ʳëüê³ñíà òà ÿê³ñíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñåì àêñ³îíîìåí³â ó ñó÷àñí³é àíãë³éñüê³é ìîâ³

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ʳëüê³ñíà òà ÿê³ñíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ñåì àêñ³îíîìåí³â ó ñó÷àñí³é àíãë³éñüê³é ìîâ³

Ñîðîêà Òåòÿíà Âÿ÷åñëàâ³âíà

Ïîñòàíîâêà ïðîáëåìè. Ó ðàêóðñ³ ñó÷àñíèõ ë³íãâ³ñòè÷íèõ äîñë³äæåíü íàö³îíàëüíî¿ ñïåöèô³êè àêñ³îëîã³÷íèõ ôðàãìåíò³â êàðòèí ñâ³òó íàãàëüíîþ ïîñòຠíåîáõ³äí³ñòü âèÿâëåííÿ ëåêñè÷íî¿ ñåìàíòèêè ö³íí³ñíèõ ïàðàäèãì ìîâíèõ ñîö³óì³â (ïðàö³ Í.Î. Ãåðöîâñüêî¿, Í.Â. ²âàíåíêî, À.À. Ëó÷èê, À.Ì. Ëÿøóê, Ì.Ì. Ïåùàê, Ì.Ï. Ôàá³àí, Ã.Ì. ßðóí òà ³íøèõ).

Àíàë³ç îñòàíí³õ äîñë³äæåíü ³ ïóáë³êàö³é. Ó íèçö³ ñòàòåé, ïðèñâÿ÷åíèõ äîñë³äæåííþ ìîâíî¿ îá'ºêòèâàö³¿ àêñ³îëîã³÷íèõ êàòåãîð³é äóõîâíî¿ êóëüòóðè àíãë³éñüêîãî íàðîäó, ÿêà ðåïðåçåíòîâàíà ô³ëîñîôñüêî-ñâ³òîãëÿäíèìè, íàóêîâèìè, ãðîìàäñüêî-ïîë³òè÷íèìè, ñîö³àëüíèìè, ìîðàëüíèìè, ðåë³ã³éíèìè, ïðàâîâèìè é åñòåòè÷íèìè ö³ííîñòÿìè [1; 2; 3], âèêëàäåíî ðåçóëüòàòè àâòîðñüêîãî íàóêîâîãî äîñë³äæåííÿ ñåìàíòè÷íèõ ñï³ââ³äíîøåíü 150 àêñ³îíîìåí³â Àêñ³îíîìåí (â³ä ãðåöüêîãî -- «ùíí³ñòü» ³ ëàòèíñüêîãî -- nomen -- «³ì'ÿ, íàçâà») º ðîáî÷èì òåðì³íîì, âïðîâàäæåíèì ó íàóêîâèé îá³ã àâòîðîì ñòàòò³ äëÿ ïîçíà÷åííÿ íàéìåíóâàííÿ ö³ííîñò³. ³ç çàñòîñóâàííÿì ôîðìàë³çîâàíîãî àíàë³çó (ïðîöåäóðà ñòóï³í÷àñòî¿ ³äåíòèô³êàö³¿), ÿê³ õàðàêòåðèçóþòüñÿ 1192 ëåêñè÷íèìè çíà÷åííÿìè: â³ä àêñ³îíîìåí³â ç íàéâèùèì (â³ä 25 äî 10 çíà÷åíü) ³ ñåðåäí³ì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿 (â³ä 9 äî 2 çíà÷åíü) äî ìîíîñåì³÷íèõ. Îäíàê ðîçâ'ÿçàííþ ïèòàííÿ ïðî âñòàíîâëåííÿ ëåêñèêî-ñåìàíòè÷íèõ çàñîá³â ðåàë³çàö³¿ ñèñòåìè ö³ííîñòåé â àíãë³éñüê³é ìîâ³ ñïðèÿº òàêîæ ç'ÿñóâàííÿ õàðàêòåðó ñåìíîãî ñêëàäó àêñ³îíîìåí³â.

Ïîñòàíîâêà çàâäàííÿ. Ìåòà äîñë³äæåííÿ ïîëÿãຠâ ðîçêðèòò³ ê³ëüê³ñíèõ ³ ÿê³ñíèõ îñîáëèâîñòåé ñåìíîãî ìàñèâó ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åíü àêñ³îíîìåí³â, ÿê³ êâàë³ô³êóþòüñÿ ÿê ö³íí³ñíî-çóìîâëåí³ ðåºñòðîâ³ îäèíèö³ ëåêñèêîãðàô³÷íèõ äæåðåë òëóìà÷íîãî õàðàêòåðó [4].

Âèêëàä îñíîâíîãî ìàòåð³àëó. Ñåìíèé ñêëàä àêñ³îíîìåí³â ó ñó÷àñí³é àíãë³éñüê³é ìîâ³ íàë³÷óº 244 òëóìà÷åííÿ, ÿê³ õàðàêòåðèçóþòü ñâ³òîãëÿäí³ òà ðåë³ã³éí³ óÿâëåííÿ, îñîáèñò³ñí³ ðèñè é â³ä÷óòòÿ, ïðàâîâ³ é ñîö³àëüí³ â³äíîñèíè, íàóêîâî-îá´ðóíòîâàí³ ôàêòè, ïîë³òè÷í³ ðåà볿 òà åñòåòè÷í³ñòü.

Ñåìíèé ìàñèâ äîñë³äæóâàíèõ ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åíü ïîä³ëÿºòüñÿ íà 12 ï³äìíîæèí. Íàéóæèâàí³ø³ òà íàéïîøèðåí³ø³ ñåìè âõîäÿòü äî ñêëàäó ïåðøèõ ÷îòèðüîõ ï³äìíîæèí ³ õàðàêòåðèçóþòü ëåêñè÷í³ çíà÷åííÿ àíãë³éñüêèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â ç íàéâèùèì òà ñåðåäí³ì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿. Òàê, ïåðøà ï³äìíîæèíà íàðàõîâóº â³ñ³ì áàçîâèõ ñåì, ÿê³ ì³ñòÿòüñÿ â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ íàñòóïíèõ äîñë³äæóâàíèõ ³ìåííèê³â: «state (of), condition» (ñòàí, ñòàíîâèùå, óìîâè ³ñíóâàííÿ) life, order., nature,right, grace, mind, space, culture, wisdom, dream, liberty, freedom, perfection, dignity,truth, sympathy, memory, comfort, sovereignty, discipline, knowledge, constitution, care, glory, piety, spirituality, civilisation, democracy, persistence, tolerance, humility, consciousness, mastery, respect, felicity, competence, efficiency, harmony, independence, integrity, chastity, vitality, optimism, peace, security, mentality, accuracy, objectivity, sanctity, legality, friendship, fame, kindness, decency, self-possession, rectitude, happiness, health, informality, proficiency, punctuality, excellence, responsibility, privacy,status, holiness, equality, prosperity, wellbeing', «ability, capacity» ðîçêðèâຠçäàòí³ñòü çä³éñíåííÿ ÷îãî-íåáóäü ó ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â grace, mind,art, power, wisdom, will, authority, memory, language, tolerance, mastery, felicity, science, patience, competence, efficiency, independence, vitality, mentality, conscience, intelligence, diplomacy, accuracy, experience, talent, self-possession, courage, initiative, proficiency, responsibility, reliability, professionalism; «person(s)» õàðàêòåðèçóº ëþäèíó ÿê íîñ³ÿ ïåâíèõ ñîö³àëüíèõ òà îñîáèñòèõ ðèñ, îçíàê àáî âêàçóº íà ïðåäñòàâíèê³â êîëåêòèâó ó ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ ³ìåííèê³â life, order, nature,right, spirit, law, love, soul, mind, power, culture, dream, honour, trust, authority, perfection, dignity, comfort, justice, language, faith, democracy, hope, God, labour, security, intelligence, personality, success, talent, respectability, a «virtue» ðåïðåçåíòóº ÷åñíîòè â grace, honour, morality, justice, faith, piety, good, diligence, humility, patience, integrity, chastity, goodness, prudence, conscience, honesty, rectitude, fortitude, temperance.

Ó ïåðø³é ï³äìíîæèí³ âèä³ëÿºìî ÷îòèðè ñåìè «in science», «in religion», «in plural, «in phrases». «In science» ðîçïîä³ëÿº ëåêñè÷í³ çíà÷åííÿ àêñ³îíîìåí³â íà íàóêîâ³ òåðì³íè {life, time, order, nature, grace, spirit, style, mind, space, power, culture, trust, freedom, sympathy, memory, morality, knowledge, constitution, beauty, persistence, tolerance, consciousness, competence, efficiency, vitality, conscience, accuracy, objectivity, personality, honesty, progress, experience, moderation, equality, thrift), òåîð³¿, äîêòðèíè {education, harmony, optimism, humanism, pragmatism, aestheticism, rationalism, pluralism, traditionalism) òà íàâ÷àëüí³ ïðåäìåòè, ãàëóç³ çíàíü. «In religion» ðîçêðèâຠðåë³ã³éí³ ³äå¿ òà óÿâëåííÿ {life, order, nature, grace, spirit, law, love, soul, mind, power, wisdom, discipline, faith, virtue, hope, charity, blessing, God, worship, intelligence, legality, devotion, talent, pluralism, traditionalism, beatitude). Ó ôîðì³ ìíîæèíè («in plural») ëåêñè÷í³ çíà÷åííÿ ìîâíèõ îäèíèöü Ufe,time, order,right, grace, spirit,art, honour, liberty, authority, dignity, truth, sympathy, comfort, morality, piety, care, glory, spirituality, beauty, good, respect, God, fortune, duty, security, intelligence, sanctity, legality, personality, devotion, decency, respectability, loyalty, moderation íþàíñóþòüñÿ â³äïîâ³äíèìè ñëîâíèêîâèìè òëóìà÷åííÿìè, à ó âèðàçàõ («³ï phrases») ñåìàíòèêà ³ìåííèê³â life,time, order, nature,right, grace, spirit, law, love, style, soul, mind,art, power, wisdom, will, honour, liberty, authority, freedom, discipline, knowledge, logic, mercy, faith, glory, good, virtue, hope, diligence, consciousness, science, God, fortune, patience, worship, competence, peace, progress, experience, health, initiative, reliability ðîçãîðòàºòüñÿ íà ôîí³ ¿õí³õ çâ'ÿçê³â ç ³íøèìè ÷àñòèíàìè ìîâè.

Òðèíàäöÿòü ñåì óòâîðþþòü äðóãó ï³äìíîæèíó, ùî ì³ñòèòü âêàç³âêè íà ïðåäìåòè, îá'ºêòè («thing(s), object(s)»: life, love, art, dream, honour, pride, trust, perfection, truth, comfort, beauty, hope, God, worship, sanctity, success, luck) àáî ôàêòè ðåàëüíî¿ ä³éñíîñò³ («fact (of), event»: perfection, truth, memory, mercy, persistence, independence, prudence, objectivity, experience, responsibility, luck), ñïîñ³á ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ, ìåòîä çä³éñíåííÿ («way (of), manner (of), method»: life, right, law, style, mind, art, dignity, constitution, logic, language, civilisation, felicity, science, mentality, diplomacy, pragmatism, òîé ÷è ³íøèé õàðàêòåð ïîâîäæåííÿ ç êèì-, ÷èì-íåáóäü («attitude(s)»: spirit, love, culture, will, sympathy, mercy, piety, diligence, charity, tolerance, respect, optimism, mentality, humanism, loyalty), ñâîáîäó, â³äñóòí³ñòü, çâ³ëüíåííÿ, â³äõ³ä â³ä ÷îãîñü («freedom (from)»:n<7M, space, liberty, perfection, sovereignty, independence, peace, security, generosity, health, modesty, informality, privacy, sincerity, ñèñòåìó ÿê ìíîæèíó âçàºìîïîâ'ÿçàíèõ åëåìåíò³â ³ â³äíîøåíü ì³æ íèìè («system»):^me, order, law, discipline, constitution, justice, logic, education, language, faith, democracy, science, humanism ³ ïðèíöèïè, ÿê³ â³äîáðàæàþòü ñóòòºâ³ õàðàêòåðèñòèêè äëÿ ôóíêö³îíóâàííÿ ñèñòåìè («principle(s)»): Ufe, right, spirit, law, soul, truth, morality, justice, logic, democracy, humanism, rationalism, ïðàãíåííÿ äî çä³éñíåííÿ ÷îãî-íåáóäü; ñõèëüí³ñòü, ïîòÿã, òåíäåíö³þ («tendency, inclination»): nature, grace, spirit, will, sympathy, mercy, spirituality, humility, optimism, mentality, benevolence, talent, aestheticism, ïðèõèëüí³ñòü, â³ðí³ñòü, â³ääàí³ñòü, äîäåðæàííÿ ïðèïèñ³â, ïðàâèë, ïðèíöèï³â («adherence, allegiance»):n<7M, truth, sympathy, faith, piety, worship, integrity, legality, loyalty, punctuality, traditionalism, patriotism, îðãàí³çîâàíó ñóêóïí³ñòü, ñï³ëüíîòó, âåëèêó ê³ëüê³ñòü, á³ëüø³ñòü («body (of)»): order, law, wisdom, sovereignty, knowledge, constitution, language, faith, charity, science, labour, æèòòºâó é ô³çè÷íó ñèëó, ì³öü («force(s), strength»): life, nature, grace, spirit, power, virtue, labour, vitality, courage, fortitude. Ñëîâî-çàì³ííèê («another word for») çíàõîäèìî â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â spirit, love, style, soul, space, memory, morality, glory, patience, vitality, a àíàëîã³÷íå ñëîâî, ùî âèêîðèñòîâóºòüñÿ ó ñïîðò³ àáî ðîçâàæàëüíèõ ³ãðàõ òà âèñòàâàõ («in sport (play)») -- ó ñëîâàõ life, right, grace, law, love, honour, memory, morality, patience.

Òðåòÿ ï³äìíîæèíà õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ ï'ÿòíàäöÿòüìà ñåìàìè íà ïîçíà÷åííÿ çâàííÿ, ÷èíó, äóõîâíîãî ñàíó, ñëóæáîâîãî ñòàíîâèùà («rank, title»): order, grace, style, honour, dignity, sovereignty, status, holiness, beatitude; ïðàâà, ïåðåâàãè, ïðèâ³ëåþ («right; privilege»):^M, law, power, honour, liberty, authority, freedom, sovereignty, initiative; (ñàìî-)êîíòðîëþ, ðåãóëþâàííÿ («(self-)control, regulation»): law, power, will, discipline, democracy, mastery, conscience, selfpossession, moderation; òî÷êè çîðó, ïîãëÿäó, îö³íêè äóìîê àáî âëàñíèõ ä³é («opinion, viewpoint, estimate»): mind, wisdom, pride, logic, humility, respect, mentality, conscience, prestige; ïðèõèëüíîñò³, ïðèÿçíîãî ñòàâëåííÿ äî êîãî-, ÷îãî-íåáóäü («favour»): grace, sympathy, mercy, blessing, respect, benevolence, friendship., kindness; â³ðè, â³ðóâàííÿ, äîâ³ðè («belief(s)»): culture, trust, piety, faith, spirituality, optimism, confidence, rationalism; ðåïóòàö³¿; ñëàâè, äîáðîãî ³ìåí³ («reputation, standing»): honour, dignity, memory, worship, fame, respectability, status, prestige; ïðàâåäíîñò³ («righteousness»):^/*/, morality, good, virtue, goodness, honesty, rectitude; ðîäó çàíÿòü, ïðîôåñ³¿ («work, profession, occupation»): law, art, education, diligence, labour, diplomacy, career; óì³ííÿ («skill»): ar/, mastery, science, diplomacy, experience, proficiency, professionalism; çíàííÿ («knowledge»): culture, wisdom, education, mastery, science, competence, experience; âïåâíåíîñò³ («certitude, assurance»): trust, authority, faith, optimism, security, confidence, self-possession; äîáðîçè÷ëèâîñò³ («kindness»): mercy, good, charity, benevolence, goodness, humanism, generosity; ùàñëèâî¿ äîë³ («good fortune»): blessing, felicity, fortune, success, happiness, luck, prosperity; âèÿâëåíü ïî÷óòò³â çà äîïîìîãîþ âèãóêó («exclamation»): soul, faith, beauty, God, peace, goodness, health.

Ó ÷åòâåðò³é ï³äìíîæèí³ ïðåäñòàâëåíî äåâ'ÿòü ñåì, êîæíà ç ÿêèõ îá'ºäíóº ïî ø³ñòü àêñ³îíîìåí³â ³ ñëóæèòü äëÿ ðîçêðèòòÿ ñëóøíî¿ íàãîäè, ñïðèÿòëèâî¿ ìîæëèâîñò³ («chance, occasion, opportunity») â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ ñë³â Ufe, time, hope, fortune, initiative, luck; åíåðã³éíî¿ ñèëè («energy»): life, spirit, soul, power, will, vitality; äóõó («spirit»): life, soul, mind, pride, democracy, courage; ê³ëüêîñò³, ñóìè ÷îãîñü («quantity, sum of»):/*me, order, space, memory, knowledge, duty; âèøóêàíîñò³, âèòîí÷åíîñò³ («sophistication, refinement»): grace, style, culture, civilisation, aestheticism, elegance; äîñòî¿íñòâà, çàñëóãè («worth, merit»): ar/, pride, dignity, good, virtue, excellence; âëàäè, äîì³íóþ÷îãî âïëèâó («power, ascendancy»): power, will, authority, sovereignty, democracy, mastery; ïîâàãè, øàíóâàííÿ («regard, esteem»): honour, piety, respect, worship, duty, prudence; ïåðøîïðè÷èíè, äæåðåëà ÷îãîñü («source of»): pride, authority, comfort, care, hope, felicity.

Ï'ÿòà ï³äìíîæèíà ï'ÿòíàäöÿòè ñåì, ùî ãðóïóþòü ïî ï'ÿòü àêñ³îíîìåí³â, õàðàêòåðèçóº â³äð³çîê ÷àñó («period») â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ ñë³â Ufe, time, grace, space, pride; ³ñíóâàííÿ («existence»): life, nature, objectivity, personality, pluralism; ó ìóçèö³ («in music»):/*me, grace, soul, space, harmony; ïåâíèé ð³ä, âèä, òèï («sort, kind, type»): order, nature, style, civilisation, status; ³íñòðóêö³þ, óðîê, ïîâ÷àííÿ, ïðàâèëî («instruction, lesson, precept»): order, wisdom, morality, discipline, education; ïðàâî âëàñíîñò³, ìàéíî («property»): right, trust, spirituality, good, fortune; ³ìóí³òåò; íåïîðóøí³ñòü, íåäîòîðêàíí³ñòü («immunity; inviolability»): grace, liberty, freedom, integrity, sanctity; òâåðäæåííÿ, âèðàç («statement, expression»): law, style, will, truth, constitution; áàæàííÿ («wish, desire»): love, dream, will, pride, hope; ïðèõèëüí³ñòü, ëþáîâ, â³ääàí³ñòü («affection, attachment»): love, spirituality, aestheticism, devotion, religiosity; ðîçóì³ííÿ, óñâ³äîìëåííÿ, îá³çíàí³ñòü («awareness, understanding»): soul, mind, sympathy, knowledge, consciousness; ðîçâèòîê, ïîë³ïøåííÿ, âäîñêîíàëåííÿ («development, improvement»): culture, perfection, education, civilisation, progress; â³äâåðò³ñòü, ùèð³ñòü («fairness, frankness»): freedom, justice, integrity, honesty, sincerity; ñòóï³íü, ì³ðó âèÿâó ÷îãî-íåáóäü («degree (of)»): perfection, morality, education, diligence, efficiency; ñòîñóíêè, â³äíîøåííÿ («relation(ship)»): logic, harmony, diplomacy, friendship, confidence.

Øîñòó ï³äìíîæèíó ñêëàäàþòü äåâ'ÿòíàäöÿòü ñåì, ùî ì³ñòÿòüñÿ ó ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ âèêëþ÷íî ïîë³ñåìàíòè÷íèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â ³ âêàçóþòü íà îáîâ'ÿçîê, çîáîâ'ÿçàííÿ («obligation»): right,trust, duty, responsibility; êîðåêòí³ñòü, ïðàâèëüí³ñòü («correctness»):^/*/, justice, accuracy, rectitude; ïðèñòîéí³ñòü, åòèêåò («propriety, decorum»):^/*/, decency, respectability, modesty; ïîáëàæëèâ³ñòü, ëàã³äí³ñòü, òåðïèì³ñòü («leniency»): grace, mercy, charity, tolerance; íàì³ð, ìåòó («intention, purpose»): spirit, mind, dream, will; ïðàâèëî(à) («rule(s)»): law, style, art, democracy; ïî÷óòòÿ çàäîâîëåííÿ («pleasure»): love, honour, pride, happiness; ³íòåðåñ, çàö³êàâëåí³ñòü («interest(s), concern»): love, tolerance, consciousness, humanism; ³äåàëüíèé ïðèêëàä, âç³ðåöü («ideal instance»): soul, dream, perfection, beauty; ì³ðêóâàííÿ («thought(s)»): mind, dream, logic, consciousness; îðãàí³çàö³þ, óñòàíîâó («organization, institution»): power, charity, security, intelligence; íåâèíí³ñòü, íåïîðî÷í³ñòü, öåë³áàò («virginity; celibacy»): honour, virtue, chastity, honesty; àâòîíîì³þ, íåçàëåæí³ñòü («autonomy, independence»): liberty, freedom, sovereignty, independence; â³ëüí³ñòü, ôàì³ëüÿðí³ñòü («familiarity»): liberty, freedom, knowledge, friendship; òî÷í³ñòü, ÷³òê³ñòü («precision, exactness»):/^//*, accuracy, punctuality, elegance; äîïîìîãó («aid»): comfort, charity, blessing, benevolence; ïîâåä³íêó («conduct»): morality, diplomacy, friendship, pragmatism; áëàæåíñòâî, ùàñòÿ («bliss»): glory, blessing, felicity, beatitude; âèòðèâàë³ñòü («endurance»): persistence, tolerance, patience, fortitude.

Ñüîìà ï³äìíîæèíà íàðàõîâóº â³ñ³ìíàäöÿòü ñåì, ÿê³ ïåðåäàþòü òðèâàë³ñòü («continuance, duration»): Ufe, time, persistence; ôàêòè ðåàëüíî¿ ä³éñíîñò³ («reality»): life, nature, objectivity; êóðñ, íàïðÿì («course»): life, progress, career; äåòàëü, ïîäðîáèöþ, ùî çàñëóãîâóº îñîáëèâî¿ óâàãè («particular detail (point)»):/rae, style, respect; ºäí³ñòü («unity»):/*me, integrity, solidarity; âïîðÿäêóâàííÿ («arrangement»): order, space, harmony; ñëóæáó («service»): order, worship, duty; ñóòü, ñóòí³ñòü ÷îãîñü («essence»): nature, spirit, soul; çîâí³øí³é âèãëÿä («appearance»): nature, style, beauty; ñïîñ³á æèòòÿ («mode of living»): nature, style, chastity; õàðàêòåð, òåìïåðàìåíò («character, temperament»): nature, will, constitution; ïðîñëàâëÿííÿ, ìîëèòâó ïîäÿêè («praise, thanksgiving»): grace, glory, blessing; åíòóç³àçì, çàõîïëåííÿ («enthusiasm»): spirit, love, devotion; íàäïðèðîäíó ³ñòîòó («supernatural being»): spirit, power, God; âò³ëåííÿ ÷îãîñü («embodiment»): love, soul, perfection; ñï³â÷óòòÿ («compassion»): love, sympathy, mercy; óâàãó («attention»): mind, care, diligence; ³íòåëåêòóàëüí³ çä³áíîñò³ («intellect»): mind, mentality, intelligence.

Ï'ÿòíàäöÿòü ñåì âîñüìî¿ ï³äìíîæèíè îá'ºäíóþòü ïî òðè àêñ³îíîìåíè ç ð³çíèì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿, ïîçíà÷àþ÷è þðèäè÷íèé äîêóìåíò («legal document»): power, will, constitution; êðà¿íó, äåðæàâó («country, state»): power, sovereignty, democracy; âèõîâàííÿ; íàâ÷àííÿ («training»): culture, discipline, education; ñïîä³âàííÿ («expectation»): dream,trust, hope; îáðàç(è); ³ì³äæ («image(s)»): dream, God, fame; ä³â÷èíó àáî æ³íêó («girl (woman)»): liberty, beauty, fortune; ï³êëóâàííÿ, óâàæí³ñòü («care»):trust, patience, prudence; ñàìîâèçíà÷åííÿ («self-determination»): freedom, sovereignty, independence; ³íôîðìàö³þ («information»): knowledge, intelligence, confidence; îáà÷í³ñòü, ðîçâàæëèâ³ñòü («caution»): care, diligence, prudence; ñëàâó, ïîïóëÿðí³ñòü («renown»): glory, fame, prestige; áëàãî÷åñòÿ, ïîáîæí³ñòü («piety»): spirituality, devotion, religiosity; êîðèñòü («benefit, profit»): good, blessing, goodness; ñòðèìàí³ñòü, ñàìîâëàäàííÿ («restraint»): chastity, moderation, temperance; êóëüòóðíèé íàïðÿì («cultural movement»): humanism, aestheticism, rationalism.

Äåâ'ÿòó ï³äìíîæèíó ðåïðåçåíòóþòü äâàäöÿòü òðè ñåìè, ùî õàðàêòåðèçóþòü ëåêñè÷í³ çíà÷åííÿ ñë³â: ñóäîâèé âèðîê; óâ'ÿçíåííÿ («prison sentence»): life,time; ö³ëå (âñå) æèòòÿ; òðèâàë³ñòü æèòòÿ («lifetime»): life,time; æèâ³ îðãàí³çìè («living organisms»): life, nature; ïîæâàâëåííÿ, æâàâ³ñòü («animation»): life, vitality; ïðîì³æîê, ³íòåðâàë («interval»):£rae, space; çåí³ò, ðîçêâ³ò («heyday»):^me, pride; ïîëîãè («childbirth»):£rae, labour; ïîñë³äîâí³ñòü («succession, sequence»): order, dream; çíàê ðîçð³çíåííÿ, â³äçíàêó, íàãîðîäó («mark of distinction»): order, honour; òèøó, ñïîê³é («silence»): order, peace; ñâ³ò, âñåñâ³ò; êîñìîñ («world, universe»): nature, space; ïîë³òè÷íó ïàðò³þ («political party»): nght, labour; øàðì («charm»): grace, beauty; íåìàòåð³àëüíó ÷àñòèíó ëþäèíè («non-physical part of a person»): spirit, soul; ñòàòåâ³ ñòîñóíêè («sexual intercourse»: love, knowledge; ïàì'ÿòü, ñïîãàä, ïîìèíàííÿ ïîìåðëèõ («remembrance, commemoration»): mind, memory; ñóêóïí³ñòü âèä³â ìèñòåöòâà («arts collectively»):»^, culture; õèòð³ñòü («cunning»):»^, diplomacy; ïëîùó, ïðîñò³ð; ä³ëÿíêó, ÷àñòèíó ïîâåðõí³ ÷îãîñü («area(s)»): space, civilisation; íàö³þ, íàðîä, ñóñï³ëüñòâî («nation, society»): culture, civilisation; åðóäèö³þ («erudition»): wisdom, knowledge; îñâ³÷åí³ñòü, ìóäð³ñòü («enlightenment»): wisdom, education; ïðîçîðëèâ³ñòü; ïðîíèêëèâ³ñòü («insight»): wisdom, conscience.

Äåñÿòó ï³äìíîæèíó ñêëàäàþòü äâàäöÿòü â³ñ³ì ñåì, ÿê³ âêàçóþòü íà ïî÷óòòÿ âëàñíî¿ ã³äíîñò³, ñàìîïîâàãó («self-respect»): pride, dignity; ðîçê³ø, ïèøíîòó, áëèñê («splendour, magnificence»): pride, glory; îï³êó («guardianship»):^»^, care; àäì³í³ñòðàö³þ («administration»): authority, justice; çàòâåðäæåííÿ; ñàíêö³þ, ñõâàëåííÿ («approval, sanction»): authority, blessing; ëåãê³ñòü, çðó÷í³ñòü («ease»): freedom, comfort; áëàãîðîäñòâî, øëÿõåòí³ñòü («nobility; magnanimity»): dignity, generosity; ïðàâäèâ³ñòü, äîñòîâ³ðí³ñòü («veracity )))\truth, reliability; çðó÷íîñò³ («convenience(s)»): comfort, civilisation; çàõèñò; îõîðîíó («protection»): care, security; ÷èíí³ñòü, çàêîíí³ñòü («validity»): justice, legality; êîìï'þòåðíó ïðîãðàìó («computer program»): logic, language; óìîâèâ³ä («reasoning»): logic, rationalism; õîðîáð³ñòü, ìóæí³ñòü, ñì³ëèâ³ñòü («bravery»): virtue, courage; íàïîëåãëèâ³ñòü, ñò³éê³ñòü («perseverance, tenacity»): persistence, patience; ïåðåâàãó; âèù³ñòü («superiority»): mastery, excellence; ðàä³ñòü («joy»): felicity, happiness; äîáðîáóò («welfare»): felicity, well-being; äîñòàòîê, áàãàòñòâî («abundance, wealth»): fortune, generosity; çàâäàííÿ («task»): labour, duty; ïðîäóêòèâí³ñòü («productivity»): duty, efficiency; ïîäàòîê; ìèòî («tax»): duty, benevolence; ïðîñòîòó, ñêðîìí³ñòü («simplicity»): chastity, modesty; îùàäëèâ³ñòü, åêîíîìí³ñòü («economy»): prudence, thrift; ñâÿò³ñòü («sacredness»): sanctity, holiness; ñëàâó, ïîïóëÿðí³ñòü («celebrity»): fame, personality; äîñÿãíåííÿ («achievement»): success, career; ñåêðåòí³ñòü, ïîòàéëèâ³ñòü («secrecy»): confidence, privacy.

Äîñë³äæóâàíèé ñåìíèé ñêëàä àêñ³îíîìåí³â ñó÷àñíî¿ àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ ÿê ñï³ëüíèìè, òàê ³ â³äì³ííèìè ðèñàìè. Îñòàíí³ ïðåäñòàâëåíî îäíîôóíêö³îíàëüíèìè ñåìàìè äâîõ íàñòóïíèõ ï³äìíîæèí, ùî âèñòóïàþòü êîìïîíåíòàìè ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åíü ñë³â ç íàéâèùèì òà ñåðåäí³ì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿.

Îäèíàäöÿòà ï³äìíîæèíà õàðàêòåðèçóºòüñÿ ï'ÿòäåñÿò ø³ñòüìà ñåìàìè, ÿê³ ì³ñòÿòüñÿ â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ äâàäöÿòè ï'ÿòè -- äåñÿòèçíà÷íèõ ñë³â ç íàéâèùèì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿, ³ ïîçíà÷àþòü á³îãðàô³þ («biography»): life; ñìåðòü («death»), åðó, åïîõó («åãà»), ìèòü, ìîìåíò («instant, moment»), õâèëèíó/ãîäèíó («minute (hour)», ÷àñòèíó ðîêó, äíÿ («part of a year, day»), øâèäê³ñòü, òåìï ìàðøó («rate of marching»), ïîðó ðîêó («season»):^me; êîìàíäó («command»), áîéîâèé ïîðÿäîê («array»), áðàòñòâî («fraternity»), àêóðàòí³ñòü, îõàéí³ñòü («neatness»): order; íàâêîëèøíþ ì³ñöåâ³ñòü («countryside»), äîâê³ëëÿ («environment»), ³íñòèíêòè («instincts»), ïðèðîäí³ ÿâèùà («natural phenomena»), ïåéçàæ («scenery»): nature; áîéîâå ðîçòàøóâàííÿ â³éñüêà («battle formation»), îäíîãî ç ïàðè («one of pair»), á³ê, ñòîðîíó («side»), ïîâîðîò («turn»): right; ð³äèíó («liquid»): spirit; þðèñïðóäåíö³þ («jurisprudence»), ñóäîâèé ïðîöåñ («litigation»), ïîë³ö³þ («police»): law; çâ'ÿçîê («affair»): love; ìîäó («fashion»), ïîêàæ÷èê, ñòð³ëêó («gnomon»), çàãîñòðåíó ïàëè÷êó äëÿ ïèñàííÿ, ìàëþâàííÿ àáî ãðàâ³ðóâàííÿ («à pointed tool for writing or drawing or engraving tool»): style'., æàíð («genre»), ³ëþñòðàòèâíèé àáî äåêîðàòèâíèé ìàòåð³àë («illustrative (decorative) material»):»^; â³äñòàíü («distance»), ïðîñò³ð («expanse»), ì³ñöå, ñèä³ííÿ («seat, berth»): space; îáðîáêó («cultivation»): culture; ìð³þ («daydream, reverie»), ôàíòàç³þ, óÿâó, ³ëþç³þ («fantasy»): dream; ãðóïó ëåâ³â («group of lions»): pride; êîðîòêî÷àñíó â³äïóñòêó ñëóæáîâöÿ â³éñüêîâî-ìîðñüêèõ ñèë («à short authorized leave from naval duties»): liberty; êàðòåëü, òðåñò («cartel»), êîìåðö³éíèé êðåäèò («commercial credit»):£m^; äîêàç («evidence»), âïëèâ («influence»): authority; ñåðéîçí³ñòü («seriousness»): dignity; ðåïðîäóêö³þ («reproduction, portrayal»):^^; âðàæåííÿ («impression»), çàïàì'ÿòîâóâàëüíèé ïðèñòð³é («storage»): memory; âò³õó, â³äðàäó («consolation»), ñòüîáàíó êîâäðó («quilt»): comfort; ïîêàðàííÿ («punishment»), áàò³ã («scourge»): discipline; ïîáóäîâó, ñòðóêòóðó («composition, structure»): constitution; ìåäè÷íèé äîãëÿä («medical treatment»): care; êîìóí³êàö³þ («communication»), ìîâëåííÿ («speech»), âîêàáóëÿð («vocabulary»): language.

Äâàíàäöÿòó ï³äìíîæèíó ñêëàäຠäâàäöÿòü îäíà îäíîôóíêö³îíàëüíà ñåìà, ùî ì³ñòèòüñÿ â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ äåâ'ÿòè-äâîçíà÷íèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â ³ç ñåðåäí³ì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿; âîíè ïåðåäàþòü òàê³ çíà÷åííÿ: äóõîâåíñòâî («clergy»): spirituality; ðåòåëüí³ñòü («assiduity»), ïîøòîâà êàðåòà, äèë³æàíñ («stagecoach»): diligence; áàæàííÿ çàëèøèòèñÿ íåïðèì³òíèì («self-effacement»): humility; äîëþ; ïðèðå÷åííÿ («destiny»): fortune; ïðèáóòîê, äîõ³ä («income»): competence; ìàëåíüêà êâàðòèðà («apartment»): efficiency; óãîäà («treaty»): peace; ïîãîëîñ («rumour»): fame; ïîäîðîæ («journey, tour»): progress; ðåçóëüòàò, ï³äñóìîê («outcome»): success; ïðîòèëåæíà ñòàòü («opposite sex»): talent; îäèíèöÿ âàãè òà ãðîøåé («unit of weight and money»): talent; íåïîøêîäæåí³ñòü («soundness»): health; ñîðîì'ÿçëèâ³ñòü («pudency»): modesty; ïðàêòè÷í³ñòü («practicality»): pragmatism; øâèäêèé pyx («speed»): career; ñàìîòí³ñòü («seclusion»): privacy; ìíîæèíí³ñòü («plurality»): pluralism; â³äìîâà â³ä ñïèðòíèõ íàïî¿â («abstinence»): temperance; âèíàõ³ä («invention»): innovation.

×îòèðè êîìá³íîâàí³ ñåìè «quality of», «act (of), action(s)», «feeling (of)», «agreement, conformity» çíàõîäèìî â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ ñë³â ç íàéâèùèì, ñåðåäí³ì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿 òà ìîíîñåìàíòè÷íèõ àíãë³éñüêèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â. Òàê, âêàç³âêà íà «âëàñòèâ³ñòü / ÿê³ñòü çà çíà÷åííÿì â³äïîâ³äíîãî ïðèêìåòíèêà» («quality of») º ñï³ëüíîþ äëÿ ñåìàíòèêè ø³ñòäåñÿòè ìîâíèõ îäèíèöü: order, nature, right, grace, spirit, style, soul, culture, wisdom, liberty, freedom, perfection, dignity, truth, morality, sovereignty, justice, glory, piety, spirituality, beauty, good, virtue, persistence, tolerance, humility, competence, efficiency, harmony, independence, integrity, chastity, benevolence, goodness, prudence, accuracy, objectivity, sanctity, personality, honesty, generosity, kindness, decency, self-possession, rectitude, happiness, respectability, loyalty, courage, modesty, informality, proficiency, punctuality, excellence, reliability, sincerity, elegance, religiosity, impartiality, purposefulness. Ñåìà «act (of), action(s)», ùî óòî÷íþº ïðîÿâè àêòèâíîñò³ é ä³ÿëüíîñò³, çóñòð³÷àºòüñÿ â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ òðèäöÿòè øåñòè àêñ³îíîìåí³â: life, time, law, art, wisdom, dream, will, liberty, perfection, constitution, care, education, mercy, piety, civilisation, charity, blessing, persistence, humility, consciousness, mastery, science, labour, benevolence, generosity, progress, success, kindness, moderation, pragmatism, initiative, career, informality, professionalism, innovation, politeness. Ñåìà «feeling (of)» ðåïðåçåíòóº ïñèõ³÷í³ é ô³çè÷í³ â³ä÷óòòÿ ëþäèíè â ëåêñè÷í³é ñåìàíòèö³ äâàäöÿòè ÷îòèðüîõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â: spirit, love, soul, pride, sympathy, comfort, care, mercy, hope, charity, humility, consciousness, respect, worship, optimism, goodness, conscience, friendship, confidence, kindness, loyalty, sincerity, patriotism, gratitude. Ñåìà «agreement, conformity» -- ó ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ äåñÿòè àêñ³îíîìåí³â: order, sympathy, justice, virtue, harmony, peace, legality, decency, solidarity, consensus -- ïîçíà÷ຠâçàºìíó äîìîâëåí³ñòü, ïîãîäæåí³ñòü ó ä³ÿõ, â÷èíêàõ ³ ò. ³í. ç êèì-íåáóäü, óçãîäæåí³ñòü ì³æ ÷èì-íåáóäü.

Âèñíîâêè äîñë³äæåííÿ. Îòæå, ê³ëüê³ñíà òà ÿê³ñíà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà 244 ñåì, ùî ì³ñòÿòüñÿ â ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åííÿõ àíãë³éñüêèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â ïîêàçàëà, ùî çàëåæíî â³ä ñòóïåíÿ ïîë³ñåì³÷íîñò³ äîñë³äæóâàíèõ ñë³â íà ïîçíà÷åííÿ ö³ííîñòåé ñåðåä íèõ âèä³ëÿºìî 240 ñåì, çãðóïîâàíèõ ó äâàíàäöÿòè ï³äìíîæèíàõ. Îêðåìî âèÿâëåíî 4 êîìá³íîâàí³ ñåìè ó ñêëàä³ ëåêñè÷íèõ çíà÷åíü ÿê áàãàòîçíà÷íèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â, òàê ³ ìîíîñåìàíò³â.

Ïåðñïåêòèâè ïîäàëüøèõ ðîçâ³äîê ìè âáà÷àºìî â ïîãëèáëåíîìó âèâ÷åíí³ ö³íí³ñíèõ ïàðàäèãì óêðà¿íñüêîãî, àíãë³éñüêîãî òà ôðàíöóçüêîãî ìîâíèõ ñîö³óì³â, äîñë³äæóþ÷è áàãàòîçíà÷íó òà ìîíîñåì³÷íó ñòðóêòóðó àêñ³îíîìåí³â.

˳òåðàòóðà

àêñ³îíîìåí ëåêñè÷íèé àíãë³éñüêèé ìîâà

1. Ñîðîêà Ò.Â. Ñåìàíòèêà íàéá³ëüø áàãàòîçíà÷íèõ àíãë³éñüêèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â / Ò.Â. Ñîðîêà // Ñó÷àñí³ äîñë³äæåííÿ ç ³íîçåìíî¿ ô³ëîëî㳿: çá. íàóê. ïð. / â³äï. ðåä. Ôàá³àí Ì.Ï. -- Óæãîðîä: ÏÏ «Àíòäîð-Øàðê», 2014. -- Âèï. 12. -- Ñ. 189-200.

2. Ñîðîêà Ò.Â. Ñåìàíòè÷íà ñòðóêòóðà àíãë³éñüêèõ àêñ³îíîìåí³â ³ç ñåðåäí³ì ñòóïåíåì ïîë³ñå쳿 / Ò.Â. Ñîðîêà // Íàóêîâèé â³ñíèê ̳æíàðîäíîãî ãóìàí³òàðíîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó. Ñåð³ÿ Ô³ëîëîã³ÿ : çá. íàóê, ïðàöü / ãîë. ðåä. ².Â. Ñòóïàê. -- Îäåñà, 2014. -- Âèï. 11. Ò. 2. -- Ñ. 64-67.

3. Ñîðîêà Ò.Â. Ñåìàíòè÷íà õàðàêòåðèñòèêà àêñ³îíîìåííèõ ñï³ëüíîñòåé (íà ìàòåð³àë³ ñó÷àñíî¿ àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè) / Ò. Â. Ñîðîêà // Ìîâà ³ êóëüòóðà: íàóê, æóðíàë. -- Ê.: ÂÄ Äì. Áóðàãî, 2014. -- Âèï. 17. Ò. II (170). -- Ñ. 288-296.

4. Oxford English Dictionary: in 12 vol. / [chief ed. James Murray]. -- London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

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