Impact of lime, biomass compost and ash as well as effective micro-organisms applications on grain yield and yield components of oilseed rape

IMPACT OF LIME, BIOMASS COMPOST AND ASH AS WELL AS EFFECTIVE MICRO-ORGANISMS APPLICATIONS ON GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF OILSEED RAPE

Intensifying urban and industrial development encourages the generation of varied forms of waste that need to be well managed and prevented from contaminating the environment. The use of forest or agriculturally sourced biomass as fuel serves not only as renewable energy source but also as a source of ash. The ash obtainable from plants' biomass contains significant quantities of biogenic elements (Kalembasa, 2006, Kowalczyk-Jusko, 2009, Meller et al 2009) and thus could serve, for example, as a valuable raw material for fertilization and land reclamation purposes (Meller and Bilenda, 2012, Waclawowicz 2011, Stankowski and Bielinska, 2009). biomass ash microorganism rape

Effective Microorganisms products are sold in Poland under the trade name ME, referring to concentrates containing over 80 different microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes, fermentation fungus amongst others. The inventor of the Effective Microorganisms technology is Professor Teruo Higa of the University of Agriculture, Ryuksyu Okinawa, Japan. Effective Microorganisms (EM) are biological naturally occurring inoculants that are devoid of GMO components. Moreover, the constituent microorganisms that can be found in natural environments across the globe are not only safe for humans, animals and the environment, but are also indispensable for their proper existence. The microorganisms as antioxidants impact directly soils and indirectly plants (Higa, 2002).

The objective of the research was to evaluate the impacts of biomass ash by comparing it to lime fertilizers as well as bio-compost enriched with microbiological preparations of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on yield, yield patterns and the physiological features of spring oilseed rape.

Materials and methods. The field experimentation was conducted in 2013 in Duninowa near Ustki. The factors tested included: Factor I - 6 variants of fertilization, Factor II - Preparations of Effective Microorganisms (EM).

The lime used for the study was produced by the main Chemical Analysis Laboratory IUNiG in Pulawy. The sample in solid form, light grey colour, of approximately 3kg was delivered to the laboratory 09.07.2012. The lime content, expressed as CaO amounted to 38,2 %.

The analysis of the applicable ash biomass was conducted at the Central Laboratory of the Institute of Ecology of Industrial Areas in Katowice. The pH of the ash solution was 13,2. Relying on the areometric analysis designed by Proszynski, ash is defined as heavy clay. The content of assimilable phosphorous designated as P2O5mg/100 g dry mass was < 0,01, that of potassium was 10768 mg K2O/100 g. The biomass ash tested was characterized an assimilable magnesium content of 118 mg Mg * 100 g-1. The contents of other elements in the ash dry mass were for zinc 563 mg Zn * kg-1, copper 78,9 mg Cu * kg-1, nickel 23,7 mg Ni * kg-1, chromium 15,4 mg Cr * kg-1, lead 12,1 mg Pb * kg-1, cadmium 2,7 mg Cd * kg-1, arsenic, 2,0 mg As * kg-1, mercury < 0,4 mg Hg * kg-1.

The Biotop compost is a product of "Wodoci^gi Slupsk" Ltd based in Slupsk. The compostable constituents include straw 32 %, stabilized sludge 32 %, green waste 25 %, and bark waste 11 %. The obtainable products of composting / decomposition include the following: nitrogen 2,5 %, phosphorous 1,0 %, and potassium 0,2 %. Metallic content does not exceed stated values for zinc 600 mg Zn * kg-1, copper 40 mg Cu * kg-1, nickel 9,5 mg Ni * kg-1, chromium 5,0 mg Cr * kg-1, lead 20,0 mg Pb * kg-1, cadmium 0,8 mg Cd * kg-1, mercury < 0,01 mg Hg * kg-1. The pH of the compost solution was 7,4.

Both ash and bio-compost fertilization as well as liming procedures were carried out during the spring planting season, while sprays with Effective Microorganisms preparations were carried out once on June 11, 2013. Its rate for oilseed rape is 80 dm3 * ha-1. Water sprays for the variant free of Effective Microorganisms preparations were done at the same rate. The spring variety of oilseed rape was used for these experiments and was sown 26.4.2013. The Highlight variety of oilseed rape was sown at 4 kg * ha-1. After-sowing sprays with Butisan at 0,2 dm-3 *ha-1 were conducted during the growing season. Crop protection treatments were conducted in the following proportions and days: 15. 05 Galera and Pyrinex herbicides at 0,2 and 0,3 dm3 * ha-1respectively on 15 May, with repetitions of Pyrinex on 30 May, and 7 June, Agil Pyrinex at 0,2 dm3 * ha-1 as well as boron conditioning at 1dm3 * ha-1. Nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer applications were at 170 and 25 kg/ hectare respectively.

A post-harvest analysis of the grain yield, selected yield features as well as the physiological properties of each plant were undertaken. The chlorophyll content was determined during the vegetative season using a photo-optical chlorophyll meter Minolta spad 502 method with 10 measurements being taken for each variation. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) was also determined using the AccuPar Ceptometer with 5 measurements being taken in each variation.

The analysis of variance was applied to all statistical analysis in a completely randomized block layout. Half confidence interval (NIR) was calculated using the Tukey's test at the 0,05 significance level.

Results and discussions. The impacts of the applicable fertilizer variants (see table 2) on oilseed rape yield were little and insignificant. Although a tendency for increasing yields with subsequent variants was observed, the differences did not exceed 0,6 dt -ha-1. The highest average yield of 13,5 dt-ha-1 was obtained with the application of the 6th fertilizer variant (lime + compost + ash). The application of the microbiological EM preparation did not result in significant differences in oilseed rape yield, although average levels of 1,1 dt-ha-1 were achieved. Higher values were observed in all variants after EM had been applied. The results of Stankowski et al., studies (2009) indicate that while the addition of organic mass to fertilizers resulted in increased yields additional application of EM, on the other hand, did not lead to any differences in yield but rather resulted in minor decreases.

Table 2. Influence offertilization (N) and application of microbiological EM ^reparations(E)onyicldandЈatternofyicldcomponcntsofoilseedrap^_

The use of organic fertilizers may have varied impacts depending on the plant species, namely stronger corn or weaker legumes (Szejniuk et al., 2005). While Gregorczyk (2001) points to varied impacts of ash on the yield of various types of oats, Berezin et al (2012) on the other hand indicates a significant yield increase of barley even at relatively low rates.

Plant population differed slightly under the influence of various fertilizer variants as well as applications of Effective Microorganisms. The situation is similar with respect to the number of grains /pod and mass of 1000 grains. Likewise, Gregorczyk (2001) reports that changes in the analysed field components were both small and insignificant in nature.

The chlorophyll content of oilseed rape leaves (table 3) was significantly varied relative to the fertilizer variant applied. The application of lime or ash did not result in increased chlorophyll content in oilseed rape leaves. Higher values of the parameter were obtained with 3 variants namely, lime + ash, compost + ash and lime + compost + ash. It was not, however, confirmed if additional compost application had any significant impact on improving the parameter's value as compared to variant 4, namely lime + ash. The application of EM had no impact on the chlorophyll content of oilseed rape leaves. The results of Stankowski et al (2009) indicate that the application of organic fertilizer (sludge) led to increased chlorophyll content in the first year of studies with no differences being confirmed in the second year. Likewise, the impact of EM treatment was negligible. Maciorowski and Woloszyk (2003), however, did not note any impacts of organic fertilization on the above-mentioned feature in their studies.

Table 3. Influence offertilization (N) and application of microbiological EM preparation fE)onchlorophyllcontentofplantJeavesJSPAD)

Leaf Area Index (table 4) changed with the use of varied form of fertilizer compounds although the reaction of the test plants varied. The application of lime, ash or their mixtures did not have any significance on the value of LAI in the case of oilseed rape. The highest value noted was with the application of compost mixed with ash and lime.

The use of waste products is expedient as it reduces the need for their storage. Their efficiency, however, depends on several factors such as chemical composition, assimilability of ingredients, dosage, soil type and plant species cultivated (Piekarczyk, 2013, Stankowski et al., 2007). They must, as well comply with all standard requirements permitting such materials to be used in agriculture. Current research results of various authors (Krzywy et al. 2013, Krzywy-Gawronska, 2013,

Meller and Bilenda, 2012) indicate that biomass ash, decomposed sewage sludge including their mixtures in the future could serve as valuable materials for soil deacidification and improved fertility.

Table 4. Influence offertilization (N) and application of Microbiological EM preparations (E) on Leaf Area Index (LAI)

Conclusions

1. No significant impact of applied fertilizer variants on the yielding of spring oilseed rape was confirmed.

2. There were no differences in the component of yields in the case of oilseed rape.

3. Chlorophyll content in leaves of oilseed rape was found to be higher after the application of lime and ash as well as in mixed variants with compost.

4. Leaf Area Index (LAI) for oilseed rape was higher with applications of mixed variants with compost.

5. The application of EM had a slight positive impact on LAI in oilseed rape. Effective Microorganisms did not influence chlorophyll content of leaves.

Bibliography

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Abstract

Field experiments were conducted in 2013 in Duninow, near Ustki. The factors covered by the research were: Factor I consisting of 6 variants of fertilization (1 -сontrol, 2 - lime t ¦ ha-1 + biomass compost "Biotop" 20 t ¦ ha 1, 6- lime 3.0 t ¦ ha 1 + biomass ash 1.5 t ¦ ha 1 + biomass compost "Biotop" 20 t ¦ ha-1), Factor II - Effective Microorganisms preparations (EM). The objective of the research study was to assess impacts of biomass ash through the comparison of their activities with lime fertilizers as well as with bio-compost infused with preparations of microbiological Effective Microorganisms (EM) on yields and yield patterns including physiological features of spring oilseed rape. No significant impact of the various variants of fertilizer application on the yielding of spring oilseed rape was confirmed. Differences in yield components were not observed in the case of oilseed rape. Chlorophyll content of oilseed rape leaves was higher after the combined application of lime, and ash including variants involving compost. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) of oilseed rape was higher following the application of variants with compost content. The application of EM treatments had very little positive impact on oilseed rape's Leaf Area Index (LAI). Effective Microorganisms had no impacts on leaves' chlorophyll content.

Keywords: biomass ash, bio-compost, lime, Effective Microorganisms, oilseed rape, yield, yield components.

Польовий експеримент проведено у 2013 р. у Данінов біля Усткі. Під час експерименту враховували такі чинники: чинник І полягає у 6 варіантах удобрення грунту (1 - контроль, 2 - вапно, 3 т/га, 3 - зола з біомаси, 1,5 т/га, 4 - вапно, 3 т/га + зола з біомаси, т/га, 5 - зола з біомаси, 1,5 т/га + компост, 20 т/га, 6 - вапно, 3 т/га + зола з біомаси, т/га + компост, 20 т/га), чинник ІІ - препарати ефективних мікроорганізмів (ЕМ). Завдання дослідження полягали у встановленні впливу золи з біомаси через порівняння її активності із активностями вапна й біомаси із препаратами мікробіологічно ефективних мікроорганізмів на зразки плодів, враховуючи фізіологічні особливості весняного олійного ріпаку. Встановлено незначний вплив різних варіантів дослідження на формування плодів весняного олійного ріпаку. Не виявлено відмінностей у компонентах плодів ріпаку. Вміст хлорофілу у листі олійного ріпаку був вищим після комбінованого застосування вапна, золи й компосту. індекс площі листка (LAI) олійного ріпаку був вищим у разі застосування варіанта із компостом. Застосування ефективних мікроорганізмів показало дуже незначний вплив на індекс площі листка олійного ріпаку. Застосування ефективних мікроорганізмів також не виявило впливу на вміст хлорофілу в листових пластинах.

Ключові слова: зола із біомаси, біокомпост, вапно, ефективні мікроорганізми, олійний ріпак, плоди, компоненти плодів.

Полевой опыт проведен в 2013 г. в Данинов возле Устки. Эксперимент учитывал следующие факторы: фактор І заключался в 6 вариантах удобренний почвы (1 - контроль, 2 - известь, 3 т/га, 3 - зола из биомассы, 1,5 т/га, 4 - известь, 3 т/га + зола из биомассы, 1,5 т/га, 5 - зола из биомассы, 1,5 т/га + компост, 20 т/га, 6 - известь, 3 т/га + зола из биомассы, 1,5 т/га + компост, 20 т/га), фактор ІІ - препараты эффективных микроорганизмов (ЕМ). Задание опыта состояло в определении влияния золы из биомассы при сравнении ее активности с активностью извести и биомассы с препаратами микробиологически эффективных микроорганизмов на образцы плодов, учитывая физиологические особенности весеннего масличного рапса. Установлено незначительное влияние разных вариантов опыта на формирование плодов весеннего масличного рапса. Не отмечено отличий в компонентах плодов рапса. Содержание хлорофилла в листьях масличного рапса было выше после комбинированного применения извести, золы и компоста. Индекс площади листа (LAI) масличного рапса был выше после применения варианта с компостом. Применение эффективных микроорганизмов показало очень незначительное влияние на индекс площади листа масличного рапса. Применение эффективных микроорганизмов также не показало влияния на содержание хлорофилла в листовых пластинах.

Ключевые слова: зола из биомассы, биокомпост, известь, эффективные микроорганизмы, масличный рапс, плоды, компоненты плодов.

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