseological fusions and 21% of the phraseological unities. According to Smirnitskiy's classification, there are 21% of the prepositional - nominal phraseological units with single-vertex semantic center in component names and phrases lack of grammatical center at all; 21% of the verb-substantival twin-modal phraseological units acting as verb equivalents and 21% of the phraseological repetition, acting as equivalents adverbs; 14% of the unimodal - verbal adverbial phraseological units with grammatical and semantic coincidence centers phrases in the first component, acting as equivalents of verbs; 14% of the unimodal phraseological units with a semantic center in the second component, and grammatical center in the first component; and 7% of the adverbial mono-modal phraseological units. And if to speak about classification according to the parts of speech there are the most amount of the phraseological units with the structure a noun + a preposition + a noun.

The present researching has shown that the English children's literature has not very big amount of the phraseological units, but they are very interesting for children, they are very various and their structure not too difficult, so children can understand it and at the same time they are develop children's imagination. His fact is determining the possibility of the development of the clever, talented and creative person which will build a society of the future.



Conclusion

During the present researching we have studied the question of the phraseological units in the English language. The work has shown the definition, types and different classification of phraseologisms in the English language an especially in he English children's literature. The authors of children's books gave their attention to the morphological content and phraseological units of the stories. The topic of the work was stipulated for the importance of phraseological units of the English language as an integral part of the language. The present work is permitted to show the importance of such units as phraseological units in the literature for the children, because it will help to improve their imagination and intellectual abilities.

As a result of the work were made the inferences:

the work has shown the general strategy of the phraseological units and their general types and classifications;

during the work we have made the analysis of the English children's books as “Winnie-the-Pooh” by A.A. Milne and “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” by L. Carroll and we have found and studied the phraseological units. It helped us to know the amount of the units in children's literature and their widespread.

In the practice part of the research the phraseological units taken from the books were classified according to the classifications which were studied. It shown us the percent of the different types of the phraseologisms in the English children's literature

The work as a whole shows the prevalence of the phraseological units generally and especially in the children's books. The results of the work will help to parents and teachers to develop their children.



Bibliography

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Appendix A

The sentences taken from “Alice's Adventures in Wonderland” by Carroll L. which have phraseological units

“…There was nothing so very remarkable in that; nor did Alice think it so very much out of the way to hear the Rabbit say to itself, "Oh dear! Oh dear! I shall be too late!" (when she thought it over afterwards, it occurred to her that she ought to have wondered at this, but at the time it all seemed quite natural); but when the Rabbit actually took a watch out of its waistcoat-pocket_, and looked at it, and then hurried on, Alice started to her feet, for it flashed across her mind that she had never before seen a rabbit with either a waistcoat-pocket, or a watch to take out of it, and burning with curiosity, she ran across the field after it, and was just in time to see it pop down a large rabbit-hole under the hedge…”

“…She felt that she was dozing off, and had just begun to dream that she was walking hand in hand with Dinah, and saying to her very earnestly, "Now, Dinah, tell me the truth: did you ever eat a bat?" when suddenly, thump! thump! Down she came upon a heap of sticks and dry leaves, and the fall was over…”

“…Soon her eye fell on a little glass box that was lying under the table: she opened it, and found in it a very small cake, on which the words "EAT ME" were beautifully marked in currants…”

“…"CURIOUSER and curiouser!" cried Alice (she was so much surprised, that for a moment she quite forgot how to speak good English); "now I'm opening out like the largest telescope that ever was! Good-bye, feet!" (for when she looked down at her feet, they seemed to be almost out of sight, they were getting so far off). "

"I'm sure I'm not Ada," she said, "for her hair goes in such long ringlets, and mine doesn't go in ringlets at all; and I'm sure I can't be Mabel, for I know all sorts of things, and she, oh! she knows such a very little!..”

“…It was high time to go, for the pool was getting quite crowded with the birds and animals that had fallen into it: there were a Duck and a Dodo, a Lory and an Eaglet, and several other curious creatures…”



Appendix B

The sentences taken from “Winnie-the-Pooh” by Milne A.A. which have phraseological units

“…After breakfast he had said it over and over to himself until he had learnt it off by heart, and now he was humming it right through, properly…”

“…"I don't think so," said Rabbit. "It isn't meant to be."…” “…Well, I wasn't sure …”

“…He pulled with his front paws, and pushed with his back paws, and in a little while his nose was out in the open again . . . and then his ears . . . and then his front paws . . . and then his shoulders . . .”

“… "I mean," said Rabbit, "that having got so far, it seems a pity to waste it." …”

“…And then, all of a sudden, he said "Pop!" just as if a cork were coming out of bottle...”

“…And Christopher Robin and Rabbit and all Rabbit's friends and relations went head-over-heels backwards . . . and on the top of them came Winnie-the-Pooh -- free!..” “…ONE day, when Christopher Robin and Winnie-the-Pooh and Piglet were all talking together, Christopher Robin finished the mouthful he was eating and said carelessly: "I saw a Heffalump to-day, Piglet." …”

“…At first as they stumped along the path which edged the Hundred Acre Wood, they didn't say much to each other; but when they came to the stream, and had helped each other across the stepping stones, and were able to walk side by side again over the heather, they began to talk in a friendly way about this and that, and Piglet said, "If you see what I mean, Pooh," and Pooh said, "It's just what I think myself, Piglet," and Piglet said, "But, on the other hand, Pooh, we must remember," and Pooh said, "Quite true, Piglet, although I had forgotten it for the moment."…”

“…"Yes, well never mind about that where you would be, and there I should catch you. Now the first thing to think of is, What do Heffalumps like? I should think acorns, shouldn't you? We'll get a lot of -- I say, wake up, Pooh!" …” “…It had HUNNY written on it, but, just to make sure, he took off the paper cover and looked at it, and it looked just like honey…”

“…Some hours later, just as the night was beginning to steal away, Pooh woke up suddenly with a sinking feeling…”

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