Oral Translation. Its main problems

“Днем они пошли с друзьями в ЗАГС, а вечером свадьбу справили в ресторане «Арбат»”

“In the afternoon they went to sign the marriage registry, and in the evening they had a reception in the Arbat”

Metonymy and synecdoche, as the devices of simultaneous translation, are used for the specification of common idea and the generalization of typical or concrete occurrence. When there is no exact equivalent for a definite Russian notion or when the interpreter just didn't here some word he is often saved from failure by the substitution of the general occurrence by the concrete one and vice versa.

“зелень” (Нужно добавить зелень в суп) - “parsley and other herbs”

If the interpreter suddenly forgets the word or the idiom he can use some other synonym even less exact.

“семь пядей во лбу” - (as wise as Solomon) - “He paid him a compliment”

Antonymous inversion is another very useful device which helps to avoid a word-for-word translation when it is necessary. The possibilities of antonymous usage are very wide but they are not boundless. Context always plays a decisive role especially by the inversion of idiomatic expression.

“не иметь себе равных” - “to be second to none”

“не придавать значения” - “to overlook”

Grammatical inversion:

“И в промышленной, и в военном отношении, эти планы нашей страны…” - “Militarily and industrially, our country's plans…”

“Их было больше” - “They prevailed”

Syntactical inversion: - “Они завоевали эту территорию” - “This territory fell to them”

The search of semantic equivalents and avoidance of a word-for-word translation are two the most important way of translation into idiomatic English. - “глубоко убеждены” - “firmly convinced”

“идти к кому-то на встречу” - “to accommodate someone”

“случайные люди в политике” - “outsiders in politics”

“белые пятна (в наших знаниях)” - “gaps”

What ever effective the devices of translation would be they don't release the interpreter from the necessity to solve chief problem which consists in escaping over-literal rendering during the translation. They are highly dangerous to apply to specific notions and unique realias of Russian culture as they are lack of equivalents in English.

The interpreter shouldn't be limited by linguistics only in order to find better equivalents for such notions. He must study different spheres of human life in the country of the source language: its history, literature, psychology, etc. Only in this way there appears a possibility for the truth expert to fulfill the most difficult task to interpret not just from one language into another language but from one culture into another.

2.1.2 Whispered translation

Whispered interpretation is similar to simultaneous interpretation, except in this case, microphones or booths are not used. The interpreter places him/herself close to the person(s) in need of language assistance in a certain situation and whispers in their ear, simultaneously translating the speech into the target language. The name is taken from French, meaning ""the act of whispering"".

An interpreter using this method sits near the client and whispers his translation of the spoken material, then addresses the other members in a normal voice when the client speaks. This style is used in gatherings where only one or a few members do not speak the target language. Whisper interpreters are used for groups no larger than two people.

Whispered interpreting involves practically simultaneous interpretation without the use of technical aids.

Whispered interpreting represents a variant of the technique of simultaneous interpreting and is usually performed without technical aids. The interpreter sits next to or behind the listener and whispers the interpreted version into his or her ear. Thus a maximum of two listeners can be served by one interpreter.

In a further variation on this technique a small wireless simultaneous interpretation system is employed. Some of the listeners wear headphones, just as in a large conference. The interpreter uses a wireless microphone. However, he/she does not have the benefit of other technical aids which enable him/her to access the speaker's words directly, so he/she must find a position close to the speaker. The demands made on the interpreter in terms of concentration are comparable with those of normal simultaneous interpretation.

Whispered simultaneous interpreting, sometimes called Chuchotage [shoo-shoh-tazh] after the French for `whispering', is small-scale simultaneous interpreting.

A simultaneous interpreter is assigned to a very small group of people, and re-speaks what is being said simultaneously in a whisper, so as not to hinder the conference or meeting. This type of interpreting is becoming increasingly popular.

For whispered simultaneous interpreting, our experienced, qualified interpreters work into their mother tongue

2.2 Sight translation

Sight translation can be defined as the reading of a text by the interpreter from the source language into the target language, simultaneously, in a manner in which the content of the document can be easily understood by the audience. Although it is not always considered as a mode, it is nevertheless often used and is not usually documented in available interpreting manuals. It is nowadays the most commonly used form in environments such as courtrooms, in cases such as the reading of a witness's statement or a court ruling. On occasion, document sight translation is required of the interpreter during consecutive interpretation work. Sight translation combines interpretation and translation; the interpreter must render the source-language document to the target-language as if it were written in the target language. Sight translation occurs usually, but not exclusively, in judicial and medical work. Consecutively-interpreted speeches, or segments of them, tend to be short. Fifty years ago, the CI interpreter would render speeches of 20 or 30 minutes; today, 10 or 15 minutes is considered too long, particularly since audiences usually prefer not to sit through 20 minutes of speech they cannot understand. Often, if not previously advised, the source-language speaker is unaware that he or she may speak more than a single sentence before the CI interpretation is rendered and might stop after each sentence to await its target-language rendering. Sometimes, however, depending upon the setting or subject matter, and upon the interpreter's capacity to memorize, the interpreter may ask the speaker to pause after each sentence or after each clause. Sentence-by-sentence interpreting requires less memorization and therefore lower likelihood for omissions, yet its disadvantage is in the interpreter's not having heard the entire speech or its gist, and the overall message is sometimes harder to render both because of lack of context and because of interrupted delivery (for example, imagine a joke told in bits and pieces, with breaks for translation in between). This method is often used in rendering speeches, depositions, recorded statements, court witness testimony, and medical and job interviews, but it is usually best to complete a whole idea before it is interpreted. Full (unbroken) consecutive interpreting of whole thoughts allows for the full meaning of the source-language message to be understood before the interpreter renders it in the target language. This affords a truer, more accurate, and more accessible interpretation than does simultaneous interpretation. This an uncommon method characterized as a type of simultaneous interpretation, used in court or for other legal proceedings. The interpreter reads a document in a foreign language and verbally translates it into the target language, as opposed to listening to a speaker. While uncommon, this method is equally as difficult as any other form of interpretation and requires a smooth and natural delivery.

2.3 Consecutive interpretation

In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter speaks after the source-language speaker has finished speaking. The speech is divided into segments, and the interpreter sits or stands beside the source-language speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message. When the speaker pauses or finishes speaking, the interpreter then renders a portion of the message or the entire message in the target language.

Consecutive interpretation is rendered as "short CI" or "long CI". In short CI, the interpreter relies on memory, each message segment being brief enough to memorize. In long CI, the interpreter takes notes of the message to aid rendering long passages. These informal divisions are established with the client before the interpretation is effected, depending upon the subject, its complexity, and the purpose of the interpretation.

Consecutive interpretation can be considered as the most recognizable form of interpretation. Spoken words are interpreted in the target language as soon as the speaker finishes speaking, or in periods of around 10 minutes. This is where the term consecutive applies; the two languages are spoken one after the other. When this type of interpretation is used, the interpreters rely heavily on taking notes so that they do not have to work exclusively from memory.

The interpretation should be approximately equal in length to the original speech, though chances are high that the event itself will be twice as long. As a result, consecutive interpretation has lost ground in the market to simultaneous interpretation.

The advantages of consecutive interpretation are that is does not require the same technology that simultaneous interpretation imposes (soundproof booths, audio consoles, headphones), it only requires a notepad and a pen or pencil (several, if possible to have backups available in the event the initial one breaks, runs out of ink, or any other of a number of possibilities), and only one interpreter is working at a time.

This service can be used at a any event where there are few people, for example bilingual meetings, business meals, classes, seminars with a small audience, among many others.

Consecutive translation is one of the types of oral translations during which the speaker makes a pause necessary for the interpreter to translate all the above said. Such type of translation is used at the events with a limited number of participants. However the main advantage is the mobility that is the possibility of movement of the discussion group.

Among the difficulties of such kind of translation one could state the following: necessity of adaptation of the source text to make the latter clear for the target audience, taking into consideration all the differences in meanings of phraseological phrases in different languages, inadmissibility to express the interpreter's own opinion and so on…

One of the most important steps in the consecutive translation is that the interpreter should adhere not only to the norms of the business ethics but to the translation ethics as well. It means the interpreter should be playing the role of a mediator during the negotiations that would not afford rendering the speech deficiencies of the speaker and would conceal the interlocutor's confusion. Altogether with this the interpreter should never interfere in the discussion as well as exaggerate or underestimate all that was said during the conversation.

That is why the translation company “AFIM” entrusts the consecutive translation only to the qualified interpreters who have finished a special education program in this field. In order to improve the quality of the services rendered and the ability to satisfy our clients' expectations the translation company “AFIM” organizes periodical trainings and professional development seminar for the interpreters specializing in the oral consecutive translations. We collaborate on a continuous basis with our foreign colleagues, exchanging our experience and knowledge with.

2.3.1 Note - taking in consecutive translation

While listening to the speaker the interpreter takes notes of the message he or she receives, while the utterance is being received. It means that perception and comprehension are concurrent with note-taking.

The interpreter's notes are an ideographic system of encoding the message. They are word- and symbol-based, their syntax is simple, their word order is direct and grammatical functions are expressed by fixed positions of the elements of the utterance, while positions themselves are vertically organized.

This brief description of the system of interpreter's notes makes one realize that to take notes one has to translate the original utterance into another code. This code is in fact very close to what has been previously described as the internal semantic code of the Recipient. And the fact that the interpreter's notes are something only the interpreter who has made them can read, or decode, proves the point.

So in order to be able to listen, comprehend and take down a processed and transformed version of the original utterance the interpreter has to run ahead of the utterance being received and anticipate its morpho-phonemic, syntactical and semantic structure.

If we now take our model of the interpretation process we shall see that it represents a two-phase process of consecutive interpreting in which the phases are separated from each other, the first phase being completed when the semantic representation is achieved in the form of notes, and the second phase being started when this semantic representation is utilized for programming and producing the message in the TL (target language).

No such border-line can be drawn for simultaneous interpreting. If we attempt a graphic representation of the process of simultaneous interpreting for one utterance, we shall see that the processes of speech perception and speech generation concur and run parallel to each other.

The language in which an interpreter has to take notes is the source language. Note-taking is a help for short-term memory. It reflects basic thoughts of the source text. The system of note-taking is based at widely spread abbreviations and individual own symbols.

Symbols and abbreviations used in note-taking must meet the following requirements:

- they should be understandable, easy to write and to decode;

- to be universal and easy to remember;

- they should mean definite notion, symbol, sense, which appears clearly and monosemantically both in linguistic and extra linguistic context;

- to be recognizable at the given moment of speaking and translating.

In order to read and interpret the notes easily you should place them downward in diagonal way. The first level is subject group, the second level is predicative, the third level is Direct Object and the fourth level is Indirect Object.

Taking Notes

Interpreters generate a system of abbreviations, symbols, and initials that each one develops during their career, through the combination of training, practice, and experience. Note taking is used as a tool to help the interpreter remember ideas and concepts (to refresh his or her memory) and, therefore, it is not necessary for them to be legible by others or even the same interpreter at a later time-just within the time that the current job requires. Since it is a personalized system, there is no theory surrounding it. There are only suggestions and exercises for each interpreter to practice and discover their personal best method.

Suggestions on Taking Notes

It is crucial that the interpreter not lose visual contact with the speaker. Therefore, he or she must not be focused on what is being written.

Take notes in a space that leaves you plenty of room. It is much easier to read notes at a simple glance when the text is not bunched together.

Write down only the basic information of the sentence: who? when? how? and why?

Write down the essential connectors, such as “however”, “then”, “if”, etc. (possibly in the margin) for this essential information. These summarize the meaning in your memory. It is much easier to recreate the logic of the speech this way, even if some details are omitted.

Make sure you include dates, numbers, and names; they are very difficult to remember otherwise.

If the speaker lists something, for example, “There are a total of five factors”, make sure to write down all five, ideally in the form of a list.Write down who says what.

Use drawings, abbreviations, and symbols that are clear. It makes no sense to learn a complicated system that you probably will forget or confuse in stressful situations when you need it the most.

2.4 The specifics of interpretation

Typically, the interpretation of speech samples are mainly related to the informative. The most common interpretation within the scientific and political symposiums, conferences, negotiations between politicians and businessmen, etc. Of course, it is impossible to ignore the expressive component of these varieties of speech and their impact orientation, but the specifics of such a social communication and a high degree of regimentation can arbitrarily select the informative function as dominant.

A classic example is the interpretation of this translation, the translator takes the original into an acoustic form and orally pronounces its translation. When interpreting the creation of the translated text can be either parallel to the original perception, or after the end of the original pronunciation. Accordingly, there are two subspecies of interpretation: simultaneous and consecutive interpreting.

Before the first world war, throughout the 19th century, the language was French international meetings. In the 20th century have been used in multilateral diplomacy, mainly French and English. In the first half of the 20th century was the most common type of serial transfer with a lag of a phrase or a paragraph on. Professional simultaneous translation appears after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, as a professional simultaneous translation - after the Nuremberg trials. The UN uses five official languages: English, French, Russian, Spanish and Chinese. Consecutive interpreting is inconvenient in the context of multilateral diplomacy, because it required five times longer than the very speech of the speaker.

Simultaneous translation - it is such interpretation, in which an interpreter, listening to the speaker's speech, almost simultaneously (with a small gap from 2-3 to 10 seconds to 5-8 syllables) pronounces the translation. Typically, the interpretation is carried out with the use of technical means, in a special booth. This speaker is supplied to the translator through headphones, and the interpreter speaks into a microphone, where translation is translated to the receptors. A variety of interpretation is the so-called "whispering", when the translator does not fit in the cabin, and next to the receptor and tells him in a low voice translation with headphones and a microphone, or without them (translator - "whisperer," is sometimes jokingly called "intimschikom") .

Consecutive interpreting - interpreting it, in which the interpreter speaks after the speaker stopped talking, ending it all or any part of it. The size of the translated speech segment may be different from individual words or small fragments of speech ("paragraph") to a large amount of text, which he says in 30 minutes or more. If the volume of the original text than a few sentences, then the interpreter in the process of perception is a record of the original content of the nodal points, which helps restore the memory of your unread messages.

Despite the differences between simultaneous and consecutive interpreting these kinds of interpretation are common features identified on the basis of their opposition to the translation. Translation and interpretation services for a variety of different settings, the main of which include the following:

One. Single and discrete presentation of the text in the interpretation. In interpreting the text of the translator is seen as segments of a length as they are pronouncing the speaker. In translation, the translator has at its disposal the whole text, which allows multiple return as to parts of the original and start from the meaning of a text in the translation of its parts.

Two. Contact or distant nature of the relationship of participants of communication through translation. Interpretation takes place nature of the connection pin, a translator working in direct speech (and sometimes personal) contact with the communicants, often in an environment where feedback is available from one or both parties to cross-language communication. In the presence of feedback is often an opportunity to ask again, to clarify the suggested causes trouble to find out the value of the item statements to resort to using sign language, visual demonstrations. The distance between the interpreter and creator of the written text may be complicated by temporary or local characteristics (see the translation of the original, distant in time relative to the translation, the difficulties associated with objective differences in the set of "background knowledge" interlingual communication participants). On the other hand, the working conditions in the cabinet, the translator of the text is written to work with dictionaries, refine, to find out the missing pieces of information.

Three. The time factor. Interpretation of the translator is limited in time. In simultaneous interpreting the interpreter is limited to the time rate of speech of the speaker. The need for fast speech acts in a short period of time creates a great overload for simultaneous interpreters (and therefore the duration of the simultaneous interpreter is usually limited to 20 minutes, after which it is connected to the work of another translator). In consecutive translation time factor also plays a big role because the translator must begin to post in the target language immediately after the speech of the speaker. In addition, as we know, the serial transfer increases the communication as a whole is due to the fact that it follows the main text, thus duplicating it. Therefore, experienced translators are trying to shorten the pronunciation of translation due to compression of the message. Just as in the synchronous transfer, the role of semi skills, knowledge of stable correspondences and dies, the ability to quickly and clearly articulated statements of the target language. However, the translator has to perform compression of text translation, omit some details of the translated messages, content translation at a lower level of equivalence.

As mentioned above, the perception of speech differs brevity, disposable and discreteness. Completeness of understanding depends on the degree of preparedness to implement the transfer of an interpreter, the rhythm, pauzatsii. Translator predicts subsequent content of the text based on the already perceived quanta of information, specifying its forecast in the further perception. Research has shown that it differs from the usual translation "nontransferable" speech. The existence of the distinctive features due to the fact that it focuses on the original translator and is formed in the process of translation.

The unit of interpretation that preserves all the features of the whole, is an act of communication. Activities included an interpreter in a particular speech situation, so it is important to know the motives and purposes of communication. Communicative situation (hereinafter - CC) can be viewed as a set of factors, extralinguistic context in which the communication. In terms of interpretation, the structure of the communicative situation can be represented as a set of factors that characterize the: source of the message - S, a subject - T, the recipient (the audience) - A place (forum) - F, time (attribution to a specific event) - E, the purpose of speech (conversation) - P, motive - M. Let us consider the interpretation of the COP factors:

S - speaker. The presence of an interpreter is often knowledge of the orator can facilitate interpreter. Introducing the speaker enters into force as an important factor in the COP, which allows to predict the nature of other factors, the COP (in particular, M - F, and performance motivation - the purpose of communication).

T - thematic framework. Thematic framework be translated messages do not indicate the precise definition of the message subject, but asked more or less well-defined range of subjects, with high probability excluding other topics beyond the scope of the data subject.

A - audience. Prior familiarity with the audience also enables a forecast of T and P (subject and object of the communication).

E - the event-frame. This factor can be understood as a purely temporary, as applied to international meetings devoted to the socio-political and socio-economic activities, or as an occasion for a conference, meeting, meeting in the field of cultural and scientific exchange.

There is a notion of joint ventures in the broad sense and includes a variety of joint ventures. The widespread notion of joint venture is used when necessary to oppose the SP serial transfer. The classification of species is determined by varying the conditions of JV JV performance, since the translator can receive text, either orally or in writing, in advance or before the speaker.

Customary to distinguish three types of joint ventures:

- SP to the ear (the translator takes it to the ear speaker and translates it as casting) - the most common type (the actual SP).

- A joint venture with a sheet with preparation or without (SP based on the written text of a possible correction in accordance with the deployment of speech, the speaker).

- Synchronous reading of the text translation - reading of the text written in advance of the stock transfer in accordance with the deployment of speech of the speaker.

By the use of technical means of distinguish 3 types of PO:

A. SP in a specially equipped booth;

Two. Joint venture with portable equipment in the hall;

Three. Joint venture without any technical means (interpreter, "whisperer").

The activities of interpreters occurs in the form of individual cycles and treatments. Cycle - a set of translation activities, participants consistently Limited communication and thematic scope of the event (conference, symposium, forum with a single thematic focus). Session - a set of translation activities, restricted by time of continuous operation of an interpreter (when working in the cockpit - 20-30 minutes). In the conventional structure of the session highlighted several phases or stages:

- The stage of preliminary orientation and planning (selection) translation solutions;

- The translation stage of the decision;

- The stage of comparing the result with the target.

Probabilistic prediction of the joint venture takes place in the structure of the proposal, the relationship and alignment of individual blocks of the design. Construct a sentence can only be projecting its structure. To design the structure of sentences in the translation is sometimes possible to literally from the first word of the original sentence. On the basis of the appropriate introductions offer (Assuming that ... or Is ...? When, at last, ...?) Converter is a model of supply is crucial in this case are the structural parameters of the phrase, lexical and grammatical combinations and intonation (cf. When, finally, ...? and when, finally, ...). Tuning in to this structural model of intonation, the translator chooses designs that allow a more or less automatic translation to implement the task, lying in a rigid time limit. Designed by the model is populated by various lexical units based on the analysis of speech units coming from the speaker. Meaning of the utterance is perceived through a translator consistently alternating chain expression. In constructing the expression interpreter is very important selection meaningful points of reference and the probabilistic prediction.

The quality of interpretation is a close working version of the translation, and sometimes even translating raw. This is due to the need to compress text, omit any part, quite satisfied with the quality of the raw translation (translation-taker). It is possible errors, grammatical inconsistencies, the appearance of "false friends" interpreter, literalism and heavy construction. The structural imperfections of the phrase is often adjusted intonation, and the recipient may not even notice that the beginning of the sentence structure does not agree with it.

So far not found a clear intonation problem solving simultaneous interpreter, namely, whether the tone to be impartial, or emotional, repeating the tone of the author? Most authors believe that the translator should emphasize the tone of the speaker, as necessary to build a speech lexical items may not appear automatically, if the interpreter is not "tuned to the desired emotional wave" does not try to "get used to the image."

Very often, when you receive complex information passes from the simultaneous translator, mechanical translation of the serial, judge. In real simultaneous translation are always elements of the serial transfer. Translator often simultaneously listening to the following statement and continues to develop the previous argument, stating clearly not translated meaning entering into separate segments. This "layering" of the translation process is possible due to the presence of multi-level memory, which allows "store" information and keep it in memory for different time intervals.

Thus, the most important features of simultaneous interpretation in comparison with series include:

- The combination of regular time-orientation in the original text, search, translation solutions and their implementation in consecutive interpreting is by turns;

- Very high speed of the translation operations;

- A specific manipulation of language material, depending on the speaker's speech rate.

Discrete and continuum both the nature of interpretation means that the information supplied to the individual segments of the translator is continuously during the entire cycle of translational activity. In writing the translator also translates one statement after another, but that he possessed the entire text of the original. In interpreting the interpreter receives and translates it in small "chunks". Obviously, the specifics of the interpreter in the mode of interpretation requires a rapid response to the incoming speech and the translation of operational decision making.

In the practice of interpretation adopted by sorting vocabulary into the following categories: 1) the words that you can immediately translate and pronounce, without straining your memory ("blurt out" immediately "get rid"), and 2) the words that should be kept in mind in order to "fix" to the desired final structure of the element, and 3) the words that are stored in memory so that they then "stick". We present the following example: Despite the fact that women play a very important part in this country in all spheres of life, it seems they always manage to keep their femininity as well. Road sweepers, tram drivers and passport controllers, all seem to work without a hair out of place and fully made up. Translation of the speech fragment easily fit into the above scheme translation "sort":

The technology for simultaneous translation, usually involves the use of special hardware. Simultaneous interpreters are specially equipped with sound-proof booth, get it through the headphones and speaker repeat it into the microphone in the target language. Number of booths depends on the number of working languages ??of the congress or conference. Simultaneous interpreter is separated from the hall with glass cabin. There are also "blind" cabin with a TV.

Simultaneous interpreter is part of a simultaneous translation system, which consists of a microphone installed in the podium and on the podium, wired from the mic to the dispatcher console switchgear, where the signal is fed to the headphones in the car and further away from the microphone through the interpreter on-site distribution panel of delegates, where There are headphones and a selector channel. By carrying out the inclusion of a selector, a member of the conference have access to the speech of the speaker in the target language. Halls of the UN in New York and Geneva provide work for 5-6 working languages, the hall of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses - in 29 languages.

There are more modern versions of the installation for simultaneous translation using VHF. This is a portable set, quickly mounted in the hall. Conference participants receive a miniature radios and headphones channel selector, which allows them to move freely in the room or outside it.

Usually distinguish between two circuit interpretation:

1) direct transfer scheme in which the number represents the number of cabs working languages. It is assumed that the transfer is carried out in their native language (for example, in the cockpit are two Russian interpreter, one with English, French and Spanish, the other - with English and Chinese). The minimum combination for a language interpreter UN - two foreign languages;

2) transfer from the main translator. In this case, one of the leading languages. A separate team of translators will be translated to the master language, and the rest of the cabin transferred to the leading language of the other working languages ??of the conference. This scheme is particularly effective when he speaks on some rare language.

Translation operations in interpretation based on the switching operation of the skill. Under the skill involves the ability to switch to automated matching units to find one in a different language (ibid.: 102). Owning two languages is just a prerequisite, a necessary condition for the formation of this skill, which distinguishes the ordinary bilingual interpreter. An interpreter must possess a developed intuition translation based on the skill of switching from one language to another. Translation Skill switch is formed by establishing links between the automated equivalent of the process of contacting. At the same time great importance is the principle of idiomatic language interpreter. In this case it is not that the idiom of one language necessarily translated idiom of another language and idiom of the nature of usual, ie the extensive use of various verbal clichйs of standard phrases and expressions (on the principle of "maximum readability").

Research has shown that the operation of switching is limited to the skill within the same thematic or stylistic Microsystems. It is known that interpreters have the greatest difficulty in passing from one subject to another or when changing the register of speech (for example, in the case of engaging in political speech elements of familiar colloquial speech). The formation of habit change is possible only on a thematic basis and on the basis of the principle of the dominant language. Found that the dominant direction is due to a foreign mother tongue, which are set at the level of terms, stamps, or situational clichйs. When translating from native language to foreign expressions change from standard conditions or terms of the native language to their foreign-language equivalents are carried out within a specific topic. When translating from a foreign language at home more important to search the denotative relations, as increases the likelihood of difficulties receptive nature. When transferring the same to the mother tongue into a foreign set mostly symbolic communication.

One of the paradoxes of an interpreter is that the semantic analysis can be a factor inhibiting the operation of switching skills. The work of an interpreter is most effective when it focuses on the symbolic (structural and semantic) messages and parameters based on the present in his speech competence set of mutually correlated equivalent of two languages ??at the level of vocabulary and syntax.

The above has implications for skill formation in the process of switching training interpreters. The formation of habit change must occur on a thematic principle by combining analogical semantic subsystems of the two languages ??into a single closed system. Create a new closed-loop system destroys the previous one, which needed to restore the new reinforcements. In addition, as noted above, due to the direction of the mother tongue to foreign are stronger than backward linkages. Consequently, the number of reinforcements in the direction of a foreign language to the native should prevail.

In conclusion, the interpreter must possess a high-level methods of simultaneous and consecutive translation, as in the actual practice of translation, these kinds of interpretation are equally important.



Conclusion

Oral translation plays very important part in the world. Russian and foreign businessmen, scientists and politicians work side by side at different countries and therefore they need translation during commercial talks, signing of contracts and everyday communication.

As a kind of practical activities translation is a set of actions performed by the translator while rendering ST into another language. These actions are largely intuitive and the best results are naturally achieved by translators who are best suited for the job, who are well-trained or have a special aptitude, a talent for it. Masterpieces in translation are created by the past masters of the art, true artists in their profession. At its best translation is an art, a creation of a talented, high-skilled professional.

As we have known, there two types of translation: written and oral. As the names suggest, in written translation the source text is in written form, as is the target text. In oral translation or interpretation the interpreter listens to the oral presentation of the original and translates it as an oral message in TL. As a result, in the first case the Receptor of the translation can read it while in the second case he hears it.

Oral translation falls into consecutive and simultaneous. In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed to be able to give his translation while the speaker is uttering the original message.

In simultaneous interpretation the translator is expected to keep pace with the fastest speakers, to understand all kinds of foreign accents and defective pronunciation, to guess what the speaker meant to say but failed to express due to his inadequate proficiency in the language he speaks.

In consecutive interpretation he is expected to listen to long speeches, taking the necessary notes, and then to produce his translation in full or compressed form, giving all the details or only the main ideas.

Sometimes the interpreter is set a time limit to give his rendering, which means that he will have to reduce his translation considerably, selecting and reproducing the most important parts of the original and dispensing with the rest. This implies the ability to make a judgment on the relative value of various messages and to generalize or compress the received information. The interpreter must obviously be a good and quick witted thinker.



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