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ILLOCUTIONARY VERBS OF CRITICISM IN JAPANESE
Chironov Sergey Vladimirovich
Moscow state institute of international relations
Abstract: This paper presents a tentative description of the means of lexical conceptualization of speech acts of criticism in modern Japanese, namely illocutionary verbs (corresponding to chide, scold, reprimand, reprove, nag, rebuke, blame, denounce, criticize, and point out). We use corpus data to specify the linguistic environment of these items with a view to clarifying the typical participants of the communicative unit, the speaker's intentions, position of the utterance in a speech act chain as well as the evaluation of the speaker's attitude. By means of this we arrive at the relevant parameters for the semantic domain of criticism which include status, relations and distance between the communicants, communicative conditions (public or private), and finally the illocutive intentions - directive (addressee is made to follow), cognitive (informing or persuading the addressee), behabitative (discrediting the addressee), espressive (producing negative emotions) and fatic (confirmation of contact).
Keywords: Japanese language, speech acts, illocutionary verbs, criticism, assessment
(), ., , () (), - . [4, c. 182] criticize ( praise), [ , c. 228] complain - disapprove , (), , (reprove) (blame) ( ). blame accuse ( ). denounce ( , ), reprimand ( ), calumniate (, ) castigate ( ). , , , , (). . . [ , c. 167]. . . , [5]. ( - [th]), , .
. , , () () . (-, ), , ( ) ( ). , , . , , , [ ].
-, , , [W]. , ( ) , .
shikaru : (hinan-suru) . , , . , - oya = (13 ), sensei = (10), jooshi = (9), haha = (7), kantoku = (3). - , , 4 - . - (shippai), (warui ko), , . , shikaru , , nasai - 16 203. () shiro (suruna, shinaide), dame = , ikenai = , - no ka, , (warui = , darashinai = ..). - , shikatta , 3 kikanai = (3 ) .
shikaru - , togameru , . (yakunin = (3)), 39 , - ki (ki-ga togameru = , ). : (janai ka, . . ), (doo iu wakeka = , nani o shite iru no da = ), : sonna-ni sake-o sosogu nante = . , , , , , (kyooiku-kooka). , .
tashinameru shikaru togameru , , . ikenai, , ( 13 yameru = 4 o-yamenasai) (shite ne, . . , ?). . - , . , . , , , , . , , , .. (), , , ( ).
semeru. - . semeru shikaru: , . (fugainai = , oroka = , toroi = , sekoi = ) : uragiri = , tsumi = , kashitsu = , tero-kooi = , kokusai-hoo-ihan = ). (7), , ..
: (moeagatte), (iki-mo taedae). (doo shite ii ka wakaranai) , , (berabera shaberu), (jibun-de jibun-no kubi-o shimeru kekka to natta). , ( - hakujoo), .
, (jibun, jiko, mizukara). - 154 660 . (shikaru - 27/331, tashinameru - 4/69, hinan-suru - 9/339, hihan-suru - 1/834). togameru semeru: , , .
- [1]. najiru - , , , , - , , . - : reigi-shirazu = , uragiri = , musekinin= , hijooshiki = ) ( .. : osoi janai no = ). -: dooshite damatte ita no = , on-o utta tsumori ka = , . , , . :
AOȂ獡^NV[ĐeƂĂ܂AׂĉvƓMqƁAu܂łȑɂ܂ŁApĂꂽvƂȂMq̕vƁA//
: 20-30 , , - : , , . (. 1987) [5]
, , , . , - , , . , , (fuman-no memmochi-o motsu), (iikaesu).
( ) tsukkomu = , . , , , . - , , , . () ( ) ( - sensha-no yoo-ni. ( ) - ( suimasen) , - , (urusai = , ):
lł˂ƍœ˂܂āAuǂ܂HvƓ̂́AtX̑哝̂łB//
, , , ? - : - ? ( - 5 2004) [5]
, , , 3 . hinan-suru . , , , . ex = - , JO= , X|[c̑ł͂ȂARܗւ= , , ۃScL = , = . - tsuirakusha = , gyakusatsusha = , sakushusha = , yurushigatai ayamari = , kuni-o azamuita = , tsumi = , hanzai = , tekitaiteki = .. : no sei da = - (3). , : hoka naranai = , yomazaru-o enai = .
, , , , , , . - ( hihan hinan).
hihan kyuudan-suru , , . - fuhai = , kooi = () , daitooryoo = . kyuudan, hinan , ( hinan , kyuudan ). .
hihan-suru , , . Ÿ - meishin = , chuushoo-gainen = , hantaisei = , warumono = , ronrika = , fukoosei-na shisutemu = , mondai-hatsugen = , 3 - ron = . , . : ꂵł = , ˘f = , M= .
shiteki . - : mondai = (8), mondai-ten = (7), kadai = (4), jakuten = (3), futoo-jikoo = (2). , , : tokuchoo = (5), yooin = (3). , shiteki . , , , : kizuku = (2), dookan = , : naku = , aa, yokatta to omou = . (kyohi-suru).
:
shikaru |
togameru |
tashinameru |
semeru |
najiru |
tsukkomu |
hinan |
kyuudan |
hihan |
shiteki |
|||
tsuyoku |
17 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
12 |
23 |
27 |
|||||
kibishiku |
35 |
4 |
8 |
20 |
5 |
158 |
39 |
|||||
surudoku |
1 |
2 |
1 |
21 |
25 |
|||||||
hageshiku |
3 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
26 |
5 |
14 |
|||||
hidoku |
11 |
1 |
2 |
|||||||||
koppidoku |
20 |
|||||||||||
kitsuku |
19 |
|||||||||||
yasashiku |
3 |
2 |
||||||||||
shitsuyoo-ni |
4 |
|||||||||||
ippooteki-ni |
6 |
3 |
||||||||||
rokotsu-ni |
, |
1 |
1 |
|||||||||
tsuuretsu-ni |
7 |
50 |
||||||||||
shinratsu-ni |
1 |
5 |
1 |
|||||||||
tetteiteki-ni |
1 |
1 |
16 |
|||||||||
tekikaku-ni |
14 |
|||||||||||
meikaku-ni |
3 |
10 |
||||||||||
sotchoku-ni |
4 |
5 |
||||||||||
gutaiteki-ni |
2 |
26 |
||||||||||
honshitsuteki-ni |
|
3 |
||||||||||
kensetsuteki-ni |
3 |
|||||||||||
mooretsu-ni |
3 |
|||||||||||
kichinto |
|
4 |
1 |
2 |
, . , shikaru, shiteki-suru . najiru tsukkomu. , . , , (, , , , ). najiru, , , tsukkomu, , - .
- , :
|
( ) |
|
|
|||
shikaru |
>A |
- |
||||
togameru |
>A |
- |
||||
tashinameru |
=A |
- |
|
|||
semeru |
=A |
+ |
||||
najiru |
=A |
|
- |
|||
tsukkomu |
|
- |
||||
hinan |
+ |
|||||
kyuudan |
+ |
|||||
hihan |
+ |
|||||
shiteki |
>A |
+ |
, , , , . , ( ) , . : , .
1. .. // . : 2001. - . 120-136.
2. .. () / .. // : . 14. - : -ѻ, 2016. - . 219-231.
3. Wierzbicka A. English speech act verbs: a semantic dictionary. [] Sydney, Academic Press, 1987. - 397 p.
4. _jGE@_[F[PAvېiĖuӖƔbsׁv
[] Ђ[A1997A333 (Vanderveken D. Meaning and Speech Acts, V 1. Principles of Language Use. Cambridge, CUP 1990).
5. {ꏑtσR[pXKOTONOHA [ ] URL = http://www.kotonoha.gr.jp/shonagon/search_form ( 22.05.2016).
6. Weblio ތꎫT [ ] URL = http://thesaurus.weblio.jp/content ( 20.05.2016)
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