The evolution of grammatical categories of English noun
The definition of "noun", its use in sentences. Characteristics of the main features of English nouns, their grammatical classes and categories. Consideration of grammatical number as a sign of semantic number. Morphological Classification of Nouns.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | курсовая работа |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 04.04.2016 |
| Размер файла | 43,5 K |
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In Early NE it extended to, more nouns to the new words of the growing English vocabulary and to many words, which built their plural in a different way in ME or employed -es as one of the variant endings. The pi ending -es (as well as the ending -es of the Gen. case) underwent several phonetic changes: the voicing of fricatives and the loss of unstressed vowels in final syllables. The following examples show the development of the ME pl inflection -es in Early NE under different phonetic conditions.
The ME pl ending -en, used as a variant marker with some nouns (and as the main marker in the weak declension in the Southern dialects) lost its former productivity, so that in Standard ME it is found only in oxen, brethern, and children. (The two latter words originally did not belong to the weak declension: OE broрor, a-stem, built its plural by means of a root-vowel interchange; OE cild, took the ending -ru: cild--cildru; -en was added to the old forms of the pl in ME; both words have two markers of the pl.). The small group of ME nouns with homonymous forms of number (ME deer, hors, thing,) has been further reduced to three «exceptions» in ME: deer, sheep and swine. The group of former root-stems has survived only as exceptions: man, tooth and the like. Not all irregular forms in ME are traces of OE declensions; forms like data, nuclei, antennae have come from other languages together with the borrowed words.
It follows that the majority of English nouns have preserved and even reinforced the formal distinction of Number in the Comm. case. Meanwhile they have practically lost these distinctions in the Gen. case, for Gen. has a distinct form in the pi. only with nouns whose pl ending is not -es.
Despite the regular neutralisation of number distinctions in the Gen, case we can say that differentiation of Number in nouns has become More explicit and more precise. The functional load and the frequency of occurrence of the Comm. case are certainly much higher than those of the Gen.; therefore the regular formal distinction of Number in the Comm. case is more important than its neutralisation in the Gen. case.
Conclusion
In the conclusion of this work, we would like to say some words according the done investigation.
In the present paper we attempted to investigate the noun, the main part of speech in English grammar. We chose the noun as the theme of the course work because we are interested in it. We used different kind of references to investigate the noun. In other words, we studied the main aspects of English nouns: grammatical categories, semantic characteristics, and rule of correct use of English nouns.
The main part of this course paper consists of following items:
· «The history of English noun», as it is seen from the title in this part that has given the definition to the term noun.
· «Semantic Characteristics of nouns» This chapter considered English nouns from due their semantic meaning.
· «Category of Case» in this chapter we described the category of case of English nouns
· «Category of Number». In this part given the definition to the category of number of English nouns, described different types of numbers of nouns in English
The present material can be used at the lessons of grammar, practical course of English language, lexicology, and speech practice in both universities and English classes at schools. This paper can help to create the teaching aids, textbooks, etc. Teachers and students might use the results of the present work for the further investigations.
Bibliography
1. B. Ilyish, The Structure of Modern English.
2. V.N. Zhigadlo, I.P. Ivanova, L.L. Iofik». Modern English language» (Theoretical course grammar) Moscow, 1956 y.
3. Gordon E.M. The Use of adjectives in modern English.
4. «History of English» by Rastorguyeva, pp.98-99
5. Г.Н. Воронцова. Очерки по грамматике английского языка. М., 1960
6. O. Jespersen. Essentials of English Grammar. N.Y., 1938
7. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. - М., 1981. - 285 c.
8. Ch. Barber. Linguistic change in Present-Day English. Edinburgh, 1964
9. Л.С. Бархударов, Д.А. Штелинг. Грамматика английского языка. М., 1960, р. 35
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