Formation and development of english aviation terminology

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Formation and development of english aviation terminology

Currently, the bulk of the linguistic fund is a specialized vocabulary that is developing intensively and actively interacting with other layers of vocabulary, primarily - commonly used. In recent years, native and foreign scientists have been conducting numerous studies of terminology. Separately and in combination with other linguistic problems, various aspects of the study of terms (etymological foundations of terminology, terminological synonymy and homonymy, standardization of terms, translation transformations, etc.) were covered in the works of T. Kyyaka, V. I. Karaban, O. V. Superanska, F. A. Zitkina and others [3, 4, 6, 7].

The urgency of this article is evidenced by the rapid development of the aviation industry, an increase in this regard, scientific and technical contacts with the English-speaking world. The purpose of this article is to identify the peculiarities of the processes of formation and development of English aviation terminology, which will further enable us to consider structural and semantic peculiarities of this terminology and the specifics of its translation from English to Ukrainian and vice versa.

By studying modern aviation terminology on a synchronous slice, we consider each phenomenon of this terminology as historically determined and as such, which is the result of the previous development of the language, and proceed from the fact that the present state of language is the basis for its further development. In order to establish the periodization of the development of English language aviation terminology, it is necessary to follow the evolutionary processes in English aviation terminology for the review of the development of aeronautics, aviation, missile technology and astronautics [1].

Under the aviation terms in our article, we understand the words or phrases used to designate special concepts in aeronautics. These are the terms for designating all types of aircraft - from balloons to spacecraft; their designs, engines and systems; weapons - from the first air bombs and to missiles; types of ground support; airborne and ground personnel; as well as some concepts of aerodynamics, meteorology, radar, aerial photography, paratroopership and aviation medicine.

In determining the timing of the appearance of terms, we were guided by the general rule that "words appear simultaneously with objects (concepts) due to the inextricable connection of language and thinking" [2, p. 47].

The aeronautical terminology of the English language arose as a result of aeronautics and aeronautics, and was replenished in parallel with the development of these branches of knowledge. People have long dreamed of creating wings and flying (not by chance, the word "aviation" comes from the Latin "avis", which means the bird).

These dreams are reflected in all languages, in English as well. There were words that were still called only imaginary devices for human flight, which were only a reflection of human dreams. Actually, the subjects they described did not exist, although the work of the writers, in which they were mentioned possible, became an impetus for the development of aviation.

Only in the eighteenth century, the era of the industrial revolution, makes the transition from fantasy to real flight over the earth's surface. On November 21, 1783, the French pilots, Pilotru de Rooseier and Francois d'Arlanda, were able to go on a 25-minute balloon flight, built by the brothers Joseph Michel and Etienne Mongolffier. 1783 is considered to be the actual beginning of the development of aeronautics, and accordingly - the beginning of the history of aviation terminology.

The launch of the balloon and the further development of aeronautics led to the appearance of the first aeronautical terms in French. In the same year 1783, two balloons were launched in London. And, of course, along with new subjects in England, there were terms for their designation. At the same time, the English language borrows the French term "parachute" which was first used by the Parisian physicist, Lenorman (he created this term from the two French words: ”parer” - "warn", "chute"- "fall") [1].

Two years later, Frenchman Blanchard made his first flight through the Channel. This event was the start of more than a century of active influence of French advances in the field of aeronautics and aeronautics on the formation of aviation terminology of the English language.

Center for the development of aeronautics and aviation until the second decade of the XX century was France causing a large proportion of aviation terms of French origin in different languages of the world. The first British who left a mark on the development of aviation were the scientist J. Caley, inventor V. Henson and mechanic J. Stringfello. In 1843, they designed an airplane model called "aerial steam-carriage" (similar to the name of the locomotive that was already used in England for the carriage of passengers). However, the British were treated fairly skeptical of ideas related to the flight of man in the air. British conservatism hampered creative developments in the field of aviation, and the country with a highly developed industry could only borrow the new concepts and aviation terms that so rapidly appeared in France in the 40-60s of the XIX century: "air bomb", "aviation ","helicopter ".

In the first half of the XX century in the aviation terminology of the English language actually British innovationsappeared, for example: "ascent", "fall", "head".

After the invention of the balloon, no one could create another way to travel around the air for almost a century. Attempts by all inventors of that time were aimed at inventing ways to control the balloon, but for this there was not enough motor. Since the 1960's, in the XIX century first in America, Henri Jiffar, then the Tissadier brothers in France, Hayr Maxim in England tried to create a special motor for an aerosol. The term "motor" - "engine" borrowed from the French, can be considered as aviation from that time, since it has already been used to designate an engine designed for aeronautics [1].

In Germany, interest in engine aviation appeared much later, but this did not prevent the Germans from catching up very quickly, and then overtake their rivals. In 1900, Count F. Zeppelin successfully tested the controlled airship he constructed, and subsequently the name "Zeppelin" became the general name of the aircraft. In the same year as a term he is included in English aviation terminology. It was the first aircraft term borrowed from the German language.

American O. Shanut first designed a steering wheel and developed an original model with two planes located on one another. So, in the late 90's new aviation terms appear - "biplane", "glider", "glidingmachine" [1 ].

In 1900, Wright's brothers began experimenting with their first planner in Kitty Hawk, and in 1901 the second glider was tested. In 1902 they started the creation of the first motorized airplane, the engine for which they assembled. On Dec. 17, 1903, Wilber and Orville Wright carried out the first manned flight flight on Fleury 1 airplane. Over the next two years, they continued to improve the design of the airplane and carried out more than 200 flights. Thanks to the development of brothers Wright in the early twentieth century. The terms "capot", "carburetor", "cylinder", "oil pump" fall into the aviation terminology. All of them are recorded in the dictionary A. Shlomana 1910 [8].

At the beginning of the twentieth century, France remains the leading nation in almost all aviation achievements. Brazilian A. Santos-Dumont, Frenchman L. Blerio, Englishman A. Farman, Americans, Wright brothers - all their inventions were supported in France. The planes of these inventors were called by their names. At the same time the term "triplane" appears on the designation of the aircraft designed by A. Farman, which had three bearing planes [1].

At the beginning of the twentieth century prospects for aviation research have also been understood in Russia. Due to the skill of the pilots P. M. Nesterov and K. K. Artseulov the English aviation terminology has been replenished with two new terms: "air loop" [28, p. 207] and "spin" [5, p. 310].

The main feature of aviation in the first 10 years of its existence, 1903-1914, can be considered a sport, and then a military-sports character. Hence such terms as "trialflight", "flying race", "flyingrange"appeared.

Before the First World War, hydro-aviation began to develop. There is an airplane that can take off and land on the water. In English it is called "seaplane". This term was introduced by Winston Churchill. In 1913, in his speech, he said that a sea hydroplane should be called seaplane, and an ordinary airplane is simply "plane". At the same time, the term "flying boat", begins to take place, as the plane, designed by Glen Curtis, was like a boat. It is during this period that marine terms intensively penetrate aviation terminology: "crew", "captain", "cockpit", "navigator" [1].

The First World War led to the rapid development of the aviation industry. During 1914¬1918 the English language includes a number of new aviation terms and terminological phrases: "air defense", "air fleet", "air force", etc., the emergence of which was a direct consequence of the war and the creation of bomber and fighter aviation during this period. The war required new planes to perform special tasks. So, in the English aviation terminology system, the terms "bomber", "fighter", "bomber-fighter" appeared. In the 50's of the twentieth century, Britain, the USA, Germany, the Soviet Union possessed a large number of aircraft, which had to be used in peacetime. Of great importance is the air connection initially between the cities, and then between countries for the transportation of passengers, the transportation of mail and cargo. With new aviation tasks, there are new aviation terms: “air mail, air transport service, air freight, commercial aviation, civil aviation' [1].

In the years of the Second World War, further intensive development of aviation takes place: the types of aviation troops and services are defined - "medical aviation service", "paratroop battalion", "paratroops"; air defense improves - "counter air fighter", "defensive air operation". There are new types of airplanes - "air evacuation transport", "interceptor".

After the Second World War, aviation was developing even more intensively. New branches of the aviation industry - jet and missile - are emerging, requiring new aviation terms for naming new items and phenomena: “convertiplane, flare-out, sweptwing".

In 1957, the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched in the Soviet Union. In English there was a Russian borrowing “sputnik”. On April 12, 1961 Yu. O. Gagarin flew into space. A new stage in the development of aviation caused new terms: "cosmodrome", "cosmonaut". The development of astronautics in the US and the flights of American spacecraft enriched the English language with a number of new terms: "blast-off, "count-down", "space technology". Further advances in the development of astronautics have enriched aviation terminology with the terms "spaceship commander", "lunar module", "moon landing", "docking".

It may be concluded that the semantic changes that have taken place in aviation terminology throughout the history of the existence of the aviation terminology can be divided into semantic changes caused by new discoveries and semantic changes caused by changes in the objects and phenomena themselves.

aviation terminology fund

References

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2.Будагов Р. А. История слов в истории общества / Р. А. Будагов. - М. : Просвещение, 1971. - 371 с.

3.Карабан В. І. Посібник-довідник з перекладу англійської науково-технічної літератури на українську мову. Ч. І. Граматичні труднощі / В. І. Карабан. - К.: Tempus, 1997. - 317 c.

4.Кияк Т. Р. Проблема лінгвістичного упорядкування термінології / Т. Р. Кияк // Українська термінологія і сучасність : зб. наук. праць. - К., 2005. - Вип. УІ. - С. 13-17.

5.Марасанов В. П. Англо-русский словарь по гражданской авиации / В. П. Марасанов. - М. : СкорпионРоссия, 2006. - 560 с.

6.Суперанская А. В. Общая терминология: Вопросы теории / А. В. Суперанская, Н. В. Подольская, Н. В. Васильева. - М.: Наука, 1989. - 246 с.

7.Циткина Ф. А. Терминология и перевод (к основам сопоставительного терминоведения) / Ф. А. Циткина. - Львов: Изд-во при Львовском государственном ун-те издательского объединения "Вища школа", 1988. - 158 с.

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