Motives and its types: studying of various theories

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Senior teacher of department of psychology of BSU

MOTIVES AND ITS TYPES: STUDYING OF VARIOUS THEORIES

Olimov L.Y.

Eshov E.S.

Each person on the course of life makes decisions, carries out objectives before himself, achieves the objectives, aims at a dream. For what and what forces it? Any the behavior, acts, words, actions of the person are determined by something. The person throws quite safe city life - the apartment, work - and goes to live to the remote village. Why? Or the person suddenly resolutely makes the decision which cardinally changes his life to other course. Any of behavior, acts, words, actions of the person are determined by something. The question "Why the Person So Acts?" is sent to search for the reasons of his behavior - its motives and requirements.

Requirement is a condition of shortage in something which the organism seeks to compensate. Needs of the person are conditional, mobile, have virtual character. Due to the variety of conditions of realization, age, the environment biological requirement becomes material, social or spiritual, i.e. requirement is transformed. In a parallelogram of requirements (biological requirement - material - social -- spiritual) predominating there is that requirement most of which corresponds to personal meaning of life of the person, that which is better motivated is better armed with means of the satisfaction, i.e.

Motive is for the sake of what activity is carried out (for example, for the sake of self-affirmation, money, etc.).

The concept "motive" (Latin "movere" - to move, push) means motivation to activity, the incentive reason of actions and acts. Motives can be various: interest in maintenance and process of activity, debt to society, self-affirmation, etc. Types of motives per se there is a lot of, but conditionally and generally it is possible to allocate the following types of motives:

1. Motive of self-affirmation. This motive closely intertwines with self-respect of the individual, his vanity and ambition. The personality tries to prove to society that it costs something, wants that it was appreciated and respected, aims at a certain status in society.

2. Motive of identification. This motive is based on desire to resemble an idol, the hero, a certain authoritative personality.

3. The motive of the power is based on the aspiration of the subject to catch the power and an opportunity to influence surrounding people. The need for the power was one of the main moving acts of man, forces at all times.

4. Procedurally - substantial motives represent motivation to activity of the person by means of content and process of activities. The person likes to carry out these activities; he shows an initiative and the physical or intellectual activity.

5. The motive of self-development is one of the main motives which force the personality to work on itself (himself) and development.

6. Motive of achievement - aspiration to achievement of excellent results and great skills in the activities. Such aspiration is usually shown that the individual chooses rather difficult tasks and tries to execute them.

7. Pro-social motives are the motives connected with own understanding of a social significance of activities with social responsibility.

8. The motive of affiliation represents aspiration to support of relations with other people, to communication and contact with them. The sense of affiliation consists in a communication worthiness.

9. The negative motive is motivation which is caused by understanding of possible troubles, punishments, inconveniences which take place in case of activities failure to carry out.

10. The motive of material well-being is aspiration of the person to material sufficiency [5, page 3].

The motive and motivation in psychology are determined by the choice of an orientation of activities which is determined by urgent requirements, restrictions and opportunities which are pledged in a certain situation. If the person aims at accomplishment of certain activities, one may say, that it has a motivation. For example, if the pupil is diligent in study - he has a motivation to study; at the athlete who aims to achieve good results, the high level of motivation of achievement; desire of the head of all to subordinate demonstrates presence of high level of motivation to the power. For the first time the word "motivation" was used by A. Schopenhauer in the article "Four Principles of a Sufficient Reason". Then this term was included firmly into psychological use for an explanation of the reasons of behavior of the person and animals. Now the motivation as the mental phenomenon is interpreted in different ways. In one case -- as set of the factors supporting and directing, i.e. determining behavior in other case -- as set of motives, in the third -- as the motivation causing activity of an organism and determining its orientation. Besides, the motivation is considered as process of mental regulation of specific activities, as process of action of motive and as the mechanism determining origin, the direction and methods of implementation of specific forms of activities as cumulative system of the processes which are responsible for motivation and activities. From here all determinations of motivation can be referred to two directions. The first considers motivation from structural line items as set of factors or motives. For example, according to V. D. Shadrikov's scheme, the motivation is caused by requirements and the purposes of the personality, level of claims and ideals, activities conditions (as objective, external, and subjective, internal -- knowledge, abilities, capabilities, nature) and outlook, beliefs and an orientation of the personality e.t.c. [7].

Taking into account these factors there is a decision-making, intention formation. The second direction considers motivation not as static and as dynamic education, as process, the mechanism. However both in that and in other case the motivation at authors acts as education, secondary in relation to motive, the phenomenon. (For example, V. A. Ivannikov, R. A. Piloyan, R. Vudvorts, U. Djems, E. N. Bakanova). It is more than that, in the second case the motivation acts as means or the mechanism of realization of already available motives: there was a situation allowing realizing the available motive also the motivation, i.e. process of regulation of activity by means of motive appears. For example, V. A. Ivannikov (1985) considers that process of motivation begins with updating of motive. Such interpretation of motivation is caused by the fact that the motive is understood as a subject of satisfaction of requirement. It shouldn't be formed, and it is necessary just to staticize (to cause his image in consciousness of the person) [4]. However at such approach remains unclear, first, that gives a situation or motive, secondly, how there is a motive if he appears earlier, than motivation. Statements of authors about a ratio of motive and motivation don't clear up this question. So, R. A. Piloyan writes that motivation and motive the -- the interconnected, interdependent mental categories and that motives of action are formed on the basis of a certain motivation (i.e. motives are secondary). And at the same time he claims that through development of separate motives we can influence motivation in general (i.e. already the motivation depends on motives which become primary) [6]. motivation mental instinct procedural

Thus, we can tell that the motivation is a set of the inducing factors defining activity of the personality; motives, requirements, incentives, situational factors which determine behavior of the person concern to them. The term "motivation" taken in a broad sense is used in all fields of psychology investigating the reasons and mechanisms of purposeful behavior of the person and animals. On the manifestations and function in regulation of behavior the motivating factors can be divided into three rather independent classes. In the analysis of a question of why the organism in general comes to a condition of activity, manifestations of requirements and instincts as activity sources are analyzed. If the question what activity of an organism is directed to for the sake of what the choice of these acts of behavior is made, but not others is studied, first of all manifestations of motives as the reasons defining the choice of an orientation of behavior are investigated. At the solution of a question of how how regulation of dynamics of behavior is carried out, manifestations of emotions, subjective experiences (aspirations, desires, etc.) and installations in behavior of the subject are investigated.

Any kind of motivation plays very important role in studying of psychology of the person and his behavior. But what influences motivation of the person? What factors? Theories of motivation are applied to studying of these questions. Theories of motivation study and analyze needs of the person, their contents and how they are connected with his motivation. In them an attempt to understand that it induces the person to this or that activity what requirements motivate his behavior is made. Studying of these requirements has caused emergence of three main directions:

1. Substantial theories of motivation.

2. Procedural theories of motivation.

3. Theories which cornerstone the specific picture of the person is.

Let's consider each direction in more detail.

Substantial theories of motivation analyze factors which exert impact on motivation. Mostly, they are concentrated on the analysis of needs of the person. Substantial theories describe structure of requirements and their contents, and also how all this is connected with motivation of the individual.

Procedural theories of motivation analyze how the person distributes efforts for achievement of the new purposes and what type of behavior will be for this purpose chosen by him. In procedural theories the behavior of the person is defined not only requirements, but is function of his perception and the expectations connected with a concrete situation and possible consequences of that type of behavior which was chosen by the person.

Theories which cornerstone the specific picture of the worker is take as a basis a certain sample of the worker, his requirement and motives [5, page 8-10].

Except above-stated, many scientific psychologists advance the theories. Such, as

Behaviourists theories of motivation. Behaviourists noted that the term "motivation" too general and insufficiently scientific that the experimental psychology under this name actually studies requirements, inclinations having purely physiological nature. Behaviorists explain behavior through the scheme "incentive -- reaction", considering an irritant as an active source of reaction of an organism. For them the problem of motivation isn't necessary as, from their point of view, a dynamic condition of behavior is reactivity of an organism, i.e. his ability to answer in unusual way irritants. However, at the same time it is noted that the organism not always reacts to the incentive influencing from the outside in this connection the factor (called motivation), explaining distinctions in reactivity is entered into the scheme. The most prominent representative of dynamic psychology American R. Vudvorts, criticizing behaviourists, treated the response to external influence as the difficult and changeable act in which last experience and an originality of external and internal cash conditions are integrated. This synthesis is reached thanks to mental activity which basis the aspiration to the Purpose forms (requirement) [8].

Cognitive theories of motivation. Still U. Dzhems at the end of the last century allocated several types of decision making (forming of intention, aspiration to action) as conscious deliberate motivational act. The thought objects detaining final action or favoring to it he calls the bases, or motives, this decision [1].

Psychoanalytic theories of motivation. The new stage of studying of determination of behavior began at the end of the 19th century in connection with emergence of the doctrine of Siegmund Freud about unconscious and inclinations of the person. It gave a crucial role in the organization of behavior to the unconscious kernel of mental life formed by powerful inclinations. Generally sexual (libidos) and aggressive, requiring direct satisfaction and the persons blocked by "censor" -- "Super I", i.e. social norms and values, during socialization of the individual. If at U. Dzhems the motivation to a great extent contacted conscious decision making (taking into account many external and internal factors), then at S. Freud and his followers in determination of behavior the crucial role was assigned unconscious which suppression of motives from outside "Super I" lead to neurosises [3].

Biological theories of motivation. Among them it is possible to note those which address the concept "motivation" only for an explanation of the reasons of activity of an organism. About motivation in this case speak as about energy mobilization. At the same time recognize representations that the condition of inactivity and that there was its transition to activity is natural to an organism, some special incentive forces are necessary [2].

Basing to theories of scientists, many drew a conclusion that requirement and motive have peculiar quality in which requirement is considered as the activator of actions, activities, behavior of the person, and the motive is accepted some one specific psychological phenomenon in which are grouped as on motivation, on requirement, on the purpose, on intention, on properties of the personality and on conditions.

Literature

1. Джемс У. Многообразие религиозного опыта. - М.: «Русская Мысль», 1910.

2. Введенский Н. Е.. О неутомляемости нерва. - Санкт-Петербург.: 1900.

3. Зигмунд Фрейд. Я и Оно. - К., 1996.

4. Иванников В. А.. Психологические механизмы волевой регуляции. - М.: «Московский университет». Глава 1.

5. Ильин Е. Мотивация и мотивы. - СПб.: Питер, 2003. «Мастера психологии». С. 3 - 10.

6. Пилоян Р. А. Мотивация спортивной деятельности. - М.: 1984. - С. 98.

7. Шадриков В. Д. Психологическая характеристика нормального человека. - Логос.: «Университетская книга», 2009. - С. 148.

8. Robert S. Woodworth. Dynamic psychology, Н. Х.,1925.

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