Stylistic devices
Phonetics as a branch of linguistics that studies speech sounds and sound structure of the language. The human voice and his pointing out the subtle nuances of meaning. Comparison of synonymous statements. Education the number of linguistic units.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | реферат |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 21.05.2015 |
| Размер файла | 12,2 K |
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1) The expressive means are those:
1. Phonetic means;
2. Morphological forms;
3. means of word-building;
4. Lexical forms;
5. Phraseological forms;
6. Syntactical forms
All of which function in the language for emotional or logical intensification of the utterance. The most powerful expressive means of any language are phonetic. The human voice can indicate subtle nuances of meaning. Melody, stress, whispering, pausation, intonation and other ways of using the voice are more effective than any other means in intensifying the utterance emotionally or logically. Among the morphological expressive means the use of the Present Indefinite instead of the Past Indefinite must be mentioned first. It is named the Historical Present (ex. Susan's novels).
In describing some past event the author uses the present tense, thus achieving a more vivid picture of what was going on. Or the use of “shall” in the 2nd and 3rd person may also be regarded as an expressive means. Compare the following synonymous statements: 1. He shall do it (=I shall make him do it - threat). 2. He has to do it (=It's necessary for him to do it). Among word-building means we find many forms which serve to make the utterance more expressive and fresh. The diminutive suffixes as -y (ie), -let (e.g. dearie, streamlet) add some emotional colouring to the words. At the lexical level there are a great many words which due to their inner expressiveness, constitute a special layer.
There are words with emotive meaning only (like interjections - Oh, Ah, Wow); words which still retain a twofold meaning; denotative or connotative, or words belonging to special groups of literary English or of non-standard English (poetic, archaic, slang). The expressive power of these words cannot be doubted, especially when they are compared with the neutral vocabulary. Phraseological level. The same can be said of the set-expressions of the language (e.g. when in Leeds: our farewell party, my speech: “I've got a frog in my throat…”).
Proverbs and sayings as well as catch-words, idioms form a considerable number of language units which serve to make speech more emphatic. (In every-day speech you often hear such phrases as “I will only add fuel to the fire”, which can easily be replaced by synonymous neutral expressions, like “It will only make the situation worse”. Finally, at the syntactical level there are many constructions which, being set against synonymous ones will reveal a certain degree of logical and emotional emphasis. Ex.: 1. I have never seen such a film. 2. Never have I seen such a film. 1. Mr. Smith came in first. 2. It was Mr. Smith who came in first. The second structure in each pair contains emphatic elements. They cause intensification of the utterance. phonetics linguistics language
There are many other syntactical patterns which serve to intensify emotional quality: He is a brute of a man, is John. Isn't she pretty! Fool that he was! NB. These expressive means of the English language have so far been very little investigated except, perhaps, certain set expressions and to some extent affixation. Most of them still await researches! (They are widely used for stylistic purposes, but these purposes likewise have not yet been adequately explained and hardly at all specified). Stylistics, however, observes not only the nature of an expressive means, but also its potential capacity of becoming a stylistic device. What then is a stylistic device? It is a conscious and intentional literary use of some of the facts of the language (including expressive means) in which the most essential features of the language forms are raised to a generalized (!) level. Most stylistic devices aim at the further intensification of the emotional or logical emphases contained in the corresponding expressive means.
2. Stylistic devices form a special group of language means which are more abstract in nature than the expressive means (compare metaphor (?) and diminutive suffix -let). Expressive means and stylistic devices are widely used in HUMOUR. It's but natural! Humour itself is the expressive means! We laugh not only because the situation is funny, humorous. We laugh because the language is terrific! Let's see some of the examples: (See: Richard Lederer “Crazy English”). Expressive means in this book may already be found on the back cover of the book where the annotation is given as a characteristics of the book and author: Cp: “In his book, master wordsmith (compared with the neutral locksmith) Richard Lederer has delighted us (compare with the neutral instructed) with his lighthearted looks at our amusing and abusing English language”. (NB: epithets here are stylistically coloured). Then Lederer is called by different newspapers as: a) “columnist extraordinaire” (“The New Yorker”); b) “abbot of absurdity” (Boston Globe”); c) “one-man band of linguistic paradoxes” (“Chicago Tribune”).
They conclude with the words: “In this edition Lederer adds a giggly-gaggle of linguistic absurdities. “Crazy English” is perfect laugh-out-loud entertainment, guaranteed to keep you figuratively glued to your seat while you fall heels over head in love with our loopy language”. “Lederer's delight in English is itself delightful and contagious”. “If I had been given this book to read in high school or college… I would have grown up thinking of my own language as a magic moving sea of possibilities and not as a corset for my mind.
The final paragraph ought to be read in every English class in the land and the book ought to be set alongside “The Elements of Style” by Strunk and White as an equal classic” (Robert Fulghum, author of “All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten”). So: One of the objects of stylistic study is language means employed for pragmatic purposes, i.e. the purpose of causing an impact, a reaction. So stylistic means can show you how to acquire the words; the rest is up to you. “And, - oh, yes if, after reading this book, you should happen to marry the boss's daughter or the boss's son, it won't be because of your increased knowledge. The only words you'll need for that are: “I love you”. They still do the trick”.
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