Problems and newspaper articles translation technology
Types and features of texts, the role of different types of newspaper articles in the daily life of mankind. Methods translations of newspaper articles. Grammatical, lexical, phraseological and stylistic difficulties of translation of newspaper articles.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | курсовая работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 24.05.2015 |
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CONTENT
- INTRODUCTION
- TECHNICHQUES OF TRANSLATION IN NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
- Translation and it aims
- The article translation from “The Globe” newspaper
- The article translation from “Sunday” magazine
- Lexical difficulties of translation
- Stylistic difficulties of translation
- The difficulty of translation of set phrases and idioms
- List of set expressions used in different types of newspaper articles
- Conclusion
- Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
To communicate with others, to convince and to find information, to listen, to read and speak - those are what the life consist of and the business life especially. We cannot imagine our life without newspaper. News is a kind of “window” to the world. People can find developments, and sport and fashion news from newspaper. text newspaper article translation
In this Course Paper I've decided to study the techniques of translation in newspaper materials. I would like to study texts, their types and ways of their translation in newspaper style at deep level. I want to consider different translation peculiarities and also difficulties of newspaper's titles translation.
The object of this Course paper gives the detailed review how different kinds of newspaper can be translated into Russian language and on the contrary. Because there a lot of kinds of newspaper. For example: general news, political news, business news, regional news, entrainment news. And all of them have their own translation peculiarities. It is also helps to understand the principal rules of translation process.
Aim: The aim of this work is to show the translation approach in newspaper articles, to make easy perceiving the purpose, to broaden the view on studies and peculiar features of the newspaper translation.
Objects: In this work I set the following tasks:
1. To review all the sources of newspaper articles
2. To reveal all methods of translation in newspaper articles
3. To investigate grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological difficulties of translation in newspaper articles
Methods of my work are:
1. Analysis
2. Comparison
3. Investigation
The practical value of this work includes the translation represents a field aimed at training interpreters to translate verbal and written materials on different subjects to differentiate the language features of English, Russian and other languages as well as special lexicology, phraseology, syntax and style.
The originality of this work is in the creative approach to the study and methods of translations, besides, it contains a detailed review of ways and methods of translation.
The given Course paper contains introduction, two parts, conclusion and bibliography list.
The first part gives a details review of the studying the translation theory, also reveals the role of different kinds of newspaper articles in everyday life of the humanity. It also discussed the methods of translations in newspaper articles with purpose to make it easier for translator to achieve adequate translation in the target language.
The second part shows the detailed study o grammatical, lexical, stylistic difficulties involved in translation of newspaper articles.
In conclusion we have summed up the results of our laborious investigation translation of political literature.
At the end of the research paper the bibliography list is attached to enable information sources used in this Paper.
The materials of newspapers and information genre are constituted the main content of newspaper texts. Usually interpreter of socio-political literature should to translate articles and informational notes from English and American newspapers, and he must to know stylistic peculiarities of such materials very well.
On this basis the aim of this Project Course Paper is to define translation equivalence in texts of newspapers and information materials.
There are following tasks for the goal achievement:
1. To descry the peculiarities of newspaper and journalistic style.
2. To analyze the peculiarities of newspapers and information materials translation.
3. To descry peculiarities of headlines and reductions in English and American newspapers.
4. To translate newspaper articles from English and American newspapers.
5. To analyze the translation.
In this Course Paper are used the method of contextual analysis. The object of this research are the articles from Financial Times, The Globe and Sunday newspapers.
TECHNIQUES OF TRANSLATION IN NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
Translation and its aims
Translation is a process of rendering a text in written or oral form, giving meaning on other languages. The difference of translation from retelling or other kinds of transfer is that translation is a process of creating an original unity in contexts and forms of original. The translation quality is defined by its
completeness and value. “The completeness and value of translation means definite rendering of the contextual sense of the original piece and a high-grade function-stylistic conformity”.
The concept “high-grade functional-stylistic conformity” clearly points on two existing ways of rendering the form in unity with the meaning: the first one is a reproduction of specific features in the original piece and the second one is the translating the specific features of an original literature we should rather consider the style inherent for the given genre but than direct copying the form of an original. While translating, we should also remember that different lexical and grammatical elements of an original might be translated differently if accepted by the norms of conformity to the whole original. The translation adequacy of separate phrases, sentences and paragraphs should not be considered separately but along with achievement of the adequacy and completeness of the translating piece as a whole because the unity of a piece is created through collecting the
components.
No matter how a translator (interpreter) is talented he should remember two the most important conditions of the process of translation.
The first is that the aim of translation is to get the reader as closely as possible acquainted with the context of a given text.
The second is to precisely and completely express meanings of one language the things that had been expressed earlier by the meanings of another language.
A translator can be done:
From one language into another.
From literary language into its dialect or visa versa.
From the language of an ancient period into the modern state.
There are a lot of difficulties and problems in newspaper articles translation. For example the most difficult articles for many translators are medicine and political articles. Also the main problem of every translator is “how to translate the headlines correct”.
Difficulties in translation of newspaper articles
Very often we have to translate newspaper or magazine articles in different topics. In course of translation some questions may arise connected to the translation of newspaper headlines.
The peculiarities of development of the press in USA and Great Britain have made a prominent stylistic influence upon the style of newspaper headlines, the translation of which due to their specific character presents certain difficulties.
A headline in English and American newspapers plays a rather important role; its main goal is to attract the reader's attention, to provoke their interest and even amaze them, and only in the second place a headline is given an informative and explanatory function - conveyance to the reader of the summary of the given article.
Due to such purpose in English and Ameren press a special style of newspaper headlines was formed which has a characteristic feature of great expressiveness of lexical and grammar means.
The headlines are usually written in “telegraphic language”, i.e. they are written in maximally brief and laconic phrases where all the semantically inessential components are dropped.
At the same time, for the aim of securing of maximal understandability headlines are constructed on the basis of common lexis and the simplest grammar means.
There are a few peculiarities of headlines and ways of their translation
1. For attraction of readers' attention to the main idea of the message in the headlines the articles and personal forms of the auxiliary verb to be are usually dropped.
2. The information about recent events is conveyed using Present Indefinite form. This as if brings an event nearer to the reader and enhances their interest.
3. Future action is often rendered using the Infinitive.
4. Sometimes in the headline the predicate is dropped because it is of less importance in the sentence.
5. To attract readers' attention to the predicate and provoke their interest the subject is dropped if it is of less importance then the predicate.
6. The Genitive case due to its structural compactness is used with inanimate nouns instead of the prepositional construction with of.
7. Often popular nicknames and contracted names are used instead of family names of some politicians, actors, sportsmen etc.
8. For giving some emotional tone to the common lexis headlines often employ neologisms, dialectic words, poetic lexis, or slang.
9. Abbreviations and abridgements are widely used.
10. The figurative elements are often employed.
The headlines of English and American newspapers include a range of specific features that require separate approach to their translation.
Ukrainian headlines and the newspaper style in general is more fluent and restricted and the action in them contrary to the headlines of English and American newspapers is rendered more often by a noun then by a verb.
The headlines of English and American newspapers often employ abbreviations, sometimes they are letter abbreviations, and in many cases the meaning of such a headline can be understood only from the text of the article itself.
For example:
NO=OOH; ECM=European Common Market; NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization; WFTU=World Federation of Trade Unions; WFDY == World Federation of Democratic Youth; SEATO=South East Asia Treaty Organization; CENTO=Central Treaty Organization etc.
It is often necessary to read the test of an article before translation of its headline when a headline contains some figurative elements.
In many occasions a tendency to make a headline more intriguing and suspenseful results in that such a headline cannot perform its informative function correctly and actually gives no idea about the content of a notice or an article.
In such occasions a translator should expand the headline by using additional details from the text of an article.
To sum it up, we should stress that contrary to the headlines of scientific and technical articles that as a rule give some insight into the main idea of the article's content and thus in a certain way are the “key” to understanding of the text, for the newspaper headlines the situation is different.
It is often necessary to read the text beforehand to understand and translate its headline correctly. English newspaper text has a certain laconicism that in headlines takes the form of slogan-like concise pieces, being very abrupt and hectic. Our translation should retain brevity but at the same time be more fluent and rhythmical, that is peculiar to our newspaper style in general.
Consider the correctness and equivalence of the translation headliners and content from the example of the article fragment «Gas Games in Central Asia» which was published in “The Moscow News” newspaper:
Gas Games in Central Asia
The heads of the three national oil and gas companies came to Moscow where they held a meeting with Gasprom GEO Alexei Miller. This too was a departure from old traditions where the next year's price of gas was a commercial secret discussed in closely-guarded bilateral meetings. Following this meeting however, Gazprom's press service issued a press release that said: “Based on the interests of national economies and taking into account international obligations to guarantee reliable and uninterrupted deliveries of energy resources, starting in 2009 Central Asian countries well sell their natural gas for European prices”.
Игры вокруг газа Центральной Азии
Главы трёх национальных компаний нефти и газа приехали в Москву, где провели совещание с исполнительным директором Газпрома Алексеем Миллером. Это было отступлением от старых традиций, где цена на газ в следующем году оставалась коммерческой тайной, обсуждаемой на двусторонних встречах за закрытыми дверями. После этой встречи пресс-служба Газпрома выпустила пресс-релиз, в котором сообщалось: «основываясь на интересах национальных экономик и принимая во внимание международные обязательства, гарантировать надежные и непрерывные поставки энергоресурсов, начиная с 2009 года центрально-азиатские страны начнут, поставлять их природный газ по европейским ценам».
Analyzed this translation It should be noted that the task was
not very difficult, because speech design of the both language are simple.
Newspaper and journalist style are distinguished by big variety. The informational articles are more compact and business-like. The punctuality of such articles are often needed in syntactical sentence restructuring, structural
changes and lexical correspondences using. For example:
(ST) Taking part in the discussion with the President will be the new Secretary of State, the Defence Secretary and the special assistant to the President for National Security Affairs.
(TT) В совещании с президентом будут принимать участие новый государственный секретарь, министр обороны и специальной помощник президента по вопросам национальной безопасности.
For translating of this brief article was needed sentence restructuring.
Lexical and grammatical substitutions in following except also cannot be considered as punctuality breach in translating.
(ST) The New Zealand earthquake was followed by tremors lasting an hour. No loss of life was reported.
(TT) За землетрясением в Новой Зеландии последовали подземные толчки, которые продолжались час. Согласно сообщениям, жертв не было.
Passive construction in the first sentence are transferred by Active. The definition “New Zealand” transferred by place circumstance, because combination
Новозеландское землетрясение is impossibly in Russian language. Passive construction in the second sentence is translated by phraseological combination.
Translation equivalence definition in texts of the newspaper journal materials.
1. The translation from “Financial Times” newspaper.
Financial Times July 18\July 19 2003
(ST)Yeltsin calls for repentance as Russia buries Unknown Tsar They came to bury Russia's last tsar, not to praise him. Indeed, such was the controversy surrounding yesterday's ceremony in ST Petersburg that the church would not even name him during the funeral service.
Instead, he remains of Nikholas II, his beloved wife Alexsandra, three of their daughters and four of their servants were lowered into the vaults of the ST Peter and Paul cathedral, while a priest prayed “for all those tortured and killed in the year of bitter persecution for the faith in Christ”.
Truly, this was the funeral of the Unknown Tsar, as the local newspapers called it.
Yet the service, which had caused such acrimonious divisions within the Russian Orthodox church, among the descendants of the Romanov family and across society at large, was given greater dignity by President Boris Yeltsin's attendance after a last minute change of mind.
In a powerful speech, Mr. Yeltsin described the murders of the tsarist
family by the Bolsheviks exactly 80 years ago as “one of the most shameful pages in our history”. “For long years we were silent about this monstrous crime but it is now necessary to the truth”, he said.
The burial was an act of “human justice”, Mr. Yeltsin said, appealing to his compatriots to put aside all differences of political views, religious beliefs and ethnic origins, and enter the next century in a spirit of repentance and reconciliation.
The 90-minute service that followed was a simple, moving ceremony, but not one marked open displays of emotion. Amid plumes of incense, Orthodox priests, dressed in glittering gold robes, chanted for
eternal life to overcome darkness. As the small coffins were laid to rest in the grounds where most of the Romanov dynasty are buried, the cathedral's bells rang out across the Neva river. A salute of guns then boomed over Russia's imperial capital.
About 50 members of the Romanov family attended the service, as well as few of Russia leading politicians and cultural figures, foreign diplomats and Britain's Prince Michel of Kent. But the crowds outside were sparse.
Opposite the main entrance of the Peter and Poule fortress, a gaggle of assorted protesters promoted a lucky dip of ideological lunacies. The most vocal was the so-called Popular Patriotic Movement, which claimed the tsar's murder was the result of the “Jewish Fascism” which supposedly held Russia in its sway from 1917 until Stalin's death in 1953.
Henrietta Fedyotova, a retired engineer who grew up in the Urals region where the tsar was murdered, said the funeral marked by
ambiguities. She welcomed Mr Yeltsin's decision to attend but said
it was a pity he had destroyed the lpatyev house, site of the murders, when he was Communist party boss of Sverdlovsk.
“In our textbooks we always learned about `Bloody Nicholas' and we did not know any different,” she said. “But I saw some Romanovs on television last night and they seemed a pleasant and decent family.
“Times change but life in this country does not get any better. Maybe if
these events had not happened in 1918 then he would be living normally now.”
(TT) Россия хоронит Неизвестного царя, и Ельцин призывает народ к раскаянию
Последний русский царь был похоронен, но не восхвален. Такое противоречие окружало вчерашнюю церемонию в Санкт-Петербурге, церковные служители даже не называли царя по имени во время похоронной службы.
Во время похорон Николая II, его возлюбленной жены Александры, троих дочерей и четверых слуг в склепе собора святых Петра и Павла священник молился «за всех замученных и убиенных в года ожесточенного преследования за веру в Христа». Местные газеты назвали это похоронами Неизвестного царя.
Эта церковная служба вызвала резкие разногласия в русской Ортодоксальной церкви в семье Романовых и во всем обществе. Президент России Борис Ельцин в последнюю минуту изменил свое мнение и почтил службу своим присутствием.
В своей речи президент описал убийство царской семьи большевиками как «одна из самых постыдных страниц нашей истории». Долгие годы мы молчали об этом чудовищном преступлении, но пора рассказать правду». Президент отметил, что эти похороны были актом «человеческого правосудия». Он обратился к своим соотечественникам, чтобы прекратить все разногласия в политических взглядах религиозных верованиях и этническом происхождении и войти в новый век с духом раскаяния и согласования.
Служба была очень волнующей, но никто не показывал своих чувств. Среди аромата ладана Ортодоксальные священники, одетые в сверкающие, расшитые золотом сутаны воспевали вечную жизнь и преодоление тьмы.
Небольшие гробы были погребены в склепе династии Романовых.
Над Невой был слышен звон колоколов собора. Затем над имперской столицей прозвучал оружейный залп.
На службе присутствовали 50 членов семьи Романовых, несколько ведущих российских политических деятелей и представители культурных кругов страны, иностранные дипломаты и Британский принц Кента Майкл. Но снаружи было немноголюдно.
Напротив главного входа в собор Святых Петра и Павла собрались митингующие, выкрикивающие лозунги об окончании идеологического безумия. Большинство присутствующих являются членами так называемого «Общественного патриотического движения», которое придерживается взглядов, что убийство царя является результатом еврейского фашизма в России с 1917 года и до смерти Сталина в 1953 году.
Пенсионерка Генриетта Федотова, которая выросла в Уральской области, где был убит царь, говорит, что эти похороны были двусмысленными. Она приветствовала решение президента присутствовать на погребении, но сожалеет, что он разрушил Ипатеевский дом, место убийства царской семьи, будучи Первым секретарем Обкома Партии Свердловска.
«В наших учебниках нам всегда рассказывали о «кровавом Николае» и мы не знали ничего другого, говорит она, но я видела семью Романовых по телевизору прошлой ночью и они показались мне приятными и достойными людьми. Времена меняются, но жизнь в этой стране остаётся прежней. Может быть, если бы не произошли эти события в 1918 году, то мы бы жили сейчас лучше».
The article translation from “The Globe” newspaper
The Globe. 26.10.2000
Florida Researches Stumped by Dead Sharks
(ST) Decaying dead sharks covered half a mile of Florida beaches on the Gulf of Mexico on Wednesday, puzzling biologists who could not explain the mass death.
“I've never seen anything like this,” said Dr.Enric Cortes, a biologist
a for the National Marine Fisheries Service. “Mass mortalities in sharks are very unusual.”
Cortes said the mysterious death probably occurred over the weekend. About 85 percent of the sharks were back tips and the rest were Atlantic sharp nose, he said. Most were juveniles 3.5 to 4 feet long.
A researcher for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reported that some of the animals appeared to be bleeding from the nostrils and gills, something biologists speculated could have been caused by a viral infection.
Cortes said he saw no blood on the 100-plus carcasses he inspected on Tuesday, nor were there any signs the sharks had been injured by fishing nets or long-line gear.
An algae bloom known as red tide has been reported in the area, but it would have killed other fishes and sea life, and no other species was dead, Cortes said.
The sharks may have died from a low level of oxygen in the shallow waters, he speculated.
Biologist collected tissue samples to send to the Florida Marine
Researches Institute in St. Petersburg to check for signs of red tide.
Red tide occurs when micro algae burst, releasing reddish brown toxins into the water. It can kill fish and cause respiratory irritations and watery eyes in humans.
The carcasses were being preyed upon by crabs and shore birds, and no plans were made to remove them because the area is not heavily frequented by people, Cortes said.
Ученые Флориды поражены массовой гибелью акул
(ТТ) Разлагающиеся туши акул покрыли на прошлой неделе пляжи мексиканского залива, поставив в тупик биологов, пытающихся выяснить причину их массовой гибели.
«Я никогда не видел ничего подобного, - заявил доктор Энрик Кортес, биолог национальной службы морского рыболовства, - массовая гибель акул совершенно необычное явление.»
Кортес отметил, что таинственная гибель акул произошла, неделю назад, большинство погибших - молодняк от 3,5 до 4 футов в длину.
Один из исследователей рыбоохранной службы США сообщил, что у некоторых животных отмечалось кровотечение из жаберных щелей; по мнению биологов, причиной кровоточивости могла стать вирусная инфекция.
Бурный рост морских водорослей в регионе, известный под названием «красный прилив», по мнению Кортеса, вряд ли имеет отношение к гибели акул, иначе гибли бы и другие морские животные. Возможно, причиной является пониженное содержание кислорода на мелководье, - предположил он.
Биологи представили образцы тканей акул в институт морских исследований в Санкт-Петербурге на предмет выявления причастности «красного прилива» к тому, что произошло.
«Красный прилив» появляется во время массового размножения микроскопических водорослей, при этом в воду выделяется красноватый токсин, который может убивать рыб, вызывать слезотечение у людей.
«Туши акул стали добычей крабов и морских птиц, их не удаляли, поскольку люди избегают посещать этот район», - отметил Кортес.
The article translation from “Sunday” magazine
(ST) What the rich and famous did for living before they hit the big time
Jennifer Aniston “I sold timeshares over the phone but I wasn't very good at it because I didn't like disturbing people.”
Minnie Driver “I worked as a waitress in Polish restaurant. I didn't know what people were saying!”
Hugh Grant “I had a job cleaning the ladies' toilets at the West London branch of IBM.
Geri Hallowell “I had six jobs a week to pay for a demo tape. Two cleaning jobs, working behind a bar, aerobics, selling dodgy watches, game show hostess...”
Sinead O'Connor “I was a kiss gram and I once had to do it for my stepsister's headmaster. I gave it up after that.”
Rufus Sewell “I had to wear a Mr Wimpy suit outside Wimpy in Cheswick, West London, and all the kids would go `Sod off' and kick me in the shin.”
John Malkovich “When I was about 20, I was a forest firefighter in Glacier National Park in Canada.”
Bjork “I went out selling books on the Icelandic legends. People always invited me in for coffee and then we'd read the books together.”
(TT) Как богатые и знаменитые зарабатывали на жизнь пока не пришло их время…
Дженифер Анистон «Я продавала таймер по телефону, но не очень хорошо справлялась с этим, так как не люблю беспокоить людей».
Минни Драйвэ «Я работала официанткой в одном польской ресторане и не понимала не слова из того, что говорили люди.»
Хью Грант «Я мыл женские туалеты в Вест Лондонском филиале АйБиЭм.»
Джери Халливэл «Я работала на шести работах в неделю, чтобы выпустить свой первый демо альбом. Две работы уборщицы, одна за стойкой бара, аэробика, продажа дешевых часов, игровое шоу для домохозяек…»
Шинэд О'Коннор «Я была киссограмом и однажды я должна была делать это для директора школы где училась моя сводная сестра.
После этого я ушла с этой работы.
Руфус Сивелл «Я должен был носить костюм мистера Гамбургера на улице в Чисвике, Вест Лондоне и все дети обзывали меня и бил по ногам.»
Джон Малкович «Около 20 лет я был лесным пожарным в Гласиерском национальном парке в Канаде.»
Бйорк «Я продавала на улице книги о Исландских легендах. Люди всегда приглашали меня в дом на чашечку кофе и затем мы читали эти книги вместе.»
There are 5 types of equivalence:
1. The equivalence of the first type translation is maintained in that part of the original contents which constituted the communication aim.
2. At the second type of equivalence the general part of the original
content and translation are not transferred only the similar communication aim but also reflects the same extralinguistic situation.
3. At the third type of equivalence there is a lack of parallelism of lexical and syntactic structure.
4. At the fourth type of equivalence as well as in the third type
the substantial part of original syntactic structures values are reproduced in translation.
5. At the final, the fifth type of equivalence achieved the maximal closeness content degree of original and translation, which can be between texts in different languages.
Lexical difficulties of translation
Every word in a language carries some concrete notion. The semantic of a word reflects different signs of the subject and the relation of its meanings of other objects it denotes. The semantic of a word includes word perception characteristics to the studied language, being more precise to the bearers of the studied language. When studying yhe reality of some object we can indentify that its name reveals its function in the semantics of the word. Let's take as an example the word glasses - очки. In English it reveals the substance of which the object is made in Russian firstly it reveals its function - second eyes - глаза.
Despite distinguishing all kinds of differences we should say that, both languages sufficiently reflect one and the same perception of reality. Therefore the difficulty stylistic devices represents to a translator is based on word play, if in corresponding words of both languages are featured different signs.
The second reason, causing lexical difficulties to translation of different types of newspaper articles is the difference in the semantic volume of a word. In every language a word exists in a close connection with the lexical-semantic system of a given language. It may have various kinds of lexical meanings (lexical-semantic) variants; it may widen or narrow its meaning and make it more abstract or concrete.
The third reason presenting lexical difficulties in translation the difference in combinability. Words in language have some definite relation characteristic only to given language. It should be mentioned that word combinability is possible if
words point to similar objects they denote. This difference of word combinability are easily accepted in one of languages and are completely unacceptable in other languages.
Last but not the least is the accepted usage of words in a language. It is, of course related to the development of given languages and formation of its lexical
system. Every language worked out its own clicks and some set expressions used speakers, nevertheless those word expressions are not phraseological units but they possess complete form, which, in comparison with the phraseological units, are never broken by adding some introductory words or substitution of some of its elements.
Stylistic difficulties of translation
In the previous chapter we carefully considered the grammatical and lexical transformations that occur while translating political literature from English into Russian. And we have figured out that most of these reasons are rooted in national and cultural settings of both languages.
Practically, stylistic devices in almost all languages are similar still though their functions in speech vary. Identical stylistic devices are used differently in
languages; they perform different functions and have different value in stylistic system of their language what actually explains their necessity when transformations in translation occur. The stylistic changes are as necessary as grammatical or lexical ones. While applying some grammatical or
lexical transformation in translation the translator is guided by principle of rendering grammatical of lexical meaning. When rendering stylistic meaning of the source text a translator should be guided by the same principle - to recreate in translation the same impression that might be left by the original text.
A translator should not try to preserve the stylistic devices given in the sentence, but reproduce its function in the target language.
We should not forget that almost all stylistic devices are multi functional. It is like when polysemantic words in English and Russian languages do not coincide in their lexical-semantic variants and the same is when differ the function of
identical stylistic device. Thus when comparing stylistic devices we can easily indentify complete correspondence, partial correspondence and even sometimes absence of correspondence and their functions.
To illustration it we can compare alliteration in the English and Russian languages. The function of alliteration coincides in both languages- in this function alliteration is one of the basic devices of poetic speech. However the usage of alliteration for pleasant sounding in prose is more characteristic for the English language, than for Russian. The second function of alliteration is logical. Alliteration emphasizes close relationship between components of the statement. Especially brightly alliteration shows the unity of an epithet with an attributed word.
The third function of alliteration in English language - to attract attention of the reader - is widely used in the names of literary works, newspaper headings and often in articles.
The use of alliteration is a convincing acknowledgement that various functions of stylistic devices in different languages do not always coincide in usage.
We have already discussed functional translation of stylistic devices But it is extremely important to distinguish in the translated text original and imagined alliterations so that to avoid unnecessary emphasizing and to keep stylistic equivalence which divsents necessary component of adequate translation, there is a constant danger to smooth and de-color the original text or, the contrary, to make translation brighter and stylistically colored. But sometimes a translator consciously applies some «smoothing» or neutralization in other words.
Repetition as you know is a more widesdivad stylistic device in the English language, than in Russian.
In some cases repetition as the stylistic device should be necessarily kept in translation, but for the difference in combinability and various semantic structures of polysemantic words or words of wide meaning in English and Russian languages the translator has to change and replace some of elements.
The repetition is widely used with stylistic purposes in newspaper publicity. In these cases the translator is compelled to apply stylistic changes, make substitution or omission.
A policy of see no stagnation, hear no stagnation, speak no stagnation has had too long a run for our money.
Слишком долго мы расплачиваемся за политику полного игнорирования и замалчивания застоя в нашей экономике.
The triple repetition of no stagnation has been omitted in translation, though is partially compensated by the use of synonymic pair at a word (stagnation), but neutralization is evident in translation. The neutralization happened when translating the phraseological unit to have (too long) a run for our money.
Among stylistic devices used in political literature rather frequent there are synonymic and alliterated pairs. The use of such pairs is traditional for all styles of the English language including business style as well. When translating official as
documents such pairs are frequently by one word. For example, the just and equitable treatment of all nations from UN Charter is given in Russian as справедливое отношение ко всем нациям, for in Russian there is no absolute synonym for the word just.
The difficulty of translation of set phrases and idioms
As far as idioms and phraseological units are concerned in translation, the first difficulty that a translator comes across is being able to recognize that s/he is dealing with an idiomatic exdivssion. This is not always so obvious. There are various types of idioms, some more easily recognizable than others. Those which are easily recognizable include exdivssions which violate truth conditions, such as silent as a grave (я могила), when pigs fly (когда рак на горе свистнет), storm in a tea cup (буря в стакане воды), when two Sundays come together (когда луна с солнцем встретятся), As pale as a ghost (бледный, как смерть). They also include exdivssions which seem ill-formed because they do not follow
the grammatical rules of the language, for example the light fantastic, blow someone to kingdom come, put paid to, the powers that be, by and large, and the world and his friend. Exdivssions which start with like (simile-like structures) also tend to suggest that they should not be interdivted literally. These include idioms such as like a bat out of hell and like water off a duck's back. Generally speaking, the more difficult an exdivssion is to understand and the less sense it makes in a given context, the more likely a translator will recognize it as an idiom. Because they do not make sense if interdivted literally, the highlighted exdivssions in the following text are easy to recognize as idioms (assuming one is not already familiar with them)
This can only be done, I believe, by a full and frank airing of the issues. I urge you all to speak your minds and not to pull any punches.
Provided a translator has access to good reference works and monolingual dictionaries of idioms, or, better still, is able to consult native speakers of the language, opaque idioms which do not make sense for one reason or another can actually be a blessing in disguise. The very fact that s/he cannot make sense of an
exdivssion in a particular context will alert the translator to the divsence of an idiom of some sort.
There are two cases in which an idiom can be easily misinterdivted if one is not already familiar with it:
(a) Some idioms are `misleading'; they seem transparent because they offer a reasonable literal interdivtation and their idiomatic meanings are not necessarily signalled in the surrounding text. A large number of idioms in English, and probably all languages, have both a literal and an idiomatic meaning, for
example go out with (`have a romantic or sexual relationship with someone') and take someone for a ride (`deceive or cheat someone in some way'). Such idioms lend themselves easily to manipulation by speakers and writers who will sometimes play on both their literal and idiomatic meanings. In this case, a translator who is not familiar with the idiom in question may easily accept the literal interdivtation and miss the play on idiom.
(b) An idiom in the source language may have a very close counterpart in the target language which looks similar on the surface but has a totally or partially different meaning. For example, the idiomatic question - Has the cat had got your tongue? is used in English to urge someone to answer a question or contribute to a conversation, particularly when their failure to do so becomes annoying.
LIST OF SET EXPRESSIONS USED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES
(ST) Absolute rule n
(TT) самовластие
(ST) bar the way to war v
(TT) преграждать путь к войне
(ST) basic war plan n
(TT) основной стратегический план
(ST) beam the opposition v
(TT) подавлять сопротивление
(ST) brush blaze n
(TT) локальная война
(ST) conduct diplomacy v
(TT) проводить дипломатию
(ST) conduct of disarmament negotiations n
(TT) ведение переговоров по разогружению
(ST) consolidation of peace n
(TT) укрепление мира
(ST) construction of all-embracing system of international security n
(TT) создание всеобъемлющей системы международной безопасности
(ST) consultative board n
(TT) консультативный совет
(ST) contending nation n
(TT) воюющее государство
(ST) diplomatic attack n
(TT) дипломатическая атака
(ST) diplomatic co-operation n
(TT) дипломатическое сотрудничество
(ST) diplomatic decision n
(TT) дипломатическое решение
(ST) disarmament issue n
(TT) проблема разоружения
(ST) maintain mastery v
(TT) удерживать господство в воздухе
(ST) maintain neutrality v
(TT) соблюдать нейтралитет
(ST) maintain stability v
(TT) поддерживать стабильность
(ST) negotiating atmosphere n
(TT) атмосфера на переговорах
(ST) negotiating forum n
(TT) форум для переговоров
(ST) negotiating parties n
(TT) договаривающиеся стороны
(ST) negotiating priority n
(TT) приоритетный вопрос на переговорах
(ST) negotiating process n
(TT) процесс переговоров
(ST) top secret adv
(TT) секретно
(ST) top priority a
(TT) первоочередной
(ST) topical problem n
(TT) актуальная проблема
(ST) topicality of proposals n
(TT) актуальность предложений
(ST) treaty assessment n
(TT) оценка действия договора
(ST) treaty of unlimited duration n
(TT) бессрочный договор
(ST) under the conditions of openness adv
(TT) в условиях гласности
(ST) under the conditions of peace ad
(TT) в условиях мира
(ST) under the eagis of the United Nations adv
(TT) под эгидой ООН
CONCLUSION
In the given Qualification Paper we have investigated various translation methods of newspaper articles from English into Russian. We tried to give a detailed study of the features of translation of newspaper articles for it is one of the types of translation that has not been studied in details in our country up to this time.
The aim of this work was to introduce the translation approach to newspaper articles so that to make it easy to perceive for those willing to keep up their education and scientific carrier in the science of translation, it was purposed to broaden their view on translation studied and peculiar features while translating articles.
In this work we've completed the following tasks:
- we've reviewed different types of newspaper articles
- methods of translation of different types of newspaper articles have been carefully studied
- the grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological difficulties of translation of newspaper articles were discussed
The originality of this work is in its creative approach to the study of methods, besides, it contains a detailed review of ways methods of translation.
Using the following methods:
1. Analysis
2. Comparison
3. Investigation
No matter how a translator (interpreter) is talented he should remember two the most important conditions of the process of translation.
The first is that the aim of translation is to get the reader as closely as possible acquainted with the context of a given text.
During this Research I have faced with some difficulties.
Grammar: The translation process of political literature from one language into another is inevitable without necessary grammatical transformations (change of structure).
Partial conformity and unconformity in meaning and usage of corresponding forms and constructions also demands grammatical transformations.
Grammatical transformations maybe divided into following types:
- Substitution
- Transposition
- Omission (ellipsis)
- Supplementation
Lexical: Every word in a language carries some concrete notion. The semantics of a word reflects different signs of the subject and the relation of its meanings to other objects it denotes.
Despite distinguishing all kinds of differences we should say that, both languages sufficiently reflect one and the same perception of reality. Therefore the difficulty stylistic devices represents to a translator is based on word play, if in corresponding words of both languages are featured different signs.
Stylistic: Practically, stylistic devices in almost all languages are similar still though their functions in speech vary.
We should not forget that almost all stylistic devices are multi-functional. It is like when polysemantic words in English and Russian languages do not coincide in their lexical-semantic variants and the same is when differ the function of identical stylistic device. Thus when comparing stylistic devices we can easily identify complete correspondence and their function. Concerning the translation of comparison as a stylistic device, the difficulties arise only if the words of English and Russian languages are various in the semantic structure. We have already considered in the chapter of lexical transformations the question of translation of such terms and now we would like to give the example.
Set phrases and idioms: As far as idioms and phraseological units are concerned in translation, the first difficulty that a translator comes across is being able to recognize that s/he is dealing with an idioms expression. This is not always so obvious.
The originality of this work is in its creative approach to the study of methods of translation, besides, it contains a detailed review of ways and methods of translation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Barhudarov L.S., Grammar, Moscow 1965.
2. Davidson S., Comparative Politics, Washington State University, 1996.
3. English-Russian idioms, Almaty 2003.
4. Levitskaya T.R. & A.M. Fitterman Translation difficulties, “International Relations” Publishing house, Moscow 1967.
5. Zrajevskaya L.M. & Belyaeva, Difficulties of translation from English into Russian, Moscow Publishing House, 1972.
6. Basnett-McGuire, translation features, New York Publishing house 1980.
7. Malchevskaya, Exercise book on translation of humanitarian texts, Saint Petersburg 1980.
8. Arnold I.V., Modern English. Textbook for high schools. , 2002.
9. Schweitzer A.D., Translation and linguistics, 1980.
10. Komisarov V.N., Linguistics in Translation, 2000.
11. Rasinkina N.M., Functional stylistics of English.
12. Pual Falla, The Oxford Russian Dictionary Oxford-Moscow, 1997.
13. Turaeva Z.Y., Text Linguistics. Text: Structure and Semantics, 2001.
Newspaper and magazines:
1. Financial Times, 1998.
2. Money, 2001.
3. New York Daily News, 2000.
4. The Times, 2004.
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