Influence of the organism biorhytmics of the qualified women-runners for short distances on their movement abilities dynamics

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

UDC 796.42

Gomel State University named after F. Skorina

INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANISM BIORHYTMICS OF THE QUALIFIED WOMEN- RUNNERS FOR SHORT DISTANCES ON THEIR MOVEMENT ABILITIES DYNAMICS

Training athletes is a complex and multifaceted process of effective use of a number of components that ensure the optimal level of its readiness for its main start. At the same time, the most important aspect ensuring the highest sport result is the search for rational forms of building training loads in the annual cycle and in its individual structural formations [4; 6; 8; 9; 13]. At the same time, the individual approach is the potential factor of productive planning of the training process, which, first of all, should provide for biorhythmic features of the athlete's body, characterized by a variety of morphological, physiological and psychological changes.

Data on the training methodology for women reflect two dominant approaches to the issue under discussion [2; 9; 11; 17]. According to some scientists and practitioners, in the organization of training effects must be necessarily taken into account the cyclical function of the hypothalamic-pituitary- ovarian-adrenal system, that is, the ovarian-menstrual cycle (OMC). Others are convinced that planning of the training process should be regardless of the gender of the athlete, on the basis of the general patterns of sports training.

At the same time, there is no doubt that individual changes in athletic performance, motor qualities, functional and mental state of the woman's organism, throughout the childbearing period, largely depend on the biorhythmic features of her reproductive system [3; 7; 14]. The latter testifies that knowledge and use in the training activity of information about the laws of the functioning of the organism of a particular athlete is important not only for improving sports performance, but also for preserving her reproductive health.

A number of researchers note that excessive training effects are fraught with overtraining in women to a much greater extent than in men [5; 14]. This fact objectifies the need to prevent overtraining by normalizing the loads that are adequate to the operational state of the female body.

Thus, the priority for the development of individually targeted training programs, the choice of means and methods for the development of the necessary dominant motor abilities, both in multi-year planning and in the construction of various structural units of the annual cycle of a specific athlete, is the orientation toward the dynamics of its operability, functional capabilities of the basic systems of the organism and the course of regenerative functions in different phases of the OMC. In addition, monitoring of the individual dynamics of the athlete's biorhythmics will help optimize her direct preparation for the main competitions of the season [12; 15].

The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of the dynamics of subjective evaluation of the functional state (SEFS) and manifestation of motor abilities during the OMC in female athletes specializing in running for short distances.

Methods and organization of the study. In the experiment, 16 athletes- runners for short distances with qualification of the first rank - CMS took part. Throughout complete individual biorhythmic cycle, each subject measured basal temperature (in order to determine the individual boundaries of the phases of the OMC) and tested by the SUN method. The use of the latter allowed, based on the results obtained for each scale of sums, revealing a subjective assessment of the functional state of the athletes in each of the phases of the MC.

In order to determine the level of manifestation of motor abilities 3-4 times a week before the main training session, testing was carried out, which included a certain set of control exercises. Thus, for the instrumental control of the power and speed-strength capabilities of various muscle groups of athletes, the method of computer strain gage was used, which consists in recording and analyzing the curve of development of muscle strength in time [2; 12; 15]. This instrumental technique allows assessing the level of special strength training of athletes, based on a set of specific data characterizing the individual's ability to manifest "explosive" efforts that are not available to direct measurement using traditional means.

Tensodinamograms of the manifestation of the strength of muscle groups bearing the main load in the structure of sprinting - muscles, leg extensors (LE) in the knee and hip joints and plantar flexors of the foot (PFF) were recorded and processed. In the isometric mode, the installation was shown to show the maximum arbitrary force, in the explosive isometric mode - to quickly achieve maximum force in the shortest period of time. The maximal isometric muscle strength (Fmax) determined in the motion described and the time during which the maximum force (tmax) was reached were determined from the tensodynamometric curves obtained.

A differential power gradient (J) was also calculated, characterizing the rate of increase of the force to a maximum and numerically equal J = F™x .

Since the repulsion phase in the race lasts 0,10-1,13 s [1, 16], the force developed by the athletes in 0,1 s (F0.1) was determined.

Speed-strength abilities (in a dynamic mode) were evaluated based on the results of the jump up Abalakov (before and after training) with and without the help of hands. In order to assess the speed, the latent time of a simple motor reaction was determined, and the coordination abilities - as the difference in the jump up Abalakov with and without the help of hands.

The results of the study and their discussion. Parameters of the dynamics of the subjective evaluation of the functional state (SEFS) of athletes during the OMC indicate that its values in postmenstrual (II) and postovulatory (IV) phases are significantly higher (p<0,05) than in menstrual (I), ovulatory (III) and premenstrual (V) phases, as well as above the average for the entire period of the specific biological cycle. It should be noted that there were no significant differences between the SEFS level in the II and IV phases and between the values of the "critical" phases (I, III and V) (p>0,5).

As a result of the variance analysis, the degree of influence of the OMC as a factor on the change in the SEFS was determined, which was 22,4 % and is significantly higher (p<0,05). In the course of research, an unidirectional wave-like character of the dynamics of manifestation of physical qualities from phase to phase of OMC in athletics was revealed. It was foundout that a higher level of the studied parameters fell on the II and IV phases, and their decrease in the I (minimum), and V phases. Such dynamics of manifestation of motor qualities (strength, speed, speed-strength and coordination capabilities) was found in numerous studies of other authors conducted in various sports [10; 12; 14].

In the present study, the peculiarities of the dynamics of individual physical qualities were revealed during the OMC, which were determined by differences in the average level of manifestation of motor abilities per full cycle, with respect to the maximum in phase IV (100 %); in the range of variation of the indicator for the full cycle; in the ratio of the level of manifestation of abilities between the favorable and "critical" phases; as well as the degree of influence of the OMC on the dynamics of each indicator in the specific phases of the cycle (Table 1).

Coordination abilities during the OMC varied within the limits of 17,6 %. The average level of manifestation of these abilities for the full cycle is 86,8±9 %. The values shown in phase II were significantly lower than in

III (p<0,05), and during and before menstruation it was lower than during ovulation. The degree of influence of the OMC on the dynamics of the manifestation of coordination abilities was 8,5 % and was not reliable (see

Table 1 The degree of influence of OMC (%) on the dynamics of manifestation of various motor abilities (results of dispersion analysis)

The maximum arbitrary force of the extensor muscles of the leg in the knee and hip joints (HJ) during the OMC varied within 9,7 %. The average level of manifestation of these abilities for the full cycle was 92,5±4 %. The values shown in phase II were significantly lower than in IV (p<0,05), and the results in the "critical" phases were below the mean level, but did not differ significantly (p>0,05). The degree of influence of OMC on the dynamics of this indicator was 28,9 % and was reliable.

The maximum arbitrary muscle strength of the plantar flexor of the foot (PFF) during the OMC varied within 9,9 %. The average level of manifestation of these abilities for the full cycle was 98,3±4 %. At the same time, the values shown in the II and IV phases did not have significant differences, nor were they fixed between the values of the "critical" phases (p>0,05). The degree of influence of OMC on the dynamics of this indicator was 12,9 % and is reliable (see Table 1). It should be noted that the main difference between the level of manifestation of the power capabilities of the muscles LE and PFF is a less pronounced decrease in the results of the maximum arbitrary muscle strength of the PFF in the II phase.

The explosive force of the LE muscles under isometric mode of operation during the OMC varied within 13,8 %. The average level of manifestation of these opportunities for the full cycle was 91,7±7 %. The values shown in phase II were significantly lower than in IV (p<0,05), and before and during menstruation - lower than during ovulation. The degree of influence of OMC on the dynamics of this indicator was 17,9 % and is reliable.

In turn, the explosive force of the PFF muscles (manifested in 0,1 s) in the isometric mode of operation during the OMC varied within 9,8 %. The average level of manifestation of these abilities for the full cycle was 94,7±5 %. At the same time, the values shown in the II and IV phases did not have significant differences (p>0,05), and the values shown during and before menstruation were significantly lower than during ovulation (p<0,05). The degree of influence of OMC on the dynamics of this indicator was 22,7 % and was reliable (see Table 1).

The main difference in the manifestation of the starting force between the muscle groups LE and PFF is similar to the differences in the dynamics of the maximum random force, a more significant decrease in the index for the muscle LE in phase II relative to IV. Thus, the explosive strength of the muscles of the lower extremities in the dynamic mode of operation based on the results in the jump upwards (according to Abalakov) during the OMC varied within 7,9 %. The average level of manifestation of these opportunities for the full cycle was 96,8±5 %. The values shown in phase II were significantly lower than in IV (p<0,05), and the results of the "critical" phases were below the mean, but did not differ significantly (p>0,1). The degree of influence of OMC on the dynamics of this indicator was 23,6 % and was reliable.

Interesting data were obtained by analyzing the result of a jump upwards with a wave and without a wave of hands, which were performed daily before and after training. When assessing the results of jumps, not only the OMC phase was taken into account, but also the volume, as well as the orientation of the training impacts.

It was revealed (Table 2) that the height of the jump upwards with a wave of hands before training fluctuates on different days of the cycle from 49,8 to 54,3 cm, after training - from 46,6 to 53,9 cm. In both cases, the lowest results were shown in the menstrual (I), and the highest in the postovulatory phase (IV). It is characteristic that in the jumps that were performed after training, the greatest difference was recorded. And if in the II, III, and IV phases, the differences before and after training are statistically insignificant (p>0,05), then in the postmenstrual and, especially, in the menstrual phase, the difference reached 5 % of the significance level.

Thus, we can note a stronger impact of training loads on the speed- strength potential of female athletes during the unfavorable phases of their body's biorhythms. With regard to the ovulatory phase, the differences in the results in the jump up before and after training, with this method of performance, are statistically insignificant (for 5 % significance level) and do not differ (p>0,05) from the indices in the II and III phases of the OMC.

The results of jumps without hands (see Table 2) showed approximately the same picture: the highest values were recorded in the II and IV phases of the cycle, while the low values were recorded in I and III. But, if in jumps with a wave of hands the differences in the indicators in the last phases were significant, then in this method of jumping they are minimal, and the greatest differences are characteristic for the ovulatory phase. This fact can be explained by the fact that the way to jump upwards without a wave of hands was less familiar for athletes and required certain coordination skills, and in the ovulatory phase, the orientation in space and the mismatch in motor actions can be violated [12, р. 14].

Table 2 Parameters of the height of the jump (in cm) upwards with a wave and without a wave of hands on the phases of the CMC for runners for short distances