The processes of enriching german lexicy by slave religions

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THE PROCESSES OF ENRICHING GERMAN LEXICY BY SLAVE RELIGIONS

Г.В. Фоміна

Кам 'янець-Подільський національний

університет імені Івана Огієнка

Стаття присвячена особливостям запозичення слов'янської лексики та її розвитку і функціонуванню у німецькій мові, а також виявленню мовних та позамовних факторів, що впливають на формування німецького лексикону. Запозичення іншомовних слів - це об'єктивно-історичний процес, зумовлений постійними й різноманітними контактами між народами. Перенесені з іншої мови слова в більшості випадків входять в активний вжиток і посідають чинне місце в лексичному складі мови, що їх запозичила, збагачуючи лексику та виражальні засоби.

Ключові слова: запозичення, топонім, слов'янізм, діахронічний аспект, лексика, онім

slavic vocabulary german language

The vocabulary of each language is alive and uninterrupted. The foreign words and the borrowings enrich the German vocabulary. They are the result of diverse relationships with other languages, direct contacts and cultural links with other countries. The well-known German philologist Thea Schippan wrote about the German language: "In the course of its development it was enriched and changed by other languages..." [6, p.27].

The consideration of the vocabulary as a system, the specification of the term "the lexical-semantic system" proved to be extremely demanding for the research of borrowings. New aspects in the analysis of borrowed vocabulary have now come to the fore, first and foremost the interrelations between root words and borrowings.

The borrowed word in the lexical system of the German language is numerically very significant, which refers to the historical peculiarities of the

Development of the country. Here historical conditions are enlightening, which had already left significant traces in the German vocabulary from the Germanic and early German years, and the later period of the organization of the German national written language in connection with the organization of the German nation.

The German-speaking area lies between the Romance and Slavic linguistic areas and also touches other lander boundaries [4, p.21]. Lehnworter are signs of contacts between different peoples sometimes different languages. They are signs of intercultural exchange. Therefore, they can say something about the intensity and the levels with which and in which the corresponding partners were related. Very well known are the numerous loanwords from Latin, French, Italian in the German language. Loan words from the Slavic language are also appearing. But this phenomenon is by no means a one-way street.

Slavic languages are: Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian. The Slavic languages ??are the third major branch of the Indo-European (= Indo-European) family of languages ??in addition to the Romance and Germanic languages. Today, Slavic languages ??are spoken by more than 250 million people in eastern and central Europe, large parts of the Balkans and northern Asia. Many words come from the Slavic and are no longer perceived as foreign words in German.

The number of loan words borrowed from the Slavic languages ??into the standard German language is not well known. After all, one can call a number of so-called "Fementlehnungen", mostly from the Polish and Russian, partly from the Czech, such as border, scoundrels, hamsters, mink, whip, cranberry, butterfly, Trabant, siskin or sable today festurgurgert have and are occasionally very old age. Four of the most important words in today's German language, in one broader sense, also go back to Czech origins: dollars, pils, pistols and robots. Much larger, however, is the number of settlements in the history of relics and locally borrowed loans along the linguistic border, which have had a profound influence on the dialects of the borderlands and on the regional vernaculars derived from them. They are witnesses of a colloquial coexistence, which is reflected above all in various terms for "practical objects in forest, field, water and housekeeping" [5]. For instance, P. von Polenz pays kren, schmetten, groschen, knapsacks, Duse and howitzer to the Czech takeovers.

Towards the end of the Volkerwanderungszeit came the ancestors of today's Slovenes, the Alpine Slavs, with a (turk-speaking) Avar upper class in the country. Avian relics are e.g. slow. kazaz (kosez) "Edling" (hence the names of Karling villages in Kazaze, Kajzeze in Slovenian) and ban, a title of prince known as the Middle Latin banus and in the place names Faning (Slow Banice), P fannsdorf (Slow Banja ves, vas) and Fohnsdorf lives on. A common Slovene genus word occurring in place names is e.g. gora «mountain».

The Slovenian names that came into German have experienced the same sound changes over time as the German names themselves. Slow appears. Ribnica "Fischbach" in German as Reifnitz, vice versa was slow. Pliberk borrowed from an old German Pliburch, today Bleiburg. Younger borrowings are German Ribnitza and Slovenian Slovenji Plajberg "Windisch Bleiberg" - the former borrowed before 1300, the latter later.

Traveling from Slavic areas to Germany, and vice versa, was not particularly intensive for centuries due to the large spatial distance. Even the fact that already in the eleventh century Eupraxia, a sister of the Kiev Grobfursten Wladimir Monomach, under the name Adelheid as wife of Henry IV German Empress, had virtually no influence on this situation. Perhaps it was the Empress's homesickness that divorced her after six years.

A certain revival of the German-Russian exchange occurred only in the 14th and 15th centuries, in the heyday of the Hanseatic League, when the German Hanseatic towns maintained a permanent presence in the Russian city of Novgorod. Since trade remained in the foreground, there was little room for cultural or linguistic exchange. The middle Low German language, the commercial language of the Hanseatic League, had an influence on the citizens of Novgorod and Russia in business language. But it was only after Peter the Great (1672-1725) and, in the ensuing years, by German wives and czars, that the conditions were created that enabled a mutual linguistic influence.

According to phonological, nomenclature and semantic-lexical analysis of the place names and taking into account the research results of settlement history and archeology can Slavic place, water and landscape names as a result of Slavic settlement since the 7th century, d. H. at the end of the Volkerwandungszeit be proven. The Slavic tribes invading this area came to an area that was not completely abandoned by Germanic tribes. Thus, H. Brachmann describes archaologically "the lower Saale-Mulde area ... as one of the few contact areas of Germanic and Slavic settlement between the Elbe / Saale and Oder" [2, p.77] and assumes a temporal and spatial coincidence Slavic settlers and Germanic pre-colonists.

The East German city of Leipzig has proudly proved that it is also possible to be known as "Stadt der Linden" without a street "Unter den Linden". The Sorbs, who worshiped the linden tree as a sanctuary, founded in the 7-9. Century Lipzk, the "place where lime trees grow". A part of Leipzig is called by the way Lindenau, which confirms the origin of the Slavic name.

Names, Achomitz and Zihpolje, bear witness to the linguistic intermingling of Carniola at the level of toponomics. Both languages, German and Slovene, are constitutive in naming and dialectology, in the German language language Karntens there is a lot of Slovene, in the Slovenian language good a lot of German. The centuries-long coexistence of the two languages ??of the speakers in the country has not left their mark on them, and both languages ??are part of the historic legacy of Carinthia. What also finds its expression in the general vocabulary of Karnts, is to be remembered from the old peasant dishes Munken (from Old Moren mo'ka "flour", modern moka) and Talggen (from early Slavic talku- na about "broken oats"), to the Strankerln "green beans, Fisolen" (from Old Slovenian strawberry "(bean) pod") or to the Fuchsling "Eierschwammerl, Pfifferling" (as Slovenian lisicka to lisica "Fuchs", otherwise one says in the Bavarian-Austrian dialects beside Eierschwammerl rather Rehling or Reherl).

The country east of the Elbe was mainly inhabited by Slavs until the 13th century. That's why many place names have Slavic roots there. Some examples of German cities of Slavic origin: Rostock - "roztok" designated the place where the water flows apart; Chemnitz - derives from «kamenica», and describes the rocky brook; Lubeck - derived from "ljuby", means something like "lovely, pleasant place".

The city of Colln was mentioned for the first time in 1237 - at that time part of the twin city of Berlin-Colln on the Spreeinsel. Only since 1244 Berlin is known as a separate city. Since the place was created in Slavic settlement area, the name Berlin goes back to the Slavic syllable "berl" (swamp). By name, Berlin is the "place in the swamp".

The Slavs have also left their mark in Dresden, both in the town itself and in its name. Dresden is an old Sorbian name, which was Germanized in the course of time. The name derives from the Slavic word "drezga" (forest) and literally means "settlement of people at the forest".

The most common suffixes of place names of Slavic origin are:

-ow - [- o:] is a place name ending Slavic origin, which is mainly to be found in Poland and East Germany. It is a patronymic suffix (Buckow, Ducherow, Finow, Gatow, Gustrow, Luchow, Lutzow, Kummerow, Pankow, Rathenow, Strehlow, Strelow, Stresow, Teltow, Treptow). Place names, which were written in the 19th century frequently with -ow, are for example Spandau (Spandow) and Stralow (Stralow).

East of the Elbe, -ow (with a long o) can be interpreted as an old spelling of gowe, gouwe = Gau (e) or Au (e), as it is still preserved in Swiss landscapes. The original, old German word was reinterpreted to -au, but in these cases it had nothing to do with the floodplain. The "w" was written in Old German as a double u (uu); In English, the letter w is still called double-u ("double-u"), and today's "v" is used as "u". The spelling -ow (e) evolved to -au (e). The districts probably go back to the reign of Charlemagne. They are witnesses of the then state administration of the country and the continued use of the place names, which are to be found above all in East Germany, also forwarded in Slavic languages. It is a patronymis. possessive (possessivisches) suffix of personal names, according to the -west in the southwest.

-itz is a place name ending of Slavic origin. The place names on -itz can be derived from different Slavic locality types:

* Slavic inhabitants names with -ici as ending;

* a place name Putdargoniz, which is mentioned in 1198 in Mecklenburg, originated from a reconstructed place name Poddargonici;

* Biskupitz (in WestpreuBen and Poznan), arose from a reconstructed place name Biskupici.

Slavic Patronymic with -ovici or -evici as ending:

* Brusewitz (in the district of Saatzig, Pomerania), created from a reconstructed place name Brusovici;

* Gnewitz (in the district of Rostock), created from a reconstructed place name Gnevici.

Appellative place names on -ica, -bcb or -bce:

* Dolitz (in Malchin County), created from a reconstructed place name Dolbcb;

* Gornitz (in Plon County), created from a reconstructed place name Gornica.

In the Wendland the -itz ending is sometimes diphthongiert and is then - eitz (Reddebeitz, Waddeweitz).

joke is a Germanized original Slavic suffix in place names and derived surnames. The ending -witz (Polish -wice) occurs especially in the case of originally Wendish (often there also -fitz) or other Slavic place names and is a patronymic suffix, thus indicating that the preceding name Grander of the place or at least one important eponymous person of the place was (Beckerwitz, Jannowitz, Katowice, Zinnowitz, Bannewitz, Dresden Wachwitz and Wurgwitz, Chernivtsi, Neschwitz).

Slavic-German and German-Slavic mixed names (hybrids) are regarded as expressing a language and name contact. The term mixed name is based on the components of the place name: Slavic and German derivation base + German basic word or Slavic place name suffix. The word formation of the respective place name is either German or Slavic, depending on its word-forming element, d. H. German word formation is to be assumed in formations with a German basic word (eg -dorf), and a Slavic place name suffix (eg the patronymic ici suffix) indicates Slavic word formation. Slavic - German mixed names consist of Slavic (Sorbian) personal names and the German basic word, eg. B. Bomsdorf, niedersorb. Alter - Bonojce (occupies 1310 as Boemensdorf). The place name Bomsdorf is declared as the village of a Bogumil and is with the German basic word - village and the sorb. Personal name Bogumil, whose components are too Slavic. bent (God) and Slavic. mily (dear) are.

The integration of Slavic place names into German was often followed by a structural adaptation. H. an approximation of Old Sorbian place names to the German name system, which may affect derivation bases as well as suffixes and endings. Occasionally, secondary semantic motivation can also be demonstrated on the basis of historical tradition d. H. a secondary adaptation of the Old Sorbian name to elements of the Superstrate language, the German. For this purpose z. B. Maxdorf. For the place name the following historical tradition is occupied: 1166 (person name) Makecherve, 1402 Machstorff, 1563 Magkstorf, Makstorf. The tradition becomes an old sorb. Basic form Makocerv- derived. The name Maxdorf is based on secondary semantic motivation based on the German personal name Max and approximation to the German genetic place names with the basic word -dorf

A peculiarity of the German-Slavic language exchange is that both languages ??do not only touch on one line, but that the eastern colonization and settlement of German-speaking people in the Eastern European region turned a contact line into a contact area.

Special influences can be associated with the medieval city foundations in the east. This is how the expressions of the state, administration and legal system, which are taken over from the German, are shown. The Hanseatic League also had a great influence, which was particularly responsible for the distribution of certain trading terms. Apart from German terms, which had previously penetrated into German, they were also transported indirectly to the Slavic language area. Hereby z. T. also a passing z. From Polish to Ukrainian to Russian [1].

In German there are a large number of words which originally contain foreign language components; In many cases, these can now be used to create further words without relying on the language of origin in German. The process is usually such that foreign words are adopted into a language and, as far as their constituents are identifiable, they can be used to form further words in the receiving language according to the pattern of the first borrowed.

Список використаних джерел

1. Bellmann G. Sprachgeschichte. Ein Handbuch zur Geschichteder deutschen Sprache und ihrer Erforschung/ G. Bellmann, A. Betten, O. Reichmann. - Berlin, 1984. - 748 s.

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