Hydrocarbon - the key factor of the regional housing and communal services branch development

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Hydrocarbon - the key factor of the regional housing and communal services branch development

Yana Vladimirovna Ten

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Specific traits of the housing and communal services (HCS hereafter) of Sakhalin region can be generally characterized by geographical location, climate and natural resources. Sakhalin region is the only subject of the Russian Federation, which is situated on 59 islands. It is bordered by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean.

The area of the Sakhalin Region is 87.1 sq. km. The region lies off the eastern coastline of mainland Russia, and includes the island of Sakhalin, the islands of Tyuleniy, Moneron and the Kuriles (Big and Small Kurile ranges). The state border with Japan lies along the Strait of La Pйrouse, the Strait of Kunashirskiy, the Strait of Izmeny and Soviet Strait. Sakhalin is the largest island of Russia, being 948 km (589 miles) long. Kuril archipelago that consists of 56 big and small islands is spread out from the south to north between Kamchatka and Hokkaidф. It is 1200 km long. Nearly two-thirds of Sakhalin is mountainous. Most part of it is medium height mountains, which are meridionally oriented. The main natural hazards deal with high seismic and volcanic activity. Especially, it is typical for the Kuril islands, which have nine active volcanoes and suffer from often earthquakes.

The climate of the region is influenced by the Pacific Ocean and the climate of the eastern part of Eurasia mainland. The variety of climate in different parts of Sakhalin oblast is conditioned by the spread of islands from the south to the north, complexity of the relief, Tsushima Strait and other factors. Winters last 5-7 months, summers - 2-3 months. The average January temperature is -6є С in the southern part, -24єС in the northern part. The absolute minimum is -54єС. The average August temperature is 19 єС in the south, +10єС - in the north. The absolute maximum is +38єС. The yearly precipitation averages 600-1200 mm.

Owing to the differences in climate, extreme and average temperatures vary during heating seasons in different parts of the oblast (Table 1).

Table 1 - Temperatures during the heating season of t ext period and average temperature of the heating period.

An average heating season duration depends on geographical location of the district (Table 2).

Table 2 - Degree-days and the heating season duration.

Typhoons with strong destroying winds (up to 40 m/sec) and cloudbursts are typical of the end of summers. Thus, the main economic and geographical factors that have an impact on HCS branch development in Sakhalin are complicated climate conditions, increased seismic hazards, geographical remoteness from the mainland and trade tracks. It highlights the necessity of the local extractive industries development.

The next factor that influences HCS development is rich hydrocarbon resources. Unlike other Russian regions, provision with fuel and energy resources of Sakhalin exceeds the demand in them. The demand of power industry in natural gas is provided for the resources of the forecast fuel balance of Sakhalinskaya oblast in abundance.

Sakhalinskaya oblast is one of the oldest oil-producing regions of the RF. It has been producing oil since 1928. A rich source of raw materials allows increasing the level of oil and gas production. The history of oil exploration can be divided into two periods according to the results of exploration.

Until 1970s, oil exploration was realized only on the dry land in all perspective districts of the oblast. The most part of oilfields (over 50) and hydrocarbon resources was discovered in the northeastern part of Sakhalin. Total quantity of fields is 62 including 20 oilfields ( oil resources - over 90 %), 13 gas fields, 17 oil and gas fields, 7 gas condensate pools, 5 oil and gas condensate pools. Taking into account the amount of the extracted resources, seven of them are considered to be medium-sized and fifty-five are the small ones.

Beginning from 1970s, intensive exploration was started in the Sakhalinsk shelf. It leads to discovering of the Odoptu sea oil condensate pool in 1977. Its resources exceeded pools and fields of other islands.

When prospect drilling was suspended by 1994, 8 new fields had been discovered including seven entrails on the shelf of the northeastern Sakhalin and one small gas field in the Strait of Tartary near southwestern coast of the island.

All the fields of the northeastern shelf except the small Veninskoye field are large-scale including five oil condensate fields and one gas condensate one. Among them Lunskoye (oil and gas condensate, 400 billion cubic meter and 50 million tons) and Arckutun-Daginskoye (oil, over 500 million tons) are the largest entrails in the region.

Total geological hydrocarbon resources of Sakhalin are valued at 7.8 billion tons of the conventional fuel (converting into oil) including 3.8 billion tons of oil and 3.3 trillion tons of gas. 2.9 billion tons of oil and 3 trillion cubic meters of gas are located in the shelf zone of the oblast and only 23 % of oil (0.9 billion tons) and 11 % of gas (0,36 trillion cubic meters) are on the dry land. Oil resources prevail on the dry land, the shares of the shelf oil and gas are about the same.

Extracted gas resources correspond geological ones. Extracted oil resources within the framework of the existing technologies of oil production on the island and applied on the shelf are valued at 935 million tons including 295 million tons on the island and 640 million tons on the shelf. Dry land oil extraction coefficients using lateral methods achieve 0.13-0.55 (0.35 in average).

Shelf oil extraction coefficients are within the bounds of 0.1-0.42 (0.225 in average). The shelf has three zones of resource concentration, which are Odoptinskaya, Nyiskaya and Chaivinskaya. They occupy 11.5 of the shelf perspective territory and contain 69 % of the all shelf resources.

Initial extracted oil and gas of 62 entrails can be valued at 170 million tons of oil and 120 milliard cubic meters of gas, eight shelf entrails include 263 million tons and 824 milliard cubic meters correspondently.

Five largest oil fields (Kalendo, Central Oha, Ehaby, Eastern Ehaby, Mongi) and two small ones (Muhto, Katalangli) contain 62 % of oil on the dry land. Two largest oil fields of the shelf (Arkutun-Daginkoye and Piltun-Astohskoye) contain 73.5 % of the extracted oil.

75 % of extracted gas on the dry land is concentrated in six medium-sized and 6 small entrails (Volchinka, Tungor, Mongi, R.S. Mirzoyeva, Sabo, Kadylany, Uzlovoye, Ust-Tomi, Krapivnenskoye. 47 % of the shelf gas is in the largest Lunskoye pool.

The forecast is 125 million tons of oil, 240 billion cubic meters of gas, 380 million tons of oil, 2140 billion cubic meters of gas for the shelf. According to the degree of the resource concentration and effectiveness of exploration, it is possible to mark out five groups.

The first group, which is the main group of interest, includes zones of high resource concentration (over 30-50 thousand tons per sq. km). The dry zone embraces Espenbergskaya, Ohino-Ehabinskaya, Volchinsko-Sobinskaya, Paromaysko-Chaivinskaya, Vostochno-Daginskaya and Lunsko-Pogranichnaya. It implies the most part of unexplored resources (84 million tons of oil and 86 billion cubic meters of gas). The shelf includes the rest of Astrahanovskaya, Volchinsko-Sobinskaya, Ohino-Ehabinskaya, Paromaysko-Chaivinskaya zones and Odoptinskaya, Nyskaya and Lunsko-Pogranichnaya zones. The forecast for these zones is 232 million tons of oil, 1567 billion cubic meters of gas, 89 million tons of condensate that is 72 % of unexplored resources of the shelf.

The dry land zones of the second group include oil and gas zones of the central and western parts of the Northern Sakhalin (medium resource concentration from 10-30 to 30-50 thousand tons per sq. km) that are Primaterikovaya, Lagryiskaya, Engithpalskaya, Astrahanovskaya, Gyrgyrlanyisnskaya, Zapadno-Daginskaya, Nyshsko-Tymovskaya. These zones seem to be perspective from the point of view of gas exploration. It is about a half of unexplored gas pools (120 billion cubic meters) and about 15 million tons of oil. The shelf zones are Espenbergskaya, Trehbraytskaya, Vostochno-Odoptinskaya, Primaterikovaya zones of the Northern Sakhalin. The forecast is 106 million tons of oil, 478 billion cubic meters of gas, 79 million tons of condensate (23 % of the shelf resources). The shelf zones of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk are Arkovaskaya, Lopatinskaya, Onorsko-Makarovskaya, Susunaiskaya (Starodubinskiy cave) zones. This is the perfect group for resource base development.

The third group includes low concentration zones (under 10 thousand tons per sq. km). The dry land zones are valued at 26 million tons of oil, 36 billion cubic meters of gas; the shelf zones - 39 million tons of oil, 98 billion cubic meters of gas, 1 million tons of condensate. However, developing medium sized entrails seems to be excluded. 45 explored traps possibly contain two medium sized and eight small entrails.

The oil and gas zones of the North-Eastern Sakhalin, central and western parts of the Northern Sakhalin are likely to become a real base for resource replenishment.

The strategy of the shelf resource base development concludes in exploration of the potential resources of the shelf of the Northeastern and the South-Eastern Sakhalin (Odoptinskaya, Nyiskaya, Vostochno-Odoptinskaya, Lunsko-Pogranichnaya zones) and the Bay of Sakhalin (Espenbergskaya, Volzhinsko-Sabinskaya and Astranskaya zones). Exploration will allow to double oil resource base (up to 540 million tons of oil) and to treble gas base (up to 2.5 trillions cubic meters). climate oil deposit resource

The research highlights the fact that Sakhalinskaya oblast is the only subject of the Russian Federation that lies on 59 islands Total Square of which is 87.1 sq. km. Total geological resources are valued at 3, 8 billion tons of oil and 3.3 trillion cubic meters of gas. The oblast has rich water biological sources that are of the world importance. 276 thousand people are employed in the regional economy. There are thirteen thousand enterprises and companies; 90 % of them are of private or mixed property. The leading branch is industry that produces 58 % of the regional total output (GDP) and consolidate a half of the regional production assets.

Sakhalin is a classic “resource economy” relying on oil, coal and gas production, power and fuel industry. In addition, other specialization industries are fishing and pulp and paper industry V.V. Vasilenko. “How Sakhalin people lived this year”. - “Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk today” - № 32(262). - 27.04.06.. Sakhalin industries produce over 20 % of the southern part of the Far East output. It has a significant export potential. The export share in the GDP was 41 % in 2006. Main export goods are oil, gas, fish, seafood and timber Territorial body of the Federal service of the state statistics in Sakhalinskaya oblast. - “Principal town gazette”. - № 37(2514). - 04.03.06.

The basis of the investment appeal is the possibilities of widening of the export-oriented production. Foreign investments into regional economy exceeded 50 million dollars in 2006.

Most part of the inhabitants lives in the Southern part of Sakhalin. People are gradually moving to the Southern parts of the oblast that leads to the population growth in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

In accordance to the Law of the Sakhalinsk region promulgated by the regional Duma (12/03/1998) “On energy policy and energy-saving on the territory of Sakhalinskaya oblast”, the effectiveness of energy saving is realized on the basis of analysis of energy balances including determination of the qualitative and quantitative indexes of energy saving effectiveness, which is of great importance for HCS.

General proportions of the energy balance are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. - The Sakhalin energy balance, 2006

As we can see form the table, oil, gas and coal prevail in initial energy production, 49 % of consumption is coal. On the whole, the main heat consumers are industrial enterprises (62.5 %) and population (60.2 %) (Picture 1).

Picture 1

The diagram shows that the share of coal in comparison with other regions of the Far East is pretty high. For instance, the coal share in Khabarovskiy krai is 47 %, Primorsk Territory - 58 %, Sakhalinsk region - 62 %, the Far East - 54 % on average. The gas share, the most effective fuel, is 21 % in Sakhalin, 16 % - in Khabarovsk Territory, about zero percent in Primorsky krai and 8 % - in the Far East TP “Energy effective economy”, 2002-2005 and until 2010..

Natural gas dominates in the initial energy production, coal - in consumption. Coal is a significant part of the fuel balance of the electric power stations and municipal boilers (one third of all coal consumption).

Sakhalin is a principal exporter of energy supply. It exports over 40 % of initial energy resources - mainly oil and gas. However, Sakhalin economy depends on coal and basic mineral oil import.

Export of gas (about 60 % of all production) adversely affects the effectiveness of energy usage and expenditures.

Usage of coal, light oil, under-usage of gas for heating is hardly effective. Gas import equals consumption of coal by all boiling houses. Gas consumption in Sakhalinsk region is only 21 %, because it is used only in the regions where it is extracted (Ohotinskiy and Noglikskiy). Coal is the main heating means in the Central, Yuzhniy and Ygo-Zapadniy Sakhalin, where 90 % of the regional population lives.

Population consumes about 50 % in the final consumption. Thermal energy of central heating (48 %) prevails in energy resource structure and reaches 58 % for industry and 60 % for population FTP “Energy effective economy”, 2002-2005 and until 2010..

The fundamental problem of the HCS development is non-payment of the consumers for energy and heating. Thus, the energy restrictions for the HCS enterprises that have debts for consumed energy are widely applied. This June the total debt was 104 million rubles. When “Sakhalinenergo” prepares energy institutions for the heating period, it is important not to have debts to do this.

It is necessary to outline the fact that there are difficulties of information access; unified information space for HCS of Sakhalin is not created yet. On of the main reasons for this is remoteness from the central regions of Russia. It is also typical of all regions of the Far East.

Until HCS do not use new informational technologies, the enterprises will bear huge losses. As the result of absence of reliable HCS information, HCS losses were 150 million rubles last year.

One of the constituent of the competitiveness rise is transport infrastructure development. The key factor here is an island layout and poor infrastructure inside the islands. Nowadays, Sakhalin proceeds to the railway, there are some restriction for the Vanino - Kholmsk ferry.

Targeting Russian markets and markets of the Far East, investors could prefer the mainland Khabarovsk or Primorsk Territory (that is the main fish industry rival).

To expand to the external markets Sakhalin needs its own port infrastructure or to be oriented to the mainland ports and docks.

Moreover, high energy tariffs act as a substantial restriction of the competitiveness development of energy industry. Taking into account scale plans on energy system development in the eastern part of Russia (Bureyskaya HES, Yuzhn-Yakutskiy HES and other power stations) there is a possibility of the energy tariffs reduction in Sakhalinsk. From my point of view, there is the risk of the progressing development lags of Sakhalinsk region from energy development of other regions of Russia until 2020.

In conclusion, I would like to underline the fact that remoteness from the center of Russia that slows down the energy development is the key factor that influences the energy production. All in all, transport infrastructure development plays an important role in HCS of Sakhalin development and will give stimulus for other conjunct industries development.

Literature and the sources

1. N.S. Maksimova. The HCS reform - an important reserve of the Russian finance strengthening// Magazine of the director and accountant. - №5 -2001-P.56-63.

2. S.B. Sivaev, T.B. Lykov, R.V. Zaitsev The rise of effectiveness of housing resources usage in Russia. Moscow: “Institute of the town economics” fund, 2004.

3. The HCS economics / Y.F. Simonov. - Moscow - Rostov-na-Donu: “MART”, 2004.

4. FTSP “Energy-effective economy” on 2002 - 2005 yr. and to the prospect until 2010.

5. N. S. Maximov, Reform in housing and utilities sphere - important reserve for strengthening the finances of Russia/N.S. Maximov // the periodical of leader and chief accountant of ZhKKh. - 2001. - № 5. - P. 56- 63.

6. S. B. Sivaev, The improvement of the effectiveness of utilization of available housing in Russia: the reference book/of S.B. Sivaev, T. B. Lykov, R. V. Zaytsev. - Moscow: Fund “the institute of the economy of city”, 2004.

7. The economy of housing and communal services: teaching aid; edited by Dr. of econ. sciences, professor Yu. F. Simonova. - To Moscow-Rostov-on- Don: Publ. “Martha's center”, 2004.

Annotation

The article outlines the problems of the housing and communal services of the Sakhalinsk region's development. The author sticks to the point that hydrocarbon can lessen the dependence on coal and light oil import and become a stimulus for the further housing and communal services

Key words: housing and communal services of Sakhalin, oil and gas industries, transport infrastructure, hydrocarbon

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