Problems of homonymy. Diachronic approach to homonymy

a) of men and animals (939)

b) of plants (1382)

c) of parts of organs of animals or plants. (1000)

To be dead was anciently used in the sense “to die”, and later in that of “to have died”.

2. Bereft of sensation or vitality; benumbed, insensible.

a) of parts of the body. (1225)

b) of persons: Deathlike, insensible, in a swoon. (1369)

DEAD adv. Forms : see DEAD adj.

1. In a manner or to degree characteristic of or suggesting death; with extreme inactivity, stillness etc.; utterly, profoundly, absolutely ( as dead asleep, dead calm); to extremity, “to death” (as dead run, dead tired)

Often connected with the qualified word by a hyphen, and thus passing into combinations. (1393)

b) With absolute or abrupt cessation of motion (or speech). (1856)

2. Hence more generally: Utterly, entirely, absolutely, quite.(1589)

3. Directly, straight. (“Dead against”). (1800)

DEADLY adj.

1. † Subject to death, mortal. (1000)

b) †A mortal; usually as pl. Mortals, human being. (1450)

2. † In danger of death, like to die. (1300)

b) †Of or belonging to death. (1470)

3. Causing death or fatal injury, mortal, fatal. (893)

b) As a quality of things: Having the property or capacity of causing death or fatal injury; poisonous, venomous, pestilential. (1380)

DEADLY adv.

1. †In a way that causes death, mortally, fatally, to death. (1050)

b) †in a way that entails spiritual death

2. † Implacably, mortally; to the death. (1330)

3. In a manner suggesting or resembling death, as if dead, without animation. (1300)

4. To a fatal or extreme degree; “mortally”, “to death”; extremely, excessively. colloq. (1300)

DEAR Adjective

I of persons

1 glorious, noble, honorable, worthy [1000]

2.Regarded with personal feelings of high estimation and affection; held in a deep and tender esteem; beloved, loved. [1000]

II of things

3. Of high estimation, of great worth or value, precious, valuable [888]

B) precious in import or significance, important (1592)

4. Of a high price, high-priced, absolutely or relatively; costly, expensive (1044)

DEAR adverb

Forms : See DEAR adj.

1. At a high price; at great cost (usually with such words as buy, sell, cost, pay) (1000)

2. = dearly adverb 2 (1314)

DEARLY adverb

[DEAR adj. + Ly2]

1. In a precious, worthy or excellent manner; worthily, choicely, finely, richly (1000)

2. As one who is held dear; with feelings of tender affection (not used only with the verbs to love for its equivalents (1205)

DEEP adjective

I literal senses

1 having great or considerable extension downward (854)

2 having great or considerable extension inward from the surface or exterior or backward from the front (1000)

3 having a (specified) dimension downward (1000)

4 of physical actions: extending to or coming from a depth (1483)

I I figurative senses

5 hard to fathom or get to the bottom of; penetrating far into a subject, profound (1000)

6 as an attribute of moral qualities or of actions in which sinking or abasement is present

DEEP adverb

1 literal senses

Deeply; to,at,or with a great or specified depth; far down

2 Figurative sense

Deeply (in various figurative senses) profoundly, intensely, earnestly, heavily, etc.

As qualifying an adjective "deep" is obsolete (excluding with words of color as deep-red stain, where deep is historically an adjective; qualifying a verb, it is generally superseded in prose by deeply, although still used in particular cases (1000)

DEEPLY adverb

[DEEP adj. + Ly2]

1 to great or considerable depth, far downward, inward etc. (1400-50)

2 figurative With deep thought, insight, knowledge etc.; profoundly, thoroughly (888)

DIRECT Adjective

1. proceeding in a straight line or by the shortest course; straight; not oblique: a direct route.

2. proceeding in an unbroken line of descent: a direct descendant.

3. without intermediary agents, conditions, etc.; immediate: direct contact.

4. straightforward; frank; candid.

DIRECT Adverb

Forms : See DIRECT adj.

1. in a direct manner; directly; straight: Answer me direct.

DIRECTLY Adverb

[DIRECT adj + Ly2]

1.in a direct line, way, or manner; straight.

2.at once; without delay.

3.shortly; soon.

4.exactly; precisely: directly opposite the store.

5 openly or frankly; candidly: to speak directly

EASY Adjective

1.requiring no great labor or effort; not hard or difficult.

2.free from pain, discomfort, worry, or care: an easy mind.

3.providing or conducive to ease or comfort; comfortable.

4.easygoing; relaxed: an easy disposition.

EASY Adverb

Forms : See EASY adj.

1. in an easy manner; easily; comfortably: to go easy; to take it easy.

EASILY Adverb

1.in an easy manner; with ease; without trouble.

2.beyond question; by far: easily the best.

3.likely; well: He may easily change his mind.

[1250-1300]

FAIR Adjective

1.free from bias, dishonesty, or injustice.

2.legitimately sought, done, given, etc.; proper under the rules: a fair fight.

3.a. (of the sky) bright; sunny; cloudless to half-cloudy.

4.of a light hue; not dark: fair skin.

5.pleasing in appearance; attractive: a fair young maiden.

FAIR Adverb

1 faegre, 3-4 as those of the adjective with the addition of -e, 5- coincident with those of the adjective.

1. in a fair manner: He doesn't play fair.

2. favorably; auspiciously.

FAIRLY Adverb

[FAIR adj. + Ly2]

1.in a fair manner; justly; impartially.

2.moderately; tolerably: a fairly heavy rain.

3.properly; legitimately: a claim fairly made.

4.clearly; distinctly: fairly seen.

5.so to speak; seemingly: ears fairly steaming with rage.

6.Obs. softly; gently.

7.Obs. courteously.

FAST Adjective

1.moving or able to move, operate, function, or take effect quickly; quick; swift; rapid: a fast horse; a fast typist.

2.done in or taking comparatively little time: a fast race; fast work.

3.adapted to, allowing, productive of, or imparting rapid movement: a hull with fast lines.

4. closed and made secure, as a door, gate, or shutter

FAST Adverb

1.quickly, swiftly, or rapidly.

2.in quick succession: Events followed fast upon one another.

3.tightly; firmly: to hold fast.

4.soundly: fast asleep.

FREE Adjective

1.enjoying personal rights or liberty, as one who is not in slavery or confinement.

2.pertaining to or reserved for those who enjoy personal liberty: living on free soil.

3.existing under, characterized by, or possessing civil and political liberties: the free nations of the world.

4.able to do something at will: free to act.

5.clear of obstructions or obstacles: The highway is now free of fallen rock.

FREE Adverb

Forms : See FREE adj.

1. in a free manner; freely.

2. away from the wind: a sailboat running free.

3. <for free> without charge: They mended my jacket for free.

FREELY Adverb

OE freolice, ME freoliche, freliche, frely [Free adj. + Ly2]

1. Of one's own accord, spontaneously, without constraint or reluctance

2. Without constraint or reseve in regard to speech: frankly, openly

3. Without restraint or restriction upon action or activity

HARD Adjective

1.not soft; solid and firm to the touch.

2.firmly formed; tight: a hard knot.

3.difficult to do or accomplish; fatiguing; troublesome: a hard task.

4.difficult or troublesome with respect to an action, situation, person, etc.: hard to please.

5.difficult to deal with, manage, control, overcome, or understand: a hard problem.

HARD Adverb

Forms : See HARD adj.

1. with great exertion; with vigor or violence; strenuously: to work hard.

2. earnestly, intently, or critically: to look hard at a decision.

3. harshly or severely.

4. so as to be solid, tight, or firm: frozen hard.

HARDLY Adverb

[HARD adj. + Ly2]

1.only just; almost not; barely: hardly any; hardly ever.

2.not at all; scarcely: That report is hardly surprising.

3.with little likelihood: He will hardly come now.

4.Brit. harshly or severely.

5.hard.

[1175-1225]

HIGH Adjective

1.having a great or considerable height; lofty; tall: a high wall.

2.having a specified height: The tree is now 20 feet high.

3.situated above the ground or some base; elevated: a high ledge.

4.exceeding the common degree or measure; strong; intense: high speed; high color.

5.exalted, as in rank, station, or eminence: a high official.

HIGH Adverb

Forms : See HIGH adj.

1. at or to a high point, place, or level.

2 in or to a high rank or estimate: to aim high in political ambition.

3. at or to a high amount or price.

4. in or to a high degree.

5. luxuriously; richly; extravagantly: to live high.

HIGHLY Adverb

[HIGH adj. + Ly2]

1.in or to a high degree; extremely: highly amusing; highly seasoned food.

2.with high appreciation or praise; admiringly: to speak highly of a person.

3.more than adequately; generously: a highly paid consultant.

[bef. 900]

JUST Adjective

A French borrowing : Juste

1.guided by reason, justice, and fairness.

2. done or made according to principle; equitable; proper: a just reply.

3. based on right; rightful; lawful: a just claim.

4. in keeping with truth or fact; true; correct: a just analysis.

5. given or awarded rightly; deserved: a just punishment; a just reward.

JUST Adverb

1.within a brief preceding time; but a moment before: The sun just came out.

2.exactly or precisely: That's just what I mean.

3.by a narrow margin; barely: just over six feet tall; It just missed the target.

4.only or merely: I was just a child. Don't just sit there.

5.at this moment: The movie is just ending.

6.simply: We'll just have to wait and see.

JUSTLY Adverb

[Just adj. + Ly2]

1. Uprightly, righteously.

2. In accordance with justice or equity.

3. With a proper use of reasoning or of language.

4. With exactness; exactly, precisely.

LATE Adjective

1.occurring after the usual or proper time: a late spring.

2.continued until after the usual time or hour; protracted: a late business meeting.

3.near or at the end of the day or well into the night: a late hour.

4.most recent: a late news bulletin.

LATE Adverb

1 late, the rest as in LATE adj.

1. after the usual or proper time, or after delay: to arrive late.

2. until after the usual time or hour; until an advanced hour, esp. of the night: to work late.

3.at or to an advanced time.

4. recently but no longer; lately.

LATELY Adverb

[LATE adj. + LY2]

1.of late; recently; not long since.

LONG Adjective

1.having considerable or greater than usual linear extent in space.

2.having considerable or greater than usual duration in time.

3.extending, lasting, or totaling a number of specified units: eight miles long; eight hours long.

4.containing many items or units: a long list.

LONG Adverb

1. for or through a great extent of space or, esp., time: a reform long advocated.

2. for or throughout a specified extent, esp. of time: How long did he stay?.

3. (used elliptically in referring to the length of an absence, delay, etc.): Will she be long?.

4.throughout a specified period of time: It's been muggy all summer long.

5. at a point of time far distant from the time indicated: long before.

LOUD Adjective

1.having exceptional volume or intensity: loud talking; loud thunder.

2.making or uttering strongly audible sounds: a quartet of loud trombones.

3.clamorous; noisy: a loud party.

4.emphatic; insistent: loud in one's praises.

5.garish; ostentatious: a loud necktie.

6.obtrusively vulgar; coarse.

LOUD Adverb

1 hlude,

1.in a loud manner; loudly: Don't talk so loud.

LOUDLY Adverb

[Loud adj. + Ly2]

In a loud manner

1. In a loud tone or voice

2. Clamorously, noisily

3. With reference to dress: flashily, showily

QUICK Adjective

1.done, proceeding, or occurring with promptness or rapidity: a quick response.

2.finished or completed in a short time: a quick shower.

3.moving or able to move with speed: a quick fox.

4.easily provoked or excited; hasty: a quick temper.

5.keenly responsive; lively; acute: a quick wit.

QUICK Adverb

Forms : see QUICK Adj.

1. quickly.

Usage. The difference between the adverbial forms QUICK and QUICKLY is frequently stylistic. QUICK is more often used in short spoken sentences, esp. imperative ones: Come quick! The roof is leaking. QUICKLY is the usual form in writing, both in the preverb position (We quickly realized that attempts to negotiate would be futile) and following verbs other than imperatives (She turned quickly and sat down). See also SLOW.

QUICKLY Adverb

[Quick adj. + Ly2]

1.with speed; rapidly; very soon.

SHARP Adjective

1.having a thin cutting edge or a fine point; well-adapted for cutting or piercing: a sharp knife.

2.terminating in an edge or point; not blunt or rounded: sharp corners.

3.involving an abrupt change in direction or course: a sharp curve in the road.

4.clearly defined; distinct: a sharp contrast.

5.pungent or biting in taste: a sharp cheese.

6.piercing or shrill in sound: a sharp cry.

SHARP Adverb

1 scearpe, 4 charpe, 4-6 sharpe, scharpe, 6 - sharp

1. keenly or acutely.

2. abruptly or suddenly.

3. punctually: Meet me at one o'clock sharp.

4. Music. above the true pitch.

SHARPLY Adverb

[Sharp adj. + Ly2]

1. Severely, sternly, harshly

2. With sharp or painful effect

3. Briskly, swiftly, quickly

SHORT Adjective

1.having little length; not long.

2.having little height; not tall.

3.extending or reaching only a little way: a short path.

4.brief in duration; not extensive in time.

5.concise, as writing.

SHORT Adverb

Forms : see Short adj.

1. abruptly or suddenly: to stop short.

2. briefly; curtly.

3. on the near side of an intended or particular point: The arrow landed short.

SHORTLY Adverb

[Short adj. + Ly2]

1.in a short time; soon.

2.briefly; concisely.

3.curtly; rudely.

SLOW Adjective

1.moving or proceeding with little or less than usual speed: a slow train.

2.characterized by lack of speed: a slow pace.

3.taking or requiring a comparatively long time.

4.gradual: slow growth.

5.mentally dull: a slow child.

SLOW Adverb

Also 6 slaw(e, slau [forms : see Slow adj.]

1. in a slow manner; slowly: Drive slow

Usage. As an adverb, SLOW has two forms, SLOW and SLOWLY, and both are standard today. SLOW is now used chiefly in imperative constructions with short verbs of motion (Drive slow. Don't walk so slow.), more commonly in speech than in writing, though it occurs widely on traffic and road signs. SLOW also combines with present participles in forming adjectives: slow-burning; slow-moving. SLOWLY is by far the more common form of the adverb in writing. In both speech and writing it is the usual form following verbs that are not imperatives: He drove slowly down the street

SLOWLY Adverb

1. Noy quickly, rapidly or hastily

2. In a remiss or negligent manner

STRAIGHT Adjective

1.without a bend, angle, wave, or curve: a straight path; straight hair.

2.exactly vertical or horizontal.

3.evenly or uprightly formed or set: straight shoulders.

4.direct in character; candid: straight talk.

5.honest; honorable; upright.

STRAIGHT Adverb

Forms : see Straight adj.

1. in a straight line: to walk straight.

2.in or into an even or proper condition or position: pictures hung straight; to put a room straight.

3.in an erect posture: Stand straight.

4.directly: Go straight home.

5.frankly; candidly (often fol. by out).

6.honestly; virtuously: to live straight.

STRAIGHTLY Adverb

[Straight adj. + Ly2]

1. In a straight manner; in a straight line, directly

2. Straightaway, immediately

WIDE Adjective

1.of great extent from side to side; broad: a wide street.

2.having a specified extent from side to side: three feet wide.

3.vast; spacious: the wide plains.

4.of great range or scope: a person of wide experience.

5.expanded; distended: to stare with wide eyes.

WIDE Adverb

1. to the utmost, or fully: to be wide awake.

2. away from a point or mark; astray: The shot went wide.

3. over an extensive area: scattered far and wide.

4.to a great extent from side to side: The river runs wide here.

WIDELY Adverb

[Wide adj. + Ly2]

1.to a wide extent.

2.over a wide area: a widely distributed plant.

3.by or among a large number of persons: a widely known artist.

4.in many subjects: to be widely read.

5.greatly or very: widely differing accounts of the incident.

SUFFIXES:

- LY1

Was added to nouns converting them into adjectives and imparting to them the sense of “having the qualities appropriate to”, “characteristic of”.

- LY2

Was added to adjectives converting them into adverbs.

fine	fine	finely
flat	flat	flatly
heavy	heavy	heavily
light	light	lightly
near	near	nearly
pretty	pretty	prettily
right	right	rightly
scarce	scarce	scarcely
wrong	wrong	wrongly

Further below is a list of the homonymous pairs not included in the list of entries:

In the study of the list of dictionary entries, homonymous pairs can be divided according to the origin of the following groups: 1) formed in the process of development of the morphological system of adverbs: loud, wide (see above), and 2) formed by the use of adjectives as the name of the compound nominal predicate: high, short; 3) formed from borrowed words by analogy: clear, direct. [26, p.87]

Below we provide a summary table of the statistical analysis of the frequency of homonymous pairs of adjectives and adverbs, as well as parallel forms of adverbs on-ly. Statistical analysis was performed by us on 10 literary works of English-speaking authors.

	Alice in Wonderland	The Time Machine	Dr. Jekyll and Mr.Hyde	The Hound of the Baskervilles	Portrait of the Artist	Tom Sawyer	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Moby-Dick	The Land of Oz	The Scarlet Letter	X cp	AKO
clean	1	0	1	0	2	4	3	3	1	0	1,3	1,375
clean	0	1	0	0	1	1	2	4	0	0	0,8	1,225
cleanly	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	1	0	0	0,3	0,640
clear	3	9	0	7	4	3	6	16	3	4	3,6	4,632
clear	0	5	1	1	2	7	1	2	1	1	1,4	2,186
clearly	1	14	0	1	0	1	0	0	3	0	0,4	4,400
close	0	3	1	0	2	0	0	3	3	8	1,6	2,400
close	14	4	3	1	1	7	9	22	6	6	5,1	6,515
closely	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	3	4	3	1,2	1,371
dead	4	2	2	0	1	22	4	5	4	9	4,5	6,103
dead	0	0	1	0	0	3	3	3	0	0	0,9	1,345
deadly	0	3	1	0	0	0	3	11	0	0	1,4	3,305
dear	6	1	3	6	2	0	5	3	23	3	3,6	6,428
dear	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0,1	0,300
dearly	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0,1	0,300
deep	8	3	1	0	2	6	3	17	9	22	5,9	6,981
deep	0	5	1	0	0	1	0	9	4	0	1,4	2,960
deeply	4	1	2	2	2	2	4	3	1	7	1,9	1,942
direct	0	1	0	3	1	0	0	2	0	2	0,5	1,118
direct	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0,1	0,300
directly	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	11	4	5	2,1	3,336
easy	2	5	2	1	1	2	16	16	10	7	5,2	5,706
easy	1	0	0	0	2	1	7	3	4	2	1,9	2,100
easily	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0,2	0,600
fair	1	3	0	2	3	3	13	21	3	12	5,5	6,531
fair	0	2	0	0	2	1	3	4	0	0	1	1,414
fairly	1	4	0	1	2	1	18	5	6	6	3,8	5,040
fast	0	12	0	1	4	0	10	30	3	19	6,6	9,611
fast	7	15	0	0	3	3	13	28	0	23	7	9,879
free	2	4	1	1	2	4	14	8	3	6	3,7	3,885
free	1	2	0	0	0	1	2	0	2	1	0,6	0,883
freely	0	3	0	0	0	0	3	5	0	1	0,9	1,746
hard	2	3	2	3	3	6	16	23	8	8	6,4	6,681
hard	6	5	0	0	2	13	15	24	3	3	6	7,490
hardly	12	4	1	4	1	6	1	12	1	18	3,9	6,067
high	16	6	4	4	1	6	14	33	10	12	7,6	9,254
high	1	3	3	3	2	6	6	20	10	0	4,4	5,678
highly	0	1	0	0	0	0	4	1	22	2	2,9	6,451
just	2	0	2	0	0	0	2	3	0	0	0,5	1,204
just	50	12	4	9	4	26	25	32	27	11	12,5	15,794
justly	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0,3	0,458
late	4	2	1	4	2	5	1	10	12	6	3,6	3,718
late	5	9	3	1	2	7	4	17	4	11	4,5	4,965
lately	1	0	0	0	1	1	2	5	2	0	1,1	1,473
long	21	11	1	6	2	14	16	35	22	25	11,4	10,955
long	14	15	8	5	3	15	19	28	19	22	10,6	8,485
loud	4	2	1	0	1	0	3	5	7	2	1,8	2,267
loud	3	1	0	0	0	2	2	0	3	1	0,8	1,233
loudly	3	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	3	0	0,5	1,204
quick	1	3	1	0	2	0	4	8	2	1	1,7	2,326
quick	2	0	0	0	0	2	1	19	0	0	2,2	5,593
quickly	2	1	0	1	2	2	2	10	29	1	4,6	8,436
sharp	6	3	1	1	1	3	6	15	7	1	3,3	4,319
sharp	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	5	0	0	0,6	1,497
sharply	4	0	1	2	1	0	1	1	2	0	0,5	1,360
short	4	3	0	3	1	2	7	19	8	2	3,9	5,356
short	2	4	0	0	2	1	7	13	3	8	3,4	3,995
shortly	0	0	0	0	0	5	1	5	0	2	1,3	1,952
slow	0	10	0	0	2	4	2	2	2	1	1,3	3,002
slow	0	8	0	0	0	1	0	4	0	0	0,5	2,655
slowly	8	7	0	0	1	1	9	20	14	4	4,9	6,488
straight	0	0	0	0	1	0	7	8	3	0	1,9	2,948
straight	2	6	2	2	1	1	2	13	4	0	2,1	3,801
wide	0	3	0	0	2	2	4	12	6	6	3,2	3,569
wide	3	1	0	0	2	1	2	9	3	3	2	2,490
widely	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0,4	1,200

From the above, summary table shows that the adverbs parallel forms on-ly are in most cases lower proportion than adverbs, the same form as adjectives. In some cases, the greatest contrast between the percentage use of adverbs, adjectives and grammatical homonyms percentage use of adverbs, parallel forms on-ly are observed in dialogue speech. In this case we are dealing with different stylistic variants e.g. adverbs.: Close - closely, direct - directly, quick - quickly. In other cases, we are faced with a situation where native English dialects are the same form as adjectives, are more powerful than their parallel forms, formed by adding to the base of the adjective suffix-ly. We think that the reason for this is the fact that these adverbs-homonyms, being the older, have, as it were stronger, "valence" in terms of consumption, as a result they managed to "reserve" the most common values.

Conclusion

An important issue that needs to be discussed is the generalizability of the results from written to spoken language. Although we cannot offer definitive arguments on this point, we can cite some reasons why the results might underestimate the difference between same and different class homonyms in speech. First, the disambiguating information provided by orthography would be absent. Second, homonyms from different grammatical classes would tend to have acoustic differences that could aid in disambiguation. In particular, because of the basic clause structure of English, nouns are more likely than verbs to appear at the ends of phrases and clauses and so should tend to be longer because of durational lengthening concomitant with those boundaries. Indeed, Sorenson and Cooper found that the noun versions of words were longer in duration than their verb homonyms, and that these differences were due solely to their different distributions in sentences. The distributional differences between same class homonyms are likely to be smaller than those for different class homonyms, which should make them less easily distinguishable through contextually-driven acoustic modifications.

We will conclude by mentioning one implication of this work for another aspect of language use, namely linguistic humor. Puns and other jokes often rely on homonyms for their effects. The aesthetic impact of puns, in particular, requires that the audience make a temporary, but perceptible, misinterpretation of a sentence. The research of some linguists indicates that likelihood of misinterpretation will be greater with same class homonyms, and so these homonyms should be used more than different class homonyms in puns. Furthermore, the rated quality of same class homonyms should be higher than that for different class homonyms. More generally, whereas prior studies have treated homonyms equivalently in analysis and experimentation, our understanding of these words and how they are processed could be enriched by studying homonym subclasses that might differ on various dimensions such as lexical organization, language evolution, and language play.

In the course of researching we've made some conclusions:

1. Homonymy exists in many languages, but in English it is particularly frequent, especially among monosyllabic words. In the list of 2540 homonyms given in the “Oxford English Dictionary” 89% are monosyllabic words and only 9.1% are words of two syllables. From the viewpoint of their morphological structure, they are mostly one-morpheme words.

2. Homographs constitute a phenomenon that should be kept apart from homonymy, as the object of linguistics is sound language. This viewpoint can hardly be accepted. Because of the effects of education and culture written English is a generalized national form of expression. An average speaker does not separate the written and oral form. On the contrary he is more likely to analyze the words in terms of letters than in terms of phonemes with which he is less familiar. That is why a linguist must take into consideration both the spelling and the pronunciation of words when analyzing cases of identity of form and diversity of content.

3. Whereas distinction between polysemy homonymy is relevant and important for lexicography it is not relevant for the practice of either human or machine translation. The reason for this is that different variants of a polysemantic word are not less conditioned by context then lexical homonyms. In both cases the identification of the necessary meaning is based on the corresponding distribution that can signal it and must be present in the memory either of the pupil or the machine. The distinction between patterned and non-patterned homonymy, greatly underrated until now, is of far greater importance. In non-patterned homonymy every unit is to be learned separately both from the lexical and grammatical points of view. In patterned homonymy when one knows the lexical meaning of a given word in one part of speech, one can accurately predict the meaning when the same sound complex occurs in some other part of speech, provided, of coarse, that there is sufficient context to guide one.

4. The adverbs parallel forms on-ly are in most cases lower proportion than adverbs, the same form as adjectives. In some cases, the greatest contrast between the percentage use of adverbs, adjectives and grammatical homonyms percentage use of adverbs, parallel forms on-ly are observed in dialogue speech. In this case we are dealing with different stylistic variants e.g. adverbs.: Close - closely, direct - directly, quick - quickly. In other cases, we are faced with a situation where native English dialects are the same form as adjectives, are more powerful than their parallel forms, formed by adding to the base of the adjective suffix-ly. We think that the reason for this is the fact that these adverbs-homonyms, being the older, have, as it were stronger, "valence" in terms of consumption, as a result they managed to "reserve" the most common values.

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