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Ministry of education and science of the republic of Kazakhstan

M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan State University

Language and Literature Institute

Germanic Philology Department

COURSE PAPER

The English borrowings in Russian language

Petropavlovsk, 2016

INTRODUCTION

1. Borrowed English words in Russian language

1.1 The reasons of borrowing anglicisms

1.2 The classification of anglicisms

1.3 The impact of borrowed words on Russian language

2. Anglicisms' role in everyday life

2.1 Sphere of anglicisms usage

2.2 The interview of my groupmates

2.3 The interview of teachers and parents

2.4 The impact of anglicisms on Russian teenagers' lives

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX A

INTRODUCTION

Our society is developing all the time and so the language changes too. Every single year new words appear in languages. Each language has borrowed words, and Russian language is not an exception.

Russian speaking people have been engaged in political, commercial, scientific and cultural relations with other nations since ancient times. Therefore, Russian language has been enriched with many words from other languages. Our ancestry used new words to name new things, most of the borrowed words refer to nouns. Though it is also worth mentioning that there were a great number of people who did not use new borrowings due to the lack of education. It is quite clear that different age groups have different aptitude for using Anglicism. In fact they are more popular among young people who tend to be more interested in new trends connected to European culture.

We believe that the subject that we research is really important and actual, because we often use the words of English origin. Frequently using such words we somehow change our language. As much as language is connected to traditional knowledge and culture, it must be capable of incorporating new vocabulary to meet the needs of young people in order to remain vibrant. We find the phenomenon of borrowings fascinating as it proves that any language is a living being.

The object of the research: English borrowings in modern Russian language

The subject of the research: factors influence the borrowings in Russian language

The focuses of the work are English borrowings in modern Russian language. Contemporary English is the main source of borrowings for many other languages including Russian.

The aim of the work is to the role of Borrowings in people's life

The main tasks are:

1. to determine the reasons of borrowings and to describe the classification of anglicisms;

2. to analyze the functioning of borrowing in different age categories

3. to scrutinize influence of anglicisms on popular speech of teenagers and make a list of the most popular English borrowing used in the areas of communication , such as “Twitter”, “e-mail”, “Agent@Mail.Ru”, “ВКонтакте”, “www.facebook.com”, “www.odnoklassniki.ru”, “SMS”

In the given course paper the following methods are used:

1) Descriptive method with the elements of observation of linguistic phenomena.

2) Method of systematization, classification and comparison.

3) Sociological survey.

The hypothesis of the study: on the one hand the emergence of new words expands vocabulary, and on the other the use of a huge amount of unnecessary borrowings debases any language that loses its originality and unique beauty.

In order to achieve the aims we have studied the articles in the magazines, read the necessary material from the Internet and literature. We found out the classifications of borrowings organized by Hocket, which we apply in the work. This classification helps to understand different ways of borrowings. We also consider the phenomenon of language mixing, especially among youth. Such mixing occurs both in oral and written speech.

In addition, our work contains the results of the survey, which we conducted among students. It analyses the attitude towards the usage of loanwords among both teenagers and their parents. We enclose a list of the most popular borrowed words dividing them according to the sphere of application.

The problem of borrowings is rather complicated as, on the one hand, Anglicisms expand our language and make it more modern, but, on the other hand, they clog it.

In this research, we intend to analyze the main reasons of popularity of English words among young people.

1. BORROWED ENGLISH WORDS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The inflow of foreign words increased during the reign of Peter I. Furthermore, plenty of words came to our language in the early XIX century (especially many words in political sphere). Nowadays our language is replenished by English words. Today English is called “the 20^th century Latin”. It is not surprising, because there are so many words of English origin in all spheres of modern life. We use borrowings in business, physics, medicine, sport, computing, art.

Furthermore, such phenomenon as language mixing is typical in different countries of the world. This mixing occurs in writing and, of course, in everyday informal speech situations. Mixing English and the mother tongue is more common in cities that elsewhere. As much as language is connected to traditional knowledge and culture, it must be capable of incorporating new vocabulary to meet the needs of young people in order to remain vibrant.

In the 21^stcentury a language must find some way of communicating about technological advances such as television and computers in order to remain relevant to the everyday lives of the youth.

Borrowing foreign words is one of the ways of developing the language. Language always promptly changes in response to the needs of society. Borrowings are the result of ties, relations between the peoples and countries. The main reason of the borrowing a foreign vocabulary is that there is no right word to describe something in a particular language.

The “guests from another language,” or borrowed words, permeate the Russian language.

Depending on the language, from which words were borrowed, all words are divided into several groups such as:

* Anglicisms - from the English language

* Arabism - from Arabic

* Gallicisms - from French

* Hebraism - from Hebrew

* Germanism - from German

* Gretsizm - from the Greek language

* Italianisms - from the Italian language

* Ispanizm - from the Spanish language

* Latinism - from Latin, etc.

The focus of our research is Anglicisms. An English word or expression that is used in another language called an Anglicism. Most of the borrowing sfrom English language are nouns, as their transfer into the Russian language is not associated with structural changes.

The process of adopting foreign words into Russian word-stock in different historical periods alters the whole language system. In the history of the language there are several periods of borrowing:

1. from Greek language (the Christianization of the country forced more inhabitants to adopt Latin and Greek words and phrases through the Church);

2. from Turkic languages (especially in XVI-XVII centuries, through the influence of the Ottoman Empire);

3. from Polish language (XVI-XVIII centuries);

4. from the Dutch (XVIII), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) languages;

5. from English language (XX - beginning of XXI century).

Present day English is a major donor language that is the leading source of borrowings for many other languages including Russia .In the modern world English is transformed into symbolic language, with high social status, expanding the scope of its function as a world language. Enhancing information flows, the emergence of the World Wide Web, the development of the global economic market, international tourism and cultural ties - all of this has led to the emergence of new loan words. Even in 1898, when Otto Bismarck was asked about the main driving force of modern history, he answered: "The fact is that North America speaks English." These words have not lost their relevance and centuries later. Participants of the conference of the British Council according to the Future of English and other languages, that held in Edinburgh in 2004, noted that by 2015 the number of English learners outside the UK will reach a huge number, by this time, 3 billion people on our planet will speak English.

1.1 The reasons for borrowing Anglicisms

The appearance of new words from foreign languages is explained by impetuous changes in social and academic life. So there are several reasons of borrowing words from other languages ??:

a. historical contacts between people of different nationalities;

b. the necessity to name new objects and facts(like taxi, robot,scanner, touchpad, laptop);

c. the language fashion( for example French in the XVIII century);

d. when the borrowing words replace the whole collocation (ходить за покупками-шопинг);

e. appearance of new words in science and technique and requirement in specific terms.

Here you can see the main reasons of borrowing words from other languages, but as for English (or American English) language in XX-XXI centuries, we can add a few more reasons:

f. advent of the Internet;

g. expansion of inter-state and international relations;

h. flourishing of international tourism;

i. the desire to hide the real meaning of the word under incomprehensible syllable (second hand, stock);

j. the aspiration to show that you are “cool” using unfamiliar words (outsider, devise),providing stylistic, emphatic effect. It becomes more prestigious and attractive to use English words in the speech. It can emphasize the high information content of the speaker.

k. participation in competitions, international festivals, fashion shows.

Certainly, there are lots Present day English is a major donor language that is the leading source of borrowings for many other languages including Russian of reasons. But we think that these are most widespread than others. Nowadays English language is an international language. This is due to historical events: the expansion of trade and economic relations, the U.S.A. dominance in the world economy, development of tourism, the emergence of the Internet. Thus, the interest in English has greatly increased among youth and adolescents.

These days many people go abroad to spend their holidays. Those people, who can speak English, feel at easein other countries.

We think that in the future some anglicisms will be our native words.

1.2 The classification of Anglicism

The majority of linguists put forward the following classifications of loanwords. Here you can see the methods of forming anglicisms given by Yuliya Walsh:

1. Direct borrowings. The word occurs in the Russian language in approximately the same manner and with the same meaning as in language - original: уик-энд - the weekend; black - негр; money -деньги,talk-show- ток шоу, CD-player- сиди плейер, sprint-спринт.

2. Loan-translation (phonetic borrowing). It occurs when the native language uses an item-for-item native version of the original. In Russian language the word sounds the same as in English: basketball, disk, manager, standard, comfort, action, hypermarket, supermarket, website, menu, disk, virus, club, browser, teenager, telephone, jeans.

3. Loanshift. Adapting native words to the new meanings. For example, do you think that the word лайкать is connected to a dog? Of course, not. This is an adaptation of the English word “like”. It means to explain your positive attitude towards photos and other things in social nets. Do we say банить when we want to wash somebody? No way. It means to forbid something, from English “to ban”. Or one more example: кликать. It has no connection to calling somebody. It means to use a computer mouse.аскать (to ask-просить)

Loan-blendor hybrids. Is a form in which one element is a loanword and the other is a native element (English roots and Russian suffixes, prefixes and endings): positive - позитив, позитивный;), primitive - примитивный, objective -объективный.

4. Jargon (barbarismos) - foreign words that retain their phonetic and graphic 'foreignness'. These word-strangers, contrasts with Russian vocabulary, not fixed in the dictionary of foreign words, and especially in the Russian dictionary. Active use of anglicisms, barbarisms was sign of our time: фейс-контроль, дресс - код, ноу-хау, хуизху, мессидж, респект, батл, хэппиэнд, юзер, бейби, баксы..

5. Emotional expressions. A non-integrated word or a whole phrase from a foreign language: OK, вау(Wow!),epic fail, I`ll be back, happy end, goodbye, hello, hi, oops.

6. Composites orcompounds.Words consisting of two English words, such as:second-hand - магазин, торгующий одеждой, бывшей в употреблении; hits -parade - список наиболее популярных медиа-продуктов, video-salon - комната для просмотра фильмов

7. Exoticism or exotic words. Words that describe specific national customs of other nations, and are used in the description of non-Russian reality. They do not have Russian synonyms. For example: a hot dog, a cab, hacker, realtor, chips, cheeseburger, hamburger,мисс, миссис, мистер, сэр, джентльмен, фунт стерлинг, лорд, скаут, сквайр, скваттер, квакер, пэр, паб, Скотландярд, др.

Among new borrowings there are a lot of slang words. Why do teenagers use these words instead of the familiar ones?

As a rule, English words are short and simple. Furthermore, teenagers are often influenced by their favorite films and sitcoms, popular music and TV programs. Therefore, they adopt the whole phrase, like poker face, forever alone, epic fail.

All Anglicism can be divided into reasonable and unreasonable. In simple terms, unjustified (or unreasonable) borrowing of English words is such borrowing, which replaced the previously used Russian word. For example, we use Anglicism "killer", instead of the native Russian word "убийца", a "reception", instead of "приемная".And what about the "Baby-sitter" instead of "няня"? It is difficult not to agree with people who believe that such borrowings only infest and clog native language. Unfortunately, such lexical units have already thoroughly entrenched in our media and advertising.

Justified (or reasonable) borrowings are the words that replace the lack of corresponding concepts in the Russian language or when we need for a name of a new object or an item. For example: touchpad, laptop, printer, journalist, business interface and many others. Scary to imagine, how we could call the phone, if we didn't borrow it from the British. A plotter, a scanner, a chocolate? That's why we call them justified borrowings.

The greatest number of words presented different thematic groups:

Politics / Economics / an appointment	summit, briefing, speaker, rating, holding, voucher, impeachment, image maker, speechwriter, investment, sponsor, barrel, media, marketing, leasing, tender, retail, offshore, price list, promoter, distributor, dealer, businesswoman, mentality
Food / clothing / trade	hot dog, cheeseburger, hamburger, fishburger, chocopie, popcorn, fresh juice, yogurt, pudding, Coke-Cola, Nuts, Twix, Sprite, fast food, lunch, chocolate, shorts, boots, bandana, cotton, top, multi-brand, unisex, Catering, Shopping, sale, Kodak Express, gel, SPA - salon, supermarket, VIP-hall, second-hand, discount
Sport	shaping, fitness, diving, surfing, bodybuilding, snowboarding, football, paintball, basketball, freestyle, wrestling, Power lifting, bowling, training, skating-rink, striker, goalkeeper, biker, sniper, scooter
Arts / Radio / TV	thriller, western, video clips, music, director, newsmaker, blockbuster, bestseller, underground, pop -Art, rock, rock and roll , casting, shake, break dancing, Brain ring, show , hit - parade, superstar, Superman, Skinhead
House / Life / Chancellery	conditioner, cooler, mixer, toaster, blender, siding, roll - blinds, shutters, antifreeze, bullet, Magic, Vanish, Fairy, Comet, Head &Shoulders, Dove, Tide, cleaning company, scrub, spray, color, diaper, stapler, scotch
Information and communication technologies	computer, monitor, display, calculator, notebook, printer, scanner, CD, DVD, processor device, hacker, click, web, website, blog, smiley, SMS

1.3 The impact of borrowed words on Russian language

From the ancient times Russian nation came into cultural, trade, military and political relations with other states that certainly led to the language borrowings. In different epoch's words from other languages penetrated into original Russian vocabulary. However, national originality of Russian language did not suffer at all from the penetration of foreign, as the process of borrowing is a natural way to enrich language. So Russian language preserved its self-sufficiency and just got rich by means of borrowed words.

The process of word-stock formation is very long-drawn-out and complicated. It is also closely connected with the history of a nation. Russian vocabulary in its modern state did not appear at once.

Also pop culture had a great impact on Russian language. From the late 20^th century (or even earlier) teenagers began to watch American soap-operasand films (for example, «Beverly Hills, 90210», «Friends», «Baywatch»), listen to American music. And thus English expressions and words came in Russian language (like famous phrase from «The Terminator» - «I'll be back», or from «Titanic» - «I'm the king of the world»). Russian mass media, especially TV and radio, contribute the usage of anglicisms in Russian language too, and, of course, teenagers swoop up this trend.

English is used everywhere. For example, on channel Russia 2 we can see an inscription «Кубок мира по биатлону. Life», or «Energy Interactive» (radio Energy), also everyone knows such phrases as «Саммит стран АТЭС» or ток-шоу «Пусть говорят».

Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities (for example, English and Russian). Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to other. In the case the source language community has some advantages of power, prestige or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community. For example, there are only several words of Russian origin in English language: balalaika, matryoshka, etc.

It's due to the changes in political, economical, cultural life of society. In proof of this we can see the changes in the names of authorities: Верховный Совет - парламент, заместитель - вице-премьер. Мэры appeared in many cities. Советы made way for администрация. The headmen have their own пресс-секретари, who regularly perform at конференции, send out пресс-релизы, organize эксклюзивные интервью. (Political sphere)

We often hear such words as дилер, маркетинг. all these words refer to Business and law sphere.

Those people who like sport, use different words (borrowed from English language) like виндсерфинг, армрестлинг. Sport has always played an important role in the lives of English people. Englishmen are proud of the fact that many sports arose in their country, and then spread all around the world. English national sports are: football, cricket, horse racing and billiards. With the spread of these games, their names also came to other languages. (Sport sphere)

A great number of words are related to computers and the Internet: компьютер, файл, дисплей, интерфейс.

Borrowing from the English language can help in-depth study not only English, but also Russian language. t's not a secret that girls and boys are sometimes easier express their thoughts and feelings with the help of a foreign language, they have difficulty in choosing suitable Russian words. As a result, borrowing huge amounts of Anglicisms is a gradual clogging for the Russian language. Listening to the speech of my group mates, acquaintances and friends can be found many English words that they say in the Russian manner, and cannot often express the same words with the help of the native language. This is the extract from my group mate's composition:

Я обычный тинэйджер, и как у всех моих френдов у меня есть проблемы. В классе я конечно не суперстар, но у меня свой имидж. В лидеры я не рвусь и контактирую со всеми ровно. Отец мой не олигарх, он в секъюрити служит, мать бейбиситером работает. Перентсы у меня клевые, вот только меня учиться заставляют, чтобы я свой ай-кью повышал. Вот завтра на инглиш идти, а я текст не перевел, у меня комп завис. А тут задание такое трудное, просто пазл какой-то! На паре главное фейсом в грязь не упасть. А то будешь потом лузером выглядеть! Никогда респект не заработаешь! Ну ничего, скоро все будет окей, потому что наступят холидей!

2. ANGLICISMS' ROLE IN EVERYDAY LIFE

The interest in using anglicisms increased among teenagers these days. Young people find it easier to express their thoughts and feelings, by means of a foreign language. "Perhaps for the first millennium of existence of our nation there is a real separation of parents and children, but not for ideological or moral criteria, as is brilliantly told one great Russian writer, but because of the banal lack of understanding speech itself".

2.1 Sphere of Anglicism usage

The other sphere of using anglicisms is texting. Numerous social nets and new types of communication such as e-mail and mobile phone texting gave birth to a new text language, which is characterized by shortenings, abbreviations, deliberate mistakes and the use of slang words.

With the popularity and rise in real-time text-based communications, such a “Twitter”, “e-mail”, “Agent@Mail.Ru”, “ВКонтакте”, “www.facebook.com”, “www.odnoklassniki.ru”, Internetchat rooms, discussion boards and mobile phone text messaging (SMS), came the emergence of a new text language tailored to the immediacy and compactness of these new communication media.

Text messaging is the smart way to communicate in the 21^st century. Everyone uses it- men, women and, of course, teenagers. Why? Because it is fun, simple and really addictive.

The biggest text maniacs are the young- teenagers and twenty- something. They send text messages to finalize their infinitely flexible plans, to make a date, to share a joke and, naturally, to flirt. And they do it under the noses of their mums, dads and even teachers.

Wd u … oops… would you like to understand this language? OK.

Here are several rules (if there are any):

1. Make words as short as you can: Pls = please.

2. Use a letter instead of a whole word where possible: U= you.

3. Use numbers instead of letters where possible: w8 = wait.

4. Use symbols- they look so beautiful in the middle of the word! The percentage sign can be used for the “oo” sound (sk%l), a dollar sign can be used instead of doubles (me$age).

5. Use abbreviations for long phrases: LOL = Laughing Out Loud.

6. If in doubt, write as you please, ignoring all rules of grammar and spelling (Hasn't it been your secret dream?)

Here are some basic words and phrases that are essential for messages everywhere:

SMS language	Normal language
@	at
R	are
U	You
B/C	Because
BTW	by the way
THX	Thanks
Pls	Please
NMP	not my problem
OK	Okay
ILBL8	I will be late
2	to/too
4	For

Got somewhere to go and someone to tell? Here is how to text those important details:

SMS language	Normal language
2day	Today
CUL8R	see you later
W8	Wait

Want to express an opinion or share your feelings? It is easy when you are texting.

SMS language	Normal language
AFAIK	as far as I know
BK	big kiss
Gr8	great
IMO	in my opinion
LOL	laugh out loud
X	kiss
XOXOX	hugs and kisses

An urgent need to ask, but do not want anyone to hear? Just text. And there is a list of swift and witty replies…

SMS language	Normal language
B4N	bye for now
CB	call back
F2T	Free to talk?
HAND	have a nice day
IC	I see
RUOK	Are you OK?
Wot	What?

Another way of expressing yourself is to send an Emoticon with your message - a little sideways face which shows how you are feeling. Made from punctuation marks on your keypad, they take up very little space. The basic smiling face is just a colon, a dash and a close bracket and yet when you rotate it, it becomes a smile. The examples below are the basic emoticons in use:

SMS language	Normal language
:-)	happy
:-(	Sad
:-))	very happy
%-)	confused
:-D	laughing
{you}	Hug
:-*	Kiss
:-O	surprised
:-I	not talking

Now you know more about SMS language, which is used by English speaking people. However, such language is used by Russian speaking people too. We also like making words in text messages shorter to save our time and write more information. Here you can see several examples.

SMS language	Normal language
щас	сейчас
спс	спасибо
прив	привет
че	Что
тя	Тебя
чё-нить	что-нибудь
пож	пожалуйста
физра	физкультура

Also sometimes we use only a capital letter instead of the whole word:

SMS language	Normal language
ДР	День рождения
НГ	Новый год
ДЗ	Домашнее задание
Нзч	Не за что

Sometimes we add numbers instead of letters, but we think that not so many people do that (those, who does, often replace the letter «ч» for number 4). But to show all aspects I will give you some examples.

SMS language	Normal language
4то	что
о5	опять
дево4ка	девочка

By the way, we abbreviate not only Russian words, but also English (like British and American people). To tell the truth, we just use their words:

SMS language	Normal language
LOL	laugh out loud
OMG	Oh my God!
IMHO	in my humble opinion
XOXOX	hugs and kisses

To sum up, we want to say that SMS reductions save our time, they are convenient, funny and without them it is impossible to imagine a modern communication. SMS reductions are popular among teenagers and adults too. The SMS reductions in Russian and English languages have something in common, and, of course, here we can see borrowings in English language too.

2.2 The interview of my groupmates

In order to get a clear idea of the bulk of English loanwords in teenagers' vocabulary we interviewed 40 groupmates. (IY 13 and IY 13K groups)

The questions we asked are the following ones:

1. Do you use the words of English origin in your daily communication?

2. Do you like the fact that so many anglicisms are used nowadays in Russian language?

3. Does everyone understand you when you use English words?

4. What for do you use words of English origin?

I also asked them to write a few English words, that they use every day. All their answers are shown on the diagrams below.

I also aimed to investigate their attitude towards English borrowings.



- We think it is rather impossible not to use words of English origin in daily communication, especially by teenagers. The main reasons are that we (teenagers) study English and know many English wordsand that all people use anglicisms (we hear them several times and subconsciously repeat them).35 of 40 teenagers (almost all - 88%) have the same thoughts. So, as you can see the majority of interviewees find these words simple and natural.

- Maybe we do not notice that we use such words or do not know that several words that we use are not native Russian words but native English words (that is the only one explanation we can find to understand the reasons why students say that they do not use anglicisms). Only 2of 40 (5%) respondents said that they do not use words of English origin at all.

- 3 of all interviewed (8%) said that they try not to use words of English origin in daily communication and prefer to use Russian words instead of anglicisms.

Personally we consider that borrowings should be used in our language as it means that our language develops and stays alive (by the way, those languages that do not change somehow will finally disappear). But on the other hand, nowadays teenagers use too many anglicisms in their speech and thus spoil our language, transform it, often replace old Russian words with unnecessary foreign ones. In this way they speak neither English, nor Russian.

anglicisms russian language teenagers



We also was interested in attitude towards borrowings among teenagers. For the question you can see above we received such answers:

- 22 students of 40 (55%) like the fact that so many English words are used in Russian language nowadays. Of course, that is great that our language develops, becomes more modern.

- 10 teenagers (25%) do not like that so many borrowings are used nowadays in our society. And I think it is easy to understand the reasons why they do not like this trend. It is considered that English words can replace the equal Russian words and thus completely change the Russian language. We find it worth mentioning one answer: “I think it is not good for our Russian language. Our language will die out soon, if we continue using such words”. This answer is not typical for teenagers, but we are really happy that some young people think about the future of our beautiful language.

- 8 of 40 interviewed (20%) do not care about our language, about those things that happened to it, about their own speech and speech of their close people.

We think that some words (that have no equal words in Russian language) might be used, but other words (like рэндом но instead of на угад) should not spoil our speech.



One more thing that we wanted to know was whether everyone understands teenagers when they use English words.

- 8 of 40 teenagers (20%) said that everybody understands them, including their parents, friends, teachers.

- 17 students (43%) said that almost all understand them (parents, friends). As a rule grandparents, younger brothers and sisters do not understand teenagers' speech.

- 15 students (38%) complained that basically not all people understand what they say. However, the majority of this group are proud of the fact. It gives them the feeling of being unique, makes them vain and self- conscious.

Everyone understands what we say (maybe because we try not to use too many anglicisms). Sometimes even my parents use words of English original.

One more interesting thing is where teenagers use anglicisms.

We asked groupmates and got results:

- 4 students (5%) said that they use words of English origin to keep the conversation going.

- 6 teenagers (15%) use English words to be cooler and more advanced. They like using those words, that are used by English or American teenagers.

- 23 (more than a half - 58%) make the conversation easier by using anglicisms. These 23 pupils said that some English words are shorter than Russian equal words and it is easier to use anglicisms than Russian words in some cases.

- 5 students (13%) said that using English words, they practise their English. However, personally I do not understand how can people practice English language by adding different words (sometimes with completely different pronunciation or meaning) in their native language.

- 2 teenagers (5%) told that they use words of English origin for other purposes (for example, because some words have no synonyms in Russian language).

We interviewed my class with the question “What types of anglicisms are the most popular today with teenagers?” We gave them such areas as science, politics, tourism, culture and modern slang with several examples to each group. That is how groupmates answered:

2.3 The interview of teachers and parents

Our research would be incomplete if we had interviewed only one generation (teenagers). In previous chapter you can see the attitude towards anglicisms among teenagers and in this chapter we intend to show you the attitude towards borrowings from English language among older people (our teachers and parents).

We interviewed 40 people and we asked them these questions:

1. Do you use the words of English origin in your daily communication?

2. Do you like the fact that so many anglicisms are used nowadays in Russian language?

For this question we got such results:

- 22 adults (55%) said that they use English words in their daily communication. It is accessible because all of them use computers, mobile phones, read magazines so it is impossible not to use anglicisms.

- 16 people (40%) do not like the fact that so many words of English origin are used nowadays in Russian language. These people consider that there are enough words in Russian language and it is not necessary to use words borrowed from English language.

- 2interviewed (5%) told me that they try not to use words of English origin, however it is not always possible to find suitable Russian words.

Comparing two diagrams (the usage of English words among teenagers and adults), we can see that teenagers use words of English origin more often than their parents.



As you can see from the diagram, the older generation has completely different attitude towards anglicisms.

- Only 7 adults (18%) like that so many English words are used nowadays.

- 29 people (73%) do not like that there are so many anglicisms in Russian language. They use such words not so often and, probably, do not like the fact that their children use anglicisms so often.

- 4interviewed (10%) have never thought about this problem. They just use the suitable word and do not think whether it is a native Russian word or not.

Comparing these two diagrams, we can see that attitude towards anglicisms is different among younger and older generation: teenagers like using anglicisms and adults prefer not to use them. Adults are more worried about the purity of our language and they try to preserve its diversity and authenticity.

2.4 Positive and negative aspects

There are both positive and negative sides of borrowing anglisisms.

The positive aspects consist of:

· The opportunity to communicate with people from other counties or people of different nationalities;

· The possibility to learn more about other cultures;

· The chance to develop your language skills and keep abreast with the time.

The borrowings might be justified. Justified words are the words that fill up the spaces in our languageas we did not have such words in our language. As a rule, these words are takenfrom developed languages.

The negative aspects consist of:

· The possibility of losing the values of our native language;

· The possibility to forget your native culture in pursuit of foreign values;

· Sounding absurd and being misunderstood as a result of wrong use of foreign words.

As a rule these borrowings are unjustified. Some people think that by borrowing words from other languages we can enrich our language. To every single word you can find more than one thousand synonyms in different languages. Of course, we can use them too, but we do not think that it is a good idea because no one would understand anything and we would lose the diversity and authenticity of our language.

2.5 The impact of anglicisms on Russian speaking teenagers' lives

Of course, we cannot deny that English including American English strongly affects modern teenagers. They watch American soap-operas and films, listen to American music, even have different prints on T-shirts.

As for my groups, American soap-operas are really popular among my classmates (especially girls) such as «Pretty Little Liars», «The Vampire Diaries», «Gossip Girl», «90210», «Make it or break it». We know that young girls prefer to watch not Russian, but American soap operas (in English - original language). Also there are many really good American films (or just films in English), that we watch and then discuss. Moreover, we know that groupmates enjoy listening to songs in English language. You might think that it is not relevant to the subject, but we think that watching films in original, listening to music in English, play an important role in studying a language and, what is more important for my research - in borrowing new words. It often happens that after some popular films lots of new expressions appear in teenagers' vocabulary.

And we noticed one more thing, which influences teenagers' lives: social nets. All groupmates without exception have their own pages in different social nets (and generally not only in one). There they connect with each other, with their friends in other cities and countries. All teenagers (and not only teenagers) all over the world use such networks as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Skype, Formspring, Vkontakte.

We asked my groupmates (40 people) to write some anglicisms, that they use in daily communication. Their answers you can see below in Appendix.

As you can see, there are many words that related to the Internet and social nets. Some words are general used words, but some are used only in the Internet (mostly by teenagers).A huge amount of those words that are used in the Internet are anglicisms and Russian users just took them started to use without any changes, like words facepalm or noob. But some words have been changed like лайкать (from like - in social nets) or гуглить (from the name of one famous finder - Google). By the way, there are so many words, which are used nowadays not only in the Internet, but also in our daily speech (like LOL).

Moreover, students mentioned words that show someone's mood or attitude towards someone. These words are used by American or British teenagers and now they are used by Russian teenagers too. Modern teenagers use words like bro, cheater to name each other, the whole expressions to show their attitude (kill me please, genius) or words that are used not only by teenagers and that are understandable all over the world (like OK, WOW).

Also there are many words that are used to name different tricks on skateboards (names of sport). Personally we have never heard these words before (like backflip). We suppose that these words are understood and used only by certain group of people (who go in for sports). They use them because there are no equal words to name these things in Russian language.

Thus, anglicisms have a huge impact on Russian language.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion we want to mention that on the one hand, we believe that it`s impossible to stop the process of borrowings and try to prevent the appearance of new words. Without them it is impossible to imagine the modern person or language. However, the significance of these words should be clear both to speaker and listener, and the use of such words should be appropriate and justified. The ability to use these words properly shows the respect to the speaker's language and to himself.

Scientists consider that if the borrowed vocabulary exceeds 2-3% from the whole vocabulary, so it's possible that the language might disappear. The number of borrowing words in Russian language is more than 10%! Trying to copy other people's standards, we lose our identity, mother tongue and culture.

But on the other hand, we should be careful with their usage and shouldn`t overload our language with lots of unnecessary words, which already have lots of synonyms in Russian. Having conducted my research we discovered that Russian speaking teenagers use English borrowings of different types in conversations with their friends in texting messages and in the net communication. In spite of the opinion that a great number of anglicisms spoil our mother language, we are not in favour of the idea of fighting with their usage, as we find it useless. We must admit to using some language mixing of this kind myself - my favourite home-grown expressions being “nice вообще!” and “не good”.

However, we believe it is important to study new borrowings and to adopt them according to grammatical rules of the Russian language. Wsuppose that language is able to self-clean, get rid of excessive, unnecessary words.

In general, foreign language terminology is a very interesting linguistic phenomenon whose role in the Russian language is essential. Anglo-Russian linguistic interaction consistently attracted research attention directed to the study of the total inflow of foreign vocabulary in Russian. The practical value of this work is that this material can be used in the teaching of English and Russian languages at school, lyceums and gymnasiums. These institutions need to conduct systematic work to promote students' cultural treatment of foreign words, a good taste of the language. A good taste is the main condition for the correct and appropriate use of linguistic resources, as loanwords.

BIBLIOGRARHY

1. Brian Lockett «Beyond the dictionary»

2. Брейтер М.А. Англицизмы в русском языке: история и перспективы: Пособие для иностранных студентов-русистов. Владивосток: изд-во «Диалог», 1995

3. Macmillan «English dictionary»

4. Speak Out №1 /2008

5. Приложение: Заимствованные слова в русском языке

6. Заимствования в русском языке

7. Толковый словарь русского языка. Языковые изменения конца XX столетия. / Г.Н. Скляревской, - М.: АСТ, Астрель, 2001.

8. Щерба Л.В. Избранные работы по русскому языку, Аспект пресс, 2007 ISBN 9785756704532.

9. Соболевский А.И. История русского литературного языка. Языки славянской культуры 2006 г. ISBN 5-95510-128-4.

10. Филкова П.Д. Об усвоении церковнославянизмов лексической системой русского литературного языка // Вопросы исторической лексикологии восточнославянских языков. -- М., 1974.

11. Толковый словарь современного русского языка. Языковые изменения конца ХХ столетия, Астрель, 2005, ISBN 5-17-029554-5.

12. Крысин Л.П. Русское слово, свое и чужое, 2004, ISBN 5-94457-183-7.

13. Брандт Р.Ф. Лекции по истории русского языка 2005, ISBN 5-484-00038-6.

14. Демьянов В.Г. Иноязычная лексика в истории русского языка XI--XVII веков. Проблемы морфологической адаптации Наука, 2001, ISBN 5-02-011821-4.

15. Успенский Б.А. Историко-филологические очерки, Языки славянской культуры, ISBN 5-95510-044-X.

16. Лотте Д.С. Вопросы заимствования и упорядочения иноязычных терминов и терминоэлементов. -- М., 1982.

17. Виноградов В.В., Очерки по истории русского литературного языка XVII--XIX вв. -- М., 1938.

18. Семенова М.Ю. Словарь англицизмов. - Ростов н/Д, 2003.

APENDIX A

Dictionary of unjustified English words in the youth's speech

(Словарь неоправданных англицизмов, используемых в речи подростков)

А

Аналогичный (Analogous) - сходный

Анимация (Аnimation) - мультипликационная киносъемка

Анотация (annotation) - примечание, пояснение

Акцентировать (Accent) - подчеркивать

Аскать (To ask) - просить

Аутсайдер (Outsider) - неудачник

Акция (Action) - поступок, деяние

Аргумент (Argument) - довод, доказательство

Администрация (Administration) - управление

Б

Барбекю (Barbecue) - особо приготовленное мясо

Батл (Battle) - битва

Бро(Bro) - братан

Брэнд (Brand) - торговая марка, фирменная одежда

Блокбастер (Blockbuster) - кассовый фильм

Боди-арт (Body-art) - украшение тела

Бизнесмен(Businessman) - предприниматель

Бутсы (Boots) - ботинки;

Бойфренд(Boyfriend) х возлюбленный, парень, дружок

Бестселлер(Bestseller) - хорошо продающаяся книга

Бизнес(Business) - деловая активность, профессиональная деятельность

Блог(Blogсокр. от "weblog") - дневник в Интернете

Бэббиситтер (Baby) - ребенок (sit) - сидеть няня

Бэби(Baby) младенец, малыш

В

Варьировать (Variate) - изменять

Виртуальный (Virtual) - мнимый

Г

Гаджет (Gadget) - техническая новинка

Геймер - игрок

Гуглить (google) - искать в интернете с помощью «Гугла», использовать «Гугл»

Голкипер (Goalkeeper) - вратарь

Д

Дайвинг (Diving от «todive») - нырять, подводное плавание

Джекпот (Jackpot) - самый крупный выигрыш в лотерее

Диджей (DJ) - человек, который представляет популярную музыку на радио, дискотеках

Дилер (Dealer) - торговец (To deal) - заключать сделки

Драйв (To drive) - гнать, запал, энергетика

Дизайн (Design) - рисунок, эскиз, узор

Дефицит (Deficit ) - нехватка

Департамент (Department) - отдел

З

Зебестный (Thebest) -лучший

Зип, зиппер (Zipper) - застежка, молния

И

Игнорить (Ignore) - игнорировать, не обращать внимания

Имидж (Image) - образ

Иннагурация (Inauguration) - вступление в должность

К

Креативный (Creative) - творческий

Коннектиться (Connect) - связываться

Кипиш (Tokeep - сохранять, держать) - в значении: суетиться, волноваться

Кеш (Cash) - наличные деньги

Киллер (Killer) - убийца

Клипмейкер (Clipmaker) - создатель музыкальных мини-фильмов

Коменты (Tocomment) - обсуждения

Коммьюнити (Community) - сообщество

Конкуренция(Concurrence) - соперничество, борьба, соревнование

Конференция (Conference) - собрание

Коммуникатировать (Communicate ) - общаться

Комфорт (Comfort) - уют, удобство, хорошие условия

Кастинг (Casting) - подбор актёров

Кул (Сool) - хороший, спокойный, классный

Киндер(Kid)- ребенок

Клик, кликать(Click) - щелчок, нажимать на кнопку "мыши"

Л

Лейбл(Label) - этикетка, фирменная вещь

Логин (Login) - имя пользователя в сети

ЛОЛ (LOL) - я умираю от смеха (стандартная фраза в электронной почте)

Лузер(To lose) - терять,проигрывать, неудачник

Лайкнуть(Like) - понравиться

М

Маркит(Market) - рынок

Мачо (Macho) - крутой парень, настоящий мужчина

Менеджер (Manager) - управляющий

Менеджмент (Management) - управление

Мейнстрим(Mainstream) - основное течение

Мультиплекс (Multiplex) - многозальный комплекс

Мониторинг(Monitoring) - наблюдение

Мониторить(To monitor) - наблюдать

Миллениум (Millennium") - тысячелетие

Мейкап (Make-up) - внешний вид, облик, «макияж»

Мэр(Mayor) - глава муниципального управления

Н

Нейл-арт (Nail-art) - искусство украшения ногтей

Никнейм (Nickname) - имя, прозвище

Неайс (Notice - fromoldTVad) - не очень хорошо

Номинация(Nomination) - выдвижение кандидатов

О

Офис (Office) - контора, кабинет, служебное помещение

Офсайд (Offside) - вне игры

Офлайн (Offline, off-line) - в реале (в отключенном от компьютерной сети состоянии)

Онлайн (Online) - в сети

П

Пати(Party) - вечеринка

Пирсинг (Piercing) - прокалывание

Презентация (Presentation) - представление

Пирсинг (Piercing) - прокол, укол

Пазл (Puzzle) - головоломка, ребус, загадка

Парковка (Parking) - автостоянка

Пентхауз (penthouse ) - особняк

Презент (Present) - подарок

Продакшн (Production) - производство (кино)

Промоушн (Promotion) - продвижение, раскрутка

Прайс - лист (Pricelist) - прейскурант, ценник

Р

Респект (Rrespect) - уважать

Репосты (Torepost) - переотправка

Реально (Real, really) - действительно

Реконструкция (Reconstruction)- перестройка

Рейтинг (Rating) - оценка

Регион (Region) - область

Риэлтер (Realtor) - агент по недвижимости

Ресепшн (Reception) - прием, встреча, приемная

Роуминг (Roaming) - автоматическое подключение к местной сети связи

С

Сайз (Size) - размер

Скиншот (Screenshot) - моментальный снимок экрана

Cпам (Spam) - массовая рассылка рекламы по электронной почте

Спрей (Spray) - распылитель

Стайл (Style) - манера, способ выражения

Сезон (Season ) - время года

Спикер (Speaker) - оратор

Секъюрити (Security) - охрана

Супермаркет (Supermarket) - универмаг

Супер (Super) - отлично

Супермен ( Superman) - сверх-человек

Стандарт (Standard) - норма, образец

Сэндвич (Sandwich) - бутерброд

Т

Тинэйджер (Teenager) - подросток

Толерантность (Tolerance) - терпимость

Тишот (T-shirt) - футболка

Тренинг (Ttraining) - тренировка, подготовка

Тюнинг (Tuning) - точная настройка

Топ-модель (Topmodel) - лучшая модель

Тату (Tattoo) - наколка

У

Уикэнд (weekend) - конец недели, выходные

Ф

Факт (Fact) - обстоятельство, событие, случай, явление

Фастфуд (Fast-food) - перекус

Фазенда (Fazenda) - дача

Фито - центр (Fit) - стройный, здоровый

Фитнес (fitness) - хорошая физическая форма, натренированность

Фигнюшка (Things) - вещи

Флаер (Flyer) - рекламная листовка

Флешмоб (Flashmob) - краткая массовая акция

Фристайл(freestyle) - свободный стиль

Фирма (firm) - одежда известных производителей

Х

Хенд-мейд (Hand-made) - рукотворное, ручной работы

Хоррор (Horror) - фильм ужасов, «ужастик»

Хотдог (Hot-dog) - сосиска в тесте

Ч

Чатить(Chat) - болтать

Ш

Шоп (Shop) -магазин

Шопинг (Shopping) - процесс похода по магазинам, ходить за покупками

Шузы (Shoes) - туфли

Э

Эксклюзивный (Exclusive) - особый, исключительный, особенный

Ю

Юзер - (User) - компьютерный пользователь, "пользователь"

Юниор (Junior) - младший Размещено на Allbest.ru

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