Proper names and their use of the English language

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Contents

Introduction

1. The theory of a proper name

1.1 The problem of defining a proper name

1.2 Classification of proper names

2. Proper names in fantasy

2.1 Proper names in «Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince»

2.2 The usage of proper names in “Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince”

Conclusion

References

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Introduction

Proper names are names of persons, places or certain special things. In the English language proper names are typically capitalized nouns. Proper name plays an important role in a literary work. They point to the setting, social classes and nationality of characters. The names containing in their stems components of common nouns and of other parts of speech, can, along with their nominal function, carry out the function of characterizing a person or a place.

The proper name refers to the linguistic means of transmitting basic emotional content in a concise form. Due to such natural properties as a challenge associations and representations, the proper name can have the main meaning.

All languages have particular personal names, some of which are deeply rooted in the culture of the speakers of the specific language; consequently, they can pose unique difficulties in the comprehension of culture-specific texts. It is interesting to note that some personal names have specific connotations.

Proper names are different personality, certain specific with respect to the designated object. In this case, the proper name characterizes the sound object, rather than lexical meaning.

The object of the study is proper names in English language. The subject of the work is proper names in J. Rowling novel «Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince». The aim of the work is to find out the most popular type of proper names in English language.

In this regard, the main objectives of the work are:

1) to study the theory of proper names;

2) to study classifications of proper names;

3) to draw up the classification of proper name in the book «Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince»; proper name fantasy

Material for research and comparative analysis is the books of J.K. Rowling “Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince”.

Proper names help to break language barriers, but they posses difficult semantic structure, unique features, etimology, numerous communications with other units and categories of language.

I. The theory of a proper name

1.1 The problem of defining a proper name

In order to prepare the theoretical basis for the work we needed to analyze the very term “proper name”.

The proper name - is a universal functional-semantic category of nouns, a special type of verbal signs, designed to isolate and identify individual objects (animate and inanimate) expressing individual concepts and general ideas about these objects in language, speech and culture of the people.

In addition to the above definition, there is another definition. "Proper names - a group of vocabulary, which has the unique correlation with the phenomena of reality».(T.I.Alexeeva,1977:84). Consequently, they are able to represent the object not only as Lingual-ethnical realities, but also - primarily - as a special, exclusive, can not be generalized phenomenon in the world. In any case, proper names stand out in the written text in Russian and in any European language in capital letters"

In modern linguistics proper names often are defined as the calling lexical units, unlike nominal words which are considered as the designating units. In other words, the main function of the proper names - nominative, intended for distinction of the same objects.

The English online encyclopedias give the follows materials concerning the proper names: “Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities. For example, "John", "Jupiter" and "America" are proper nouns” [1,34].

Matthews said that the specific nature of names is often described in conditions of the differences between proper nouns and common nouns. As he said common noun, is a name whose “application is not restricted to arbitrarily distinguished members of a class” [5,234]. For example, a scent or a woman is a common noun that may be used in reference to any aroma or any female. But if they are linked together “Scent of a woman” it is the title of a film, a proper name, but in the referred literature there is no evidence to prove the obvious fact. Well, let us to return to the problem and now to look at the definition of proper name by this scholar. To his mind proper noun is understood as “the name of a specific individual or of a set of individuals distinguished only by their having that name” [5,235]. The strong point of this definition is as follows: the author allows the possibility of repetition.

We can also say that there is a scientific approval of a fact that two compound, i.e. of more than one word film titles can exist and be unique in the sense of regarding to two different pictures as well as in the case with two namesakes. It means that such a coincidence of the combination of words in the title is not a hundred-percent unique element.

Proper names are connected to language use and according to our general onomastic knowledge. Kiviniemi's main message is as follows: “it's not difficult to distinguish conventional names from common nouns or other proper names even when they are not within a context” [3,51]. From the first sight it really is not difficult, especially if we deal with the famous titles as “The Lord of The Rings” or some kind extra fiction ones as “Star Trek”. But if we meet something like “The Bitter Tears” we can recognize the proper name only being acquired with it. Furthermore the confirmation of this concept also goes doubtfully with our topic: “proper names differ from common nouns not only orthographically and referentially, but also semantically” [3, 52]. We've proved that the idea is worthless for our work with the previous example.

Another part of the article was quite useful too, because it is devoted to capitalization. This is the convention in English.

Sometimes, this can be a problem. What about those proper names which have more than one word in them? For example: South Africa, West Bengal, South Korea, North Korea, Western Australia and East Timor, but…north Kerala, eastern Australia, southern Europe, and even eastern South Africa.

The 'South' in South Africa and South Korea is part of the official names of these places. The 'north' in Kerala and the 'eastern' in Australia just tell us which part of Kerala or Australia we are talking about.

Even if you remember all the 'rules' or conventions about capitalization, you will still find educated people and reputed newspapers using their own set of rules” [9,135].

Furthermore it describes two not aroused but still important questions:

-Do Proper Nouns Have Singular and Plural Forms?

-No. They are supposed to be unique names.

We don't ordinarily say that two Peters or two Anns have come to see you. We say that two men or two women have come to see you” [9,134]. However in colloquial speech we still can say “Have you seen all the Godfathers” and not only “all the parts of the film the Godfather”.

The last remark is quite clear and not doubtful at all, but still it should be mentioned:

-Do These Nouns Have a Possessive Case Form?

-Yes, they do.

We can say: Peter's money or Ann's house” [9,136].

So, we can one more time repeat definition of the proper name. Proper name is a capitalized, according the peculiar language, word or word combination, which names and denotes some unique person or object, and fulfills its main distinguishing function within definite context even in terms of multiply repetition.

1.2 Classification of proper names

In our work we examine several classifications of proper names which was given by Babich, Fonyakova, Superanskaya.

In the linguistic classification referents of proper names are considered mainly in two aspects:

a) both animate and inanimate, and within those sections

b) on the merits of the object itself: to animate include, for example, people's names and nicknames of animals, and inanimate - the names of geographical and space objects, the names of vehicles, trade names, and so on.

In essence, the inanimate and the names are complex objects, such as media organizations, enterprises and institutions, literature and art, and so on.

The first source which caught our attention was Babich who presented classifications very briefly and poor. He says:

“Proper names (or nouns) are capitalized in English. Here are some examples:

days of the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday

months: January, February, March

names of companies: Amazon, Coca Cola, Google

countries, towns: England, Canada, San Francisco

sights: The Grand Canyon, The Empire State Building, The Underground

books, films, prizes: the Bible, the Oscar, the Nobel Prize

names of people: Tim Smith, Jennie Baker, Theodore Roosevelt

Classification of proper names gives Fonyakova, proper names which separate into the following groups:

1) Anthroponyms - personal name, middle initial, last name, nicknames, pseudonyms;

2) Urbanonyms- their own names large and small geographical objects - earth, water, urban and rural;

3) Cosmonims - the names of extraterrestrial objects in the galaxy;

4) Zoonyms- pets for urban and rural areas, as well as in the professional field;

5) Chrononims - the names of historical events, periods processes in certain periods of time;

6) Hrematonims - Individual names of objects and products of material and spiritual culture of the people -gazet, magazines, books, movies, etc.);

7) theonyms and mifonims - the names of gods and mythological figures;

8) Literary anthroponomy, place names, names of animals, etc. as the names of art objects created by the imagination of the writer and included in the text and artwork. [13, с 20].

A. V. Superanskaya in her classification relies on various linguists of the XX century, both Russian and foreign. According to her words, "approach to division can be different owing to the objective and subjective reasons which are defined by factors of a public order and identity of the researcher" [Superanskaya, 1973: 173]. And therefore A. V. Superanskaya's classification can not be absolutely exact, and it allows to compare her approach with others. A. V. Superanskaya chooses her classifications. Thus they break into more private subcategories which do the classification investigated by us correct. So, allocation looks as follows:

· Names of animate objects:(antroponyms, zoonyms, mifonyms);

· names of inanimate objects:(toponyms, kosmonyms and astronyms, fitonyms, hrematonyms);

· names of vehicles;

· firm and brand names;

· names of holidays, anniversaries, celebrations;

· names of literary works and art;

· dokumentonyms;

· names of natural disasters;

· faleronyms. [Superanskaya, 1973: 174-205]

So, we see that such classification covers much more areas, than Fonyakova's and Babich category. A. V. Superanskaya also includes names which meet extremely seldom now, and also subcategories which can seem the superfluous. It is possible to carry a fitonyms (a name of plants) to such names, names of holidays.

Bearing in mind foresaid, we would like to note that our summary classification doesn't apply for absolute accuracy. However we consider it the best decision for carrying out our work, and we will use it in future.

II. Proper names in fantasy

2.1 Proper names in «Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince»

In the verbal palette artwork occupy a special place proper names. They serve every great writer as particularly notable, stylistically and semantically marked expressive means, a bright sign of style. Proper names in fiction play an important role, as they stand for the objects involved in the development and construction of the speech and the literary composition of the text, in terms of artistic meanings and ideology of the author.

All proper names constitute a particular artistic text onomastic space or onomastical text. Onomastics is the branch of linguistics studying proper names: names of people, animal, countries, rivers, mountains, human settlements. Onomastikal text, composition, selection and interaction with the context of a proper name is determined by the law of the genre and artistic method of the writer. Every author is created and lives in a unique onomastic texts world, expressing artistic ideas of the writer along with other means of linguistic style. It must be remembered that every name in the semantic focus is a mystery, encryption, which is necessary to open, based on common language and psychological connotations of proper names in the minds of the people and aesthetic problems of the writer.

To establish proper names in a literary text, there are different classifications. Various approaches to the general principles of the classification.

Fiction- a special sphere of functioning of proper names. In the text, the words are related to the real and depict reality with a modern literary language and the language of art. This ensures that the reader would like to recreates the associative links words, which in turn contributes to rethink its semantics, understanding the author's concept works: the words are known to represent both the objective reality and the fictional world created by the writer. In this regard, proper names are the most valuable component in the means of artistic expression.

Depicting fictional events and fictional worlds similarity with the real, as they build relationships within the world, and the analogy with the world real. Since processes in multidimensional reality, the very human consciousness completes this relationship and the fictional world. This feature allows you to thinking, for example, to interpret the behavior of the character, from experience and existing theories, as well as the behavior of a real individual, details of which are available to the reader. At the same time, the person can project their ideas, feelings, experiences as objects surrounding it in reality, and the artistic images. Because of this, the characters, episodes, parts of the text may contact the association with a range of concepts, as well as filled symbolic, mythological, ideological or psychological sense.

Of particular interest in the semantic structure of the text are fantastic proper names, which serve as a sort key in discovering the artistic design of the writer. Creativity D. Rowling is proof of that. World of proper names writer, fantastically rich, varied, full of surprises for the reader remains virtually unexplored. It is natural that every writer when choosing names draws attention to their phonemics, morphemics that facilitates the expressive nuances. Choosing names, the author focuses on the actual list of names, the conventional formula, which can be used to convey information about the social, ethnic, age position referred to as the face. In addition, the composition and combination anthroponyms depends on the social and aesthetic position of the author of a literary text, from the general culture of the writer and the culture of the environment in which the lives of the characters.

Functioning of proper names in the text has its own peculiarities, so names are an integral part of the form of art, the term style of the writer, one of the means to create an artistic image. Proper name can carry significantly expressed meaning, have an unusual sound shape, have a latent associative background [8, 347]. Proper names should be stylistically true and accurate, must comply with the whole spirit, the idea, the objectives of the work, should bear the characteristic flavor and sometimes some special meaning, of particular importance, in which the author expressed the idea to concentrate. Fantastic literature occupies an important place in contemporary literature. Science fiction writer has greater freedom of choice of means to recreate the fantasy world. The creation of proper names being able to use techniques those are not valid in realistic work.

It should be noted also that the Potter novels - a kind of a universal collection of many children's stories. There are wizards and elves, owls, dragons and goblins, Celtic folklore and Tolkien's stories, live chess, almost headless Nick, in "The Song of the Nibelungs" guardian of the treasures enjoys tarnkappe - a cloak that makes him invisible, "Bertie Botts jelly" with chewing gum from "Charlie the Chocolate Factory," which changes the taste to the extent that, as it is chewed, saturating the whole chewing lunch), even Shakespeare (exotic names Hermione and Miranda came from" Winter's Tale "and" The Tempest ") are literary fairy tale written by J. Rowling, is associated with fantastic fiction, with the world of bizarre ideas and images, born of imagination on the basis of the facts of real life [16, 432].

Thus, in a literary text there is a mixture of the two styles of narration: fiction and realistic, with a predominance of one or the other. So, has the character of unreality simulate the real, a blueprint of reality where the magic school, the school is in life, but instead of arithmetic taught cabbalism, and learn the lessons of botany kinds of poisons. Here and characteristic behavior of Western schools students and intrigue among teachers and aristocratic snobs who despise rootless "upstarts" and the competition between the buildings, and fanatical passion for the local game that resembles rugby and polo (of course, the most modern on broomsticks and expensive models). In the magic school is allowed to keep pets (especially popular owl), allowed to practice magic - such as time travel (albeit for short distances, and only with the consent of the instructor). But this world - not Carroll through the Looking Glass, it is much more similar to our world with its rules and regulations, although it miracles happen; he settled characters who sometimes penetrate into the everyday world and are in it "strange". In the wizarding world is much brighter than the contrast between good and evil, even the most evil of its inhabitants can not be hypocritical, they are simple like children.

However onomastic space fiction genre works have proper names that are familiar to us the names of real onomasticon names that refer to the familiar literary or cultural heroes. This creates the illusion of convergence fantasy world with the real, our, the perceived world, gives us the opportunity to get to know the characters. By comparison with known names to us. In the Harry Potter novels, these links are characterized as specific parallels borrowing and rethinking, and more abstract typological similarity. Anthroponimical also multidimensional space of the novel: it is a real basis built on models, known in the language in children's speech. However, this reality stands and other anthroponimical world, opening the attentive reader. This is the specificity which allows both reflect and real, existing world, and a fantastic, imaginary, magical.

Literary anthroponomy functioning in the structure of this work are many and varied, so their classification can be carried out for various reasons [16, 34].

Unreal world is reflected in anthroponyms. Such anthroponyms reflect existing language morphological, word formation, lexical and semantic models.

The text of the novel presents different naming characters; one and the same person can have several naming the different nature: some of them represent a variant of the same name, while others function as parallel names. For example: the name Voldemort also has another naming-Lord Voldemort, "You-Know-Who" or "He whom we do not call".

In the product there are one-word units, including the names and nicknames, binomial model presented designs, which are dominated by traditional designs such as name + surname. For example: (Bill Weasley, Percy Weasley, Ron Weasley) and design type name + nickname and three-term naming (Sir Nicolas De Mimsy-Porpington or sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Delfington or Nearly Headless Nick).

Anthroponyms works can be classified by onomastic categories: personal names, nicknames. The most numerous are the personal names.

The basis of such nominations on the following main features:

- The nature of the hero classes, profession. For example: Argus Filch is a Hogwarts caretaker. Argus - in the Greek mythology monster with many eyes that the jealous Hera, wife of Zeus, to oversee the Io, the new favorite of her husband.

- external characteristic of the hero. For example: Nearly Headless Nick is a ghost. Known as "Almost headless Nick," because the result is not entirely successful execution of his head remained partially attached to the shoulders.

- characteristics of the hero, a reflection of his inner world. For example : Dudley Dursley - 'dud', that means “a boring person”.

However, quite often there are names which belong to proper names in general should specify otherwise. Belonging to such words onomastic vocabulary is determined contextually. In some cases, they are marked by a capital letter. Researchers conducting observations of children's speech, saying that under certain circumstances, in such texts removed barriers to association in the ranks of synonyms of common nouns and proper. This is due to the child's thinking and perception, when the private, individual, and overall, the whole is not yet delineated with special lexical and terminological resources. Word in contexts receives additional connotations, which determine its status.

This situation is observed in atroponimic system. It should be emphasized that the issues related to the degree of onomatization name, that is, the ability to be a proper name, have long been the focus of researchers. It is proved that the ability to be a proper name depends on the speech situation (especially in children's speech) when linguistic basis receives a concrete implementation. Name, receiving additional connotations perceived in one case as his own, the other as a common noun. Anthroponomy presented in the product can be classified and on other grounds.

In case of successful implementation allusions dramatically enhance the aesthetic impact of a literary text on the reader. This effect is based on intense associative links that connect the text with extra-linguistic reality. With the help of proper names metaphor text as it is tied to the people and events of different eras, cultures, as well as other literary texts. The reason for this lies in a wide variety, wide range metaphoric proper names. They include the names of historical figures, mythological personalities, literary characters, references to historical events. These names include the following: Paracelsus, Morgana, Circe, etc. In the children's work, even a small amount of embodied names allows you to enter into the fabric of the narrative of world culture, to understand the background to this unfolding story. The names of the main characters work, interacting with adjectives that operate in the text, create a special tone of the work, reflect the author's position, a special vision of space; The text works anthroponomy perform various functions: nominative, conceptual, aesthetic, stylistic, emotional and evaluative.

Rowling names play a role auxiliary stylistic device, which is used to enhance the character, plot, conflict, comic situations or are related to personal qualities, social status of those they represent.

2.2 The usage of proper names in “Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince”

Ms. Rowling became an international literary sensation when the first three books of the series took the top 3 positions in the list of best-selling New York Times, reaching a similar success in the UK. The first book is, in fact, children's stories, while the last part - the more serious, somber - already can be attributed to the teenage and even adult literature. Due to the huge amount of literary material, fancy and linguistic realities, the whole cycle of books is of interest not only ordinary citizens, but also a sufficient number of specialists.

Joan studied at the Faculty of Philology, specialty French and ancient classical literature, which greatly influenced her work - it can be traced, in particular, on the selection of names for many of the characters.

The bottom line is that a small British (and even Europe) reader in getting acquainted with the characters of books J. Rowling can easily catch the irony, puns, hidden directly in their names, because of the cultural environment, under the influence of which he grew up and was formed. As we know the major European languages lexically close and have a direct connection with Latin, so many features can be felt intuitively. At the same time, the reader is more likely to miss the author's "sending" or explanation, because you will see a foreign name, devoid of history. "Titles and names that have double or triple meaning, causing subconscious association - is an important component of books JK Rowling. Unprepared reader is difficult to distinguish the stylistic nuances of English names or interpret "speaking" names without knowledge of the English language ", - Mrs. Kapkova [5,76]. For example, it is difficult to explain it would be to English readers, why in Russian fairy tales bear Potapych name is Michael, and a red-fox cunning - or Alice Elizabeth Patrikeevna.

In addition, an extremely diverse onomastic world works J.. Rowling still remains little studied.

"The issue of the selection of names, surnames, nicknames in the literature, their structural diversity in different genres and styles, their figurative characteristic functions, etc. can be illustrated by a few examples. This is a very large and complex topic stylistics of fiction "[2, 68].

The entire series of books about Harry Potter belongs to the genre of fantasy, so the author has great free choice of means in the creation of his imaginary world, where direct and include proper names. In the work the reader sees two worlds: the real and the fantastic, so the present text and fictitious names to create an artistic image of the unreal and the real proper names, and the names of fictional characters created by models of real proper nouns (names semi-real).

Before a more in-depth analysis of this classification wich hold a small onomastic space, focusing on some of the test units:

a) Actually existing proper names (as present in the dictionaries of personal names and surnames of English Rybakina A.I.):

Harry (Garry, Harold, Harry, Henry) [10, 93,101,103];

Ronald (Reginald, Ron, Ronald) [10,167,170];

Tom (Thomas, Tom) [10,186,187];

Fleur [10, 89];

Neville (Nevil, Nevile, Nevill) [10,152];

Potter [11,366];

Black (Black, Blacke) [11,74];

Longbottom (Longbottom, Longbotham) [11,284];

Snape [11, 421];

b) the names of fictional characters created by models of real proper nouns: Remus, Malfoi;

c) aliases to create an artistic image of the unreal: Sirius, Severus, Rubeus, Lord Voldemort, Lupin.

Referring to the name of the main character: at first glance, nothing remarkable - the simple name of Harry, are ubiquitous, simple name Potter, is also quite common. But look at it from the perspective of a combination of etymology. Name Harry - a truncated form of the name of Henry - Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning "power", "master of the house, their land," which is curious, because Harry is considered among their peers actually brave heir of Godric Gryffindor, studying at the Faculty of name of the founder (after all, originally used instead of the word Faculty house of Griffindor, that is, the house of Gryffindor). Other features of the full form of the name Harold (Harryson) gives us the value of the "commander" or "lord of the army" (in the fifth book, Harry and his friends create a secret organization "Dumbledore's Army” / “Dumbledore's Army” for self-defensive magic, whose members in the last battle pouring in the ranks of the defenders of the Magic school). At the same time, there is the verb to harry - harass, annoy, worry (Harry with his presence, if not the existence, unnerving and simply "furious" many - from Slytherin and some teachers up to the Minister of Magic).

Potter - a very common English surname, literally means "potter", "potter", "pottery salesman," although on the other hand, "potter" - the nickname of the earth many ancient gods. Pottery craft - one of the first people who, according to legend, learned from them. These shows us the simplicity and at the same time a certain grandeur of character. However, again, there is a verb with the opposite meaning: to potter - idle, do anything carelessly, this nonsense not work in full force [13], which also can be directly attributed to the character of the hero: the boy did not systematically studying, late lessons, many things cause difficulties, except that the Defense Against the Dark Arts, in which Harry has succeeded where many of their peers, and Quidditch - a magical sports game on broomsticks, becoming the youngest Seeker in the last 100 years in the history of the school. Although it is believed that his name was just a character in honor of a childhood friend of the writer Ian Potter, perhaps, this is the case when the name can tell a lot more than the thought of the writer.

Harry's best friend - redhead freckled-Ron, the youngest son in a large family Weasley, as the owner of real-life name Ronald. This name is a form of Scandinavian Scottish name Ragnvald, which, in turn, is a modified form of the Old Norse and Germanic Raginwald, consisting of Nordic-Germanic composites «rцgn» (or regin - “gods”, "higher power") and «valdr» (lord, ruler) [14] that the overall result may indicate directly "advisor Prince." All these names refer to a person who is considered a trusted mentor to powerful individuals, which reflect the relationship of Harry and Ron. Translated from the Welsh name Rhongomyniad (one of the spearmen of King Arthur of ancient legends), just tune with Ron, means "Spear, beating the mark" - here you can recall the successes boy in Quidditch marked with slogans peers: "Ronald Weasley - our King". By the way, reasonably believed that besides the name Ron, all the names of his family members Rowling took the myth of King Arthur [9, p. 41].

Weasley family name may be regarded as derived from the English word «weasel» - stoat or weasel (so, no wonder the magic symbol Patronus head of the Weasley family - ermine). In English, there is a stable expression to weasel out of smth, that is, "to avoid something", "shirk" [13], which, of course, can be attributed to a prankster-twins George and Fred, get up unbelievable antics, but always outgoing from punishment. In addition, this house has a good-natured family name «The Burrow» - «Nora", the most suitable habitat for weasels and stoats. Although, according to legends of Britain and Ireland, petting bring bad luck, like the red color of their fur (Weasley unfortunate on both counts). But it so happened that J.K. Rowling love and affection, and red, so the Weasleys and got his name.

Episodic character directly related to the family Weasley, has won a surprising combination of first and last name: together they form a stable phraseological combinations, playful "hello" to learn French Joan. It is, of course, the bride older brother, a graduate of the French women's school of magic Sharmbatton - Fleur Delacour. Name Fleur (from the French. Fleur - flower) should be known to readers, anyway faced with the novel by Victor Hugo, "Notre Dame de Paris»: «Fleur-de-Lis», that in addition to their own name of the heroine of the novel also means sustainable phrase "Fleur-de-lis "[13], a symbol of royal power in France. While the Fleur-de-la-cour, which literally means "color Dvor", ie "girl of noble birth" [13], and this fact probably reflects the untold story of the heroine. Such linguistic units complicate the work of the translator, as the word as a lexical unit in the English and Russian languages is not always the same. The best way out - the choice of method tracing, which is traditionally used in the translation of terms, terminological expressions and idiomatic combinations, including proverbs and sayings, with the use of "explaining" footnotes.

Consider one of the closest friends of Harry with an unusual name - Neville Longbottom (translated IV of Orange - Neville Longbottom, who are familiar with the majority of Russian readers). Neville - is an ancient name of French origin, derived from the name of a place in the north of France. Literally it means 'new settlement'. In the Middle Ages in England surname Neville wore an ancient noble, powerful and warlike race. However, the name of the brave Gryffindor has a wide range of values. On the one hand, the definition can be translated literally Longbottom («a long, long time», and «bottom»-back, back seat "[13]), which emphasizes the awkwardness , bad luck character. Perhaps, in addition to this there is a relationship with a stable expression «to be at the bottom of the class», meaning "to occupy the last place in their performance" [13], which directly relates to the educational success of boys in core subjects.. And, secondly, to draw attention to the less common and outdated translation «bottom» as "resistance, endurance, endurance" [13], quite accurately characterizes the identity of the young wizard and his devotion to ideals.

We now turn to the most harmful and arrogance, Home Schooling foe Harry - Draco Malfoy. This is the only son of a wealthy couple and thoroughbred Malfoy wizards despise incest with ordinary people who are proud of their origins and relationships. Arrogant, vindictive, arrogant Draco at the first meeting restores Harry and his newfound friends against himself; find themselves in the same danger, or the minority, intelligent and aristocratic young man is simply cowardly and pathetic. Draco from Latin means "Dragon" (or "snake") is the name usually associated with the Greek tyrant of the sixth century BC, known for his cruelty and composition of a set of laws are so strict (e.g., hanging for stealing bread) that gave rise to the winged the term "draconian". But Draco constellation is also striking that, of course, reflects only the young men: even as a negative character, it attracts girls on his course, followers among his peers and loyal fans among readers (which, of course, is an achievement of actor Tom Felton, who played his in all eight films, the film adaptation). Meanwhile, the name «Malfoy» comes from the French phrase «mal foi», which means "bad faith", "infidelity", "treachery" [13]. It also has common roots with the Latin word «Maleficus» - «doeth evil", but it certainly can be attributed to Draco, especially in the considered parts: on the orders of the Dark Lord caught the guy makes several attempts to kill the director of the magic school and starts on her the territory of the Death Eaters, from the hands of one of them and killed Albus Dambdldor.

We next consider the most interesting names among the secondary characters, starting with workers magic school.

Argus Filch (Argus Filch) - a school caretaker, but not limited to tracking of compliance with regulations and students about institutions; old and gall, man believes that the order in the school can bring, resorting to strict disciplinary action. Therefore requests the Director tirelessly re-enable flogging and hanging of students for the thumbs. It is noteworthy that in Greek mythology, Argus called unsleeping guard with many eyes. At the same time, to filch - a verb meaning "to steal, steal, sneak" [13], this also gives a negative connotation to this unattractive character.

Another representative of the school staff - good-natured gamekeeper Rubeus Hagrid, Harry devoted friend, while he taught Care of Magical Creatures. Rubeus Latin translates as "red" (complexion husky) [13], but also rarely used in the meaning "giant". In addition, this name can be associated with the American «rube» - redneck. Hagrid name can be correlated with hagridden - «tormented, sweltering" [13]; yet it is believed that in Greek mythology was a good creature, one of the younger gods of the same name, who was falsely accused in the murder of the son of Hades and banished from Olympus. However, Zeus allowed him to stay to look after the animals - life situation Hagrid actually copies the myth serious criminal charges during his training, half-giant expelled from school and forbid him to do magic, but a wise director of Albus Dumbledore leaves him at the school to take care of magical animals inhabiting the Forbidden forest.

The most mysterious and controversial figure throughout the series - Potions teacher and, later, Defense against the Dark Arts Severus Snape, the dean of Slytherin House, familiar to readers by the name of Snape. Severus name dates back to the adjective severe, according to the dictionary Lingvo [13] all seven values of translation which can be attributed to the character:

1) strict, stern, demanding (as a teacher);

2) portable hard (students);

3) serious, strong (character);

4) strict, simple, no-frills (style of dress - a simple black robe, black color preference);

5) cruel, bitter (deprivation of life);

6) careful, meticulous, pedantic (as high Snape chemist, an area where these qualities are very important);

7) sarcastic, caustic, poignant (in relation to students, especially from the Faculty of Gryffindor, especially in his statements in relation to Harry).

Snape gave the author name in honor of the hero of a small town in the UK, but this does not prevent us get acquainted with the possible etymology of the word. It can be argued that the impact could have the following linguistic units with their approximate value: to snipe (snipe), snip (little people) and snappish (angry, cantankerous, irritable, grumpy, eternally dissatisfied, pungent, jerky, rough, ungracious, impolite), each of which reflects the essence and nature of the character.

Get to know another teacher of the school (as well as a member of the defensive organization "Order of the Phoenix") is trained with Snape - Professor Remus Lupin. Even in his youth, as a student at Hogwarts, Remus found himself friends: James Potter (Harry's future father), Sirius Black (future godfather) and Peter Pettigrew (future shameless traitor), who called themselves the Marauders and loved every way vandalizes and misbehaves.

The book abounds with various names. One of them had already existed earlier, others are a fruit of imagination of the author. Many names strike with the original sounding and a combination of a name and a surname of the hero. Each name was given to the hero not incidentally. In each name deeper meaning is put, it reflects character and destiny of the hero. Names open true essence of the character, his belonging to the world of wizards or the world of magles (ordinary people) and even reflect its appearance, hobbies and a kind of activity.

So in J. Rowling's novel «Harry Potter and Half-Blood Prince» names isn't simple words, and data carriers allowing to represent the hero fuller and brighter. Sometimes only the name is necessary to understand what is the hero and what the author wanted to tell the reader through a name. In the name of the person his personality and soul are imprisoned. As the origin and value of a name influences an image of the hero in general, also the sound cover is so important. Sounding of a name causes in the reader certain feelings and, respectively, feelings are transferred on the carrier of this name. Various words and sounds can sound differently. One names sound sharply and rigidly, others -- softly. Besides, it is possible to hear a certain musical harmony in sounding of a name-- major or minor that adjusts optimistically or on the contrary.

Conclusion

We've finished the course project and have successfully fulfilled all the tasks. First of all we've analyzed the term proper name in related literature.

The names are told not simply, but really declare spiritual and physical essence of the person. They form special models of personal life which become the general for each carrier of a certain name. Names predetermine sincere qualities, acts and even destiny of the person.

In fiction the proper name, its sense and a form never happens casual. Emergence of a name is defined by the subject and thematic content of work, its leading ideas, laws of a genre and stylistic system of the text in general.

Identity of the literary hero is reflected in his name especially brightly. Life of the hero in the literary work begins with a choice of a name. In a name his internal life reveals, mental processes are made out. The name gives the key to character of the person and crystallizes certain qualities of the personality.

Though the given definitions were considered by us as unsatisfactory, we've combined their strong points and created own definition of the term proper name which is considered as appropriate: proper name is a capitalized, according the peculiar language, word or word combination, which names and denotes some unique person or object, and fulfills its main distinguishing function within definite context even in terms of multiply repetition. Furthermore we've carried out our own classification of proper names, which includes also the studied phenomenon.

Proper names are a significant part of the developed language like English. They operate as a separate, special layer - in terms of semantics and morphology, and at the same time as all the words of the language - in these plans.

They play an important role in expanding the vocabulary of (when the proper name becomes a household word, and it happens very often, or when proper names become part of phraseological units).

They are part of the arsenal of expressive means of the writer and poet, when the hero or the area simply to give a name that has a sufficient set of connotations, and a large part of the character or the terrain is already clear.

We would also like to note that many features of the onomastic system of England, which may not be included in this work, can be understood by comparing it with younger systems of English as a language, such as the USA and Australia.

Knowledge of England onomastics - toponymy and anthroponimics as the largest of its sections - is very important in the study of foreign languages, but even more important when teaching them as many questions children can only be answered with knowledge of onomastics, and can be very successful with the help diversify lessons additional material from the area.

References

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2. Kiviniemi, F. R. Semantics. A new outline / F. R. Kiviniemi. - Cambridge University Press, 1982. - 425 p.

3. Matthews B. Semantics: a coursebook / B. Matthews. - Cambridge University Press, 1997. - 285 p.

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6. Антрушина, Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка: учеб. пособие для студентов / Г. Б. Антрушина. - М.: Дрофа, 2005. - 288 с.

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8. Алексеева, Т. И. Лексикология английского языка (практический курс) / Т. И. Алексеева. - М.: ВШ, 1977. - 242 с.

9. Арнольд, И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка / И. В. Арнольд. - М.: ВШ, 1986. - 295 с.

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Appendix 1

1	Harry Potter	anthroponym	32	Cedric Diggory	anthroponym
2	Ronald Weasley	anthroponym	33	Justin Finch-Fletchli	anthroponym
3	Hermione Granger	anthroponym	34	Ernie Macmillan	anthroponym
4	Ginevra Molly Weasley	anthroponym	35	Zachariah Smith	anthroponym
5	Fred Weasley	anthroponym	36	Albus Dumbledore	anthroponym
6	George Weasley	anthroponym	37	Minerva McGonagall	anthroponym
7	Percy Weasley	anthroponym	38	Severus Snape	anthroponym
8	Neville Longbottom	anthroponym	39	Rubeus Hagrid	anthroponym
9	Artur and Mollie Weasley	anthroponym	40	Michael Korner	anthroponym
10	Draco Malfoy	anthroponym	41	Quirinus Quirrell	anthroponym
11	Bellatrix Lestrange	anthroponym	42	Gilderoy Lockhart	anthroponym
12	Sirius Black	anthroponym	43	Filius Flitwick	anthroponym
13	Bartemius Crauch	anthroponym	44	Sybill Trelawney	anthroponym
14	Vincent Crabbe	anthroponym	45	Horace Slughorn	anthroponym
15	Gregory Goyle	anthroponym	46	Argus Filch	anthroponym
16	Pansy Parkinson	anthroponym	47	Madame Pomfrey	anthroponym
17	Markus Flint	anthroponym	48	Pomona Stebl	anthroponym
18	Millisenta Bulstroud	anthroponym	49	Crookschanks	zoonym
19	Luna Lovegood	anthroponym	50	Scabbers	zoonym
20	Zhou Chiang	anthroponym	51	Voldemort	anthroponym
21	Terry Booth	anthroponym	52	Mrs. Norris	zoonym
22	Azkaban	urbanonym	53	Durmstrang	urbanonym
23	Diagon Alley	urbanonym	54	Griffyndor	urbanonym
24	Knockturn Alley	urbanonym	55	Slytherin	urbanonym
25	Hogwarts	urbanonym	56	Hufflepuf	urbanonym
26	Beauxbatons	urbanonym	57	Ravenclaw	urbanonym
27	Dobby	mifonym	58	Hoky	mifonym
28	Kreacher	mifonym	59	Fawkes	mifonym
29	Winky	mifonym	60	Firenze	mifonym
30	Grawp	mifonym	61	Peeves	mifonym
31	Griphook	mifonym	62	Moaning Myrtle	mifonym

Appendix 2

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