On structure of technical terminology

Typological analysis of semantic transitions of body names to other terminological groups. The peculiarity of the comparison of the structure of the nests of technical terms in English and Russian. Characteristics of the English identification parallels.

Рубрика Иностранные языки и языкознание
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Язык английский
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УДК 81.11

Department of Foreign Languages for Natural-Science Specialities

ON STRUCTURE OF TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY

Natal'ya Vladimirovna Terskikh

“One of the main problems of comparative typology is to set up common facts typical to different languages, to show linguistic universals and the ways of their realization” [1, c. 290].

The research is supposed to solve some of the above-mentioned problems. Its aim is to investigate the typological analysis of the semantic transition of the parts of body to other terminological groups. We are going to consider merely the transition of somatic terminology meaning into technical one.

This type of restriction isn't accidental. The terms containing somatic elements (names of man's or animal's parts of the body) can be often seen in modern technical terminology. It is known that somatic denominations are typical to all lingual families, they are considered to be the ancient terms in the world. Instruments of production, appliances for work, first machine tools made by the ancestors of contemporary native speakers caused some associations, psychological bonds between the separate parts of people's and animal's bodies and other notions. It was the main reason of meaning transitions appearance in different languages.

We used «English-Russian Polytechnical Dictionary» by A. Chernukhin for the research [2]. About 90000 important radio-electronic, mathematical, physical, chemical, metallurgic terms are reflected in the dictionary. We discovered about 900 nominations of technical terms by means of somatic ones. Therefore every hundred term formed as a result of semantic transition «man's or animal's parts of the body» is a technical term. The terms with identical somatic component predominate over them. E.g. arm -- рука, eye -- глаз, face-- лицо, finger -- палец, head -- голова, horn -- рог, jaw -- челюсть, leg -- нога, lip -- губа, lug -- ухо, pupil -- зрачок, shoulder -- плечо, tail -- хвост, tongue -- язык, tooth -- зуб and so on. semantic terminological identification body

While considering semantic parallelism of parts of the body and other terminological spheres it's important to take into consideration some cases when meaning transition first happens in the limits of somatic terminology only. Buck gave the examples of it: голова -- верхушка рога; голова -- челюсть, щека, подбородок, губа; шея -- горло; плечо -- спина -- предплечье [3, p. 149, 198].

In the system of studied terminology there were 52 cases when different somatic elements are used in English and Russian to nominate the same technical term. We are going to consider the structure of semantic nests of English and Russian technical terms containing somatic element and to show their semantic Russian and English analogues. Example

I. The nests of English technical terms and their Russian analogues: 1. зуб - лапа - нога - палец ripping tooth (зуб) -- рыхлительная лапа; tine (зубец) -- культиваторная лапа; tine of a tuning fork (зубец) -- ножка камертона; reel tine -- (зубец) -- палец мотовила

2. ухо - зуб - лапа - язык automatic coupler lug (ухо) -- зуб автосцепки; tab (ушко) -- лапка; tab (ушко) -- язычок; lug (ухо) -- (ухо) -- язычок крыло - голова - зуб inserted blade milling cutter (крыло) -- резцовая головка (режущего инструмента); inserted blade milling cutter (крыло) -- фрезерная головка (режущего инструмента); reed blade (крыло) -- зуб бедра; rabble blade (крыло) -- зуб гребка 4. лицо - зуб - спина face-mill type gear cutter (лицо) - зуб - острогальная резцовая головка; suction face of a blade (лицо) спинка лопасти

5. палец - зуб - лапа rake finger (палец) -- грабельный зуб; toe - (палец) лапка

6. рог - нос - челюсть horn (of an anvil) (рог) нос наковальни; pedestal horn (рог) -- буксовая челюсть

7. рот - горло - шея (vessel) mouth (рот) -- горловина конвертера; concentric mouth (рот) -- горловина конвертера, симметричная; eccentric mouth (рот) -- горловина конвертера, несимметричная; mouth placed to one side (рот) -- горловина конвертера, несимметричная; shaft mouth (рот) -- шейка ствола шахты

8. рука - крыло - рог semaphore arm (рука) -- крыло семафора; calling-on arm (рука) -- крыло семафора, пригласительное;

anchor arm (рука) -- рог якоря 9. туловище - нога - язык body of type (туловище) -- ножка литеры; body of flame (туловище) -- язык пламени 10. хвост - лапа - язык drill tang (хвост) -- лапка сверла; tail (хвост) -- язык пламени

11. челюсть - кулак - губа jaw (челюсть) -- губа; jaw (челюсть) -- губка; chuck jaw (челюсть) -- зажимный кулачок; face-chuck jaw (челюсть) -- кулачок планшайбы

12. борода - голова beard (борода) -- головка литеры

13. глаз - голова electric eye scanner (глаз) -- следящая, фотоэлектрическая головка

14. губа - нос pouring lip (губа) -- носик ковша; overflow lip (губа) -- переливной носок

15. клюв - нос beak (клюв) -- носик сосуда; bill of an anchor (клюв) -- носок якоря

16. локоть - колено waveguide elbow (локоть) колено волновода; elbow pipe (локоть) -- колено трубы

17. матка - сердце radiator matrix (матка) - сердцевина радиатора

18. нога - хвост shank (нога) -- хвост; shank (нога) - хвостовик

19. нос - голова revolving nosepiece of a microscope (нос) -- головка микроскопа, револьверная; nose of punch (нос) -- головка пуансона

20. перепонка (у утки, летучей мыши и т.п.) -- шея; rail web (перепонка -- у утки, летучей мыши и т.п.) -- шейка рельса

21. шея - колено goose-neck (шея) -- колено воздухопровода

22. язык - лапа tongue (язык) -лапка

II. The nests of Russian technical terms and their English analogues:

1. лапа - зуб - палец - ухо - хвост - язык культиваторная лапа -- tine (зубец); культиваторная лапа -- cultivator tooth (зуб); рыхлительная лапа -- ripping tooth (зуб); лапка -- toe (палец); лапка -- lug (ухо), лапка -- tab (ушко); лапка сверла -- drill tang (хвост); лапка -- tongue (язык)

2. голова - борода - глаз - крыло - нос головка литеры -- beard (борода); следящая, фотоэлектрическая головка -- electric eye scanner (глаз);

резцовая головка (режущего инструмента) -- inserted blade milling cutter (крыло); фрезерная головка (режущего инструмента) -- inserted blade milling cutter (крыло); фрезерная головка (режущего инструмента) - inserted blade milling cutter (крыло); головка микроскопа, револьверная -- revolving nosepiece of a microscope (нос); головка пуансона -- nose of punch 3. зуб - крыло - лицо - ухо - палец зуб бедра -- reel blade (крыло); зуб гребка -- rabble blade (крыло); зубострогальная резцовая головка -- face-mill type gear cutter (лицо); грабельный зуб -- rake finger (naлец); зуб автосцепки -- automatic coupler lug (ухо)

4. нос - губа - клюв - рог носик ковша -- pouring liр (губа); переливной носок -- overflow lip (губа); носик сосуда -- beak (клюв);

носок якоря -- bill of an anchor (клюв); нос наковальни -- horn (of an anvil) (рог) язык - туловище - ухо - хвост язык пламени -- body of flame (туловище); язычок -- lug (ухо); язычок -tab (ушко); язык пламени - tail (хвост)

5. колено - локоть - шея колено волновода -- waveguide elbow (локоть); колено трубы -- elbow pipe (локоть); колено воздухо-провода - gooseneck (шея) 7. нога - зуб - туловище ножка камертона -- tine of a tuning fork (зубец); ножка литеры -- body of type (туловище)

8. шея - перепонка (у утки, летучей мыши и т.п.) - рот шейка рельса -- rail web (перепонка -- у утки, летучей мыши и т.п.); шейка ствола шахты -- shaft mouth (рот)

9. горло - рог горловина конвертера -- (vessel) mouth (рот); горловина конвертера, симметричная -- concentric mouth (pот); горловина конвертера, несимметричная -- eccentric mouth (рот); горловина конвертера, несимметричная -- mouth placed to one side (рот)

10. губа - челюсть губа jaw (челюсть); губка -- jaw (челюсть)

11. крыло - рука крыло семафора -- semaphore arm (рука); крыло семафора, пригласительное -- calling-on arm (рука)

12. кулак - челюсть зажимный кулачок (патрона) -- chuck jaw (челюсть); кулачок планшайбы -- face-chuck jaw (челюсть)

13. палец - зуб палец мотовила -- reel tine (зубец)

14. рог - рука рог якоря -- anchor arm (рука)

15. сердце - матка сердцевина радиатора -- radiator matrix (матка)

16. спина - лицо спинка лопасти -- suction face of a blade (лицо)

17. хвост - нога хвост -- shank (нога), хвостовик -- shank (нога)

18. челюсть - рог буксовая челюсть -- pedestal horn (рог)

Resume

The comparison of the structure of English and Russian technical terms nests revealed that the nomination of technical terms by means of semantic ones is a common factor typical to both languages. Considered semantic transitions of parts of the body to technical terms permit us to state that they are the result of a simple observation and transformation of somatic notions to technical terms.

Among the terms including an identical somatic element in both languages we managed to find nomination cases where the same term was nominated by different somatic elements in different languages. If we group the considered terms we get 22 semantic nests in English but 18 nests in Russian. Besides the amount of English (5:1, 4:2, 3:2, 2:3, 1:10) and Russian (3:2, 2:9, 1:11) analogues doesn't correspond. Thus the studied English parallels of identification (parts of the body and technical terms) can be characterized as more various and more synonymic in comparison with their semantic analogues.

Different English and Russian somatic elements found on technical terms are usually similar by: 1) outward sign; 2) element of action.

Technical terms with semantic components have a strong semantic chain. In both languages the following nests are performed (English - nests № 1, 5; Russian - № 3, 13). On the one hand these analogues are caused by the similarity of an outer mark (both finger and tooth have the shape of a jetty); on the other hand they are caused by the similarity of an action element (they are intended for grasping something).

Moreover an outward conformity and an identical element of action join some English and Russian somatic notions nominating the same technical term (English nests - № 5, 7, 11, 16, 21, 22; Russian nests - № 6, 9, 10, 11, 12).

Thus in English nest челюсть - губа - кулак and челюсть -- кулак are revealed when both lips and jaws include two closed parts, the edges of a mouth hole. A fist is a palm with bent fingers. The element of action of mentioned somatic notions matches as well: all of them can be used for grasping, compressing, squeezing an object.

Some English and Russian names of parts of the body transformed into technical terms are similar according to their outer sign (English nests - № 2, 3, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19; Russian nests - № 5, 7, 14, 36, 17), the others are similar according to the element of action only (compare English nests - № 13, 17; Russian - № 15), the thirds don't correspond to each other at all, there are no any semantic bonds between them (English nests - № 14, 20; Russian - № 18). But one can find the cases when some analogues by an outward indication and the element of action are combined in the same nest.

To define semantic relation between different somatic notions including the same technical term one should remember the meaning of all its components. In this connection we are going to consider the correlation of the notions шея and колено (English nest - № 21, Russian - № 6) goose neck (шея) -- колено воздухопровода.

It seems that the names of parts of the body being transformed into technical terms aren't similar neither by an outer indication nor by the element of action. But if we pay attention to a composed component of English term [goose-]neck, we can see that a semantic tie between two notions is transparent enough. A knee is a joint connecting hip bone and tibia that passes as a curve from one bend to another. A goose neck has the shape of a bent as well and can be arched as S letter. Therefore somatic notions neck and knee in the composition of the same technical term have both types of similarity: the outer sign (bent shape), and the principle of action (can perform bent actions).

The conducted research allows assuming that all semantic transitions of somatic and technical terminology are the result of specific typological rules. It's obvious that analyzed parallels of meanings have congenial analogues in other related and unrelated languages.

References

1. Гак В. Г. Сравнительная типология французского и русского языков. М.: КомКнига, 2010. 290 с.

2. Чернухин А. Е. Англо-русский политехнический словарь. Бишкек: ТКИСО, 1997. 688 с.

3. Buck C. D. A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages: a Contribution to the History of Ideas. University of Chicago, 1988.

Abstract

The author conducts the typological analysis of the semantic transitions of the parts of body to other terminological groups, compares the structure of the Russian and English technical terms nests, and in comparison with the Russian technical terminology describes the English identification parallels as more various and more synonymic.

Key words and phrases: somatic element; technical terms nomination; nest structure; semantic comparison; somatic link; typological analysis; identification.

Статья посвящена типологическому анализу семантических переходов названий тела на другие терминологические группы. В работе сопоставляются структуры гнезд технических терминов английского и русского языков. Сравнительно с семантическими аналогиями, представленными русской технической терминологией, английские параллели идентификаций характеризуются большей вариантностью и синонимичностью.

Ключевые слова и фразы: соматический элемент; номинация технических терминов; структура гнезд; семантическое сопоставление; соматическая связь; типологический анализ; идентификация.

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