Proverbs on friendship in modern English: subject classification

A comprehensive study of English proverbs in terms of structural organization and meaning. Subject classification of proverbial phraseology. Thematic groups exploring communicative phraseological units integrated into the semantic field "friendship".

Рубрика Иностранные языки и языкознание
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 25.04.2019
Размер файла 19,8 K

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VlSU “Vladimir State University”

Vladimir, Russia

Proverbs on friendship in modern English: subject classification

Kurochkina T.A.

Many scientists take interest in researching of English proverbs both in terms of the structural organization, and in terms of meaning. The main research problem of proverbial phraseology is its subject classification.

The objects of linguistic evaluation are the modern English proverbs with semantic significance on ground “friendship”. We've chosen phraseological native concept [5, p. 510-511] and masterminded method of phraseological identification and analysis by Kunin [3, p. 45] as theoretic background.

Scholarly literature on phraseology testifies, that not all the linguists acknowledge proverbs phraseological status. For example, famous specialist in Russian phraseology Molotkov said that “the proverb has another origin, not phraseological…” [8, c. 16], challenging proverbs belonging to phraseology. Some of them frequently deny phraseological nature of proverbs, urging to study them from the folk positions.

But many modern linguists join proverbial form into phraseology and study them as communicative phraseological units [2, p. 7; 6, p. 9; 11, p. 70]. The proverb definition as communicative phraseological units we can see in the papers of brilliant specialists in phraseology as Vinogradov, [1, p. 118], Kunin [4, p. 339], Melerovich and Mokienko [7, p. 235], Fedulenkova [10, p. 105].

Researching the proverbs, we follow the linguists, who abide broad understanding of the phraseology volume. They support the inclusion within the scope not only phraseology phraseological adhesions, unities and phraseological combinations, and proverbs, which are communicative phraseological units. We've chosen the verbs, which has features of semantic transformation components and can operate as a unit of secondary nomination. As for proverbs with the literal meaning of all the components, they are regarded by us as a stable formation no phraseological nature.

Implement structural-semantic analysis of one hundred and ten modern English proverbs about friendship gives possibility to identify 7 thematic groups, researching communicative phraseological units, integrated in the semantic field of "friendship." Follow groups are the most numerous:

The importance of the friendship: Life without a friend is death without a witness. (рус. букв. Жизнь без друга - это смерть без очевидца); It's marry when friends meet (рус. букв. Радостно, когда друзья встречаются); When friends meet hearts warm (рус. букв. Когда друзья встречаются - сердца теплеют); One enemy is too many; and a hundred friends too few (рус. букв. Один враг - слишком много, и сто друзей - это слишком мало); It is good to have some friends both in heaven and hell (рус. букв. Хорошо иметь несколько друзей как и на небесах, так и в аду).

Danger of the friendship: Better an open enemy than a false friend (рус. букв. Лучше открытый враг, чем фальшивый друг); God defend me from my friends; from my enemies I can defend myself (рус. букв. Боже, защити меня от моих друзей, от врагов я могу защитть себя сам); Friends are thieves of time (рус. букв. Друзья - воры времени); A reconciled friend is a double enemy (рус. букв. Примирившийся друг - двойной враг); Hatred with friends is succor to foes (рус. букв. Ненависть между друзьями - помощь врагам).

Untruth of friends: Remember man and keep in mind, a faithful friend is a hard to find (рус. букв. Помни человек, и не забывай: верного друга тяжело найти);

Misfortune makes foes of friends (рус. букв. Беда делает из друзей врагов); In time of prosperity, friends will be plenty; in time of adversity, not one amongst twenty (рус. букв. Во время процветания друзей много, во время несчастья ни одного среди двадцати); Whensoever you see your friend, trust to yourself (рус. букв. Всякий раз, когда видишь своего друга, доверяй себе); Dead men have no friends (рус. букв. У мертвых людей нет друзей).

Rudeness of friends: He that has a full purse never wanted a friend (рус. букв. Тот, у кого есть полный кошелек, никогда не хотел иметь друзей); The rich knows not who his friend is (рус. букв. Богатый не знает, кто его друг); When two friends have common purse, one sings and the other weeps (рус. букв. Когда у двух друзей один общий кошелек, один поет, другой плачет);

There is falsehood in fellowship (рус. букв. Есть лживость в товариществе).

True friendship: Prosperity makes friends, adversity tries them (рус. букв. Процветание делает друзей, несчастье испытывает их); A good friend never offends (рус. букв. Хороший друг никогда не обижает); They are rich who have true friends (рус. букв. Богаты те, у кого настоящие друзья); He is good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs (рус. букв. Тот хороший друг, кто говорит хорошо о нас за нашей спиной); A friend in need is a friend indeed (рус. букв. Друг в беде - друг на самом деле).

Maintenance of friendship: Love your friend with his fault (рус. букв. Люби своего друга с его недостатками);

When a friend asks , there is no tomorrow (рус. букв. Когда друг просит, не надо откладывать на завтра);

Speak well of your friend of your enemy say nothing (рус. букв. Говори хорошо о своем друге, о враге же ничего);

Friendship is a plant which must be often watered (рус. букв. Дружба - это растение, которое нужно часто поливать);

Have patience with a friend rather than lose him forever (рус. букв. Лучше иметь терпение с другом, чем потерять его навсегда).

Bereavement of friend: One may mend a torn friendship but it soon falls in tatters (рус. букв. Можно исправить сломанную дружбу, но вскоре она разорвется в клочья из-за пустяка); Lend your money and lose your friend (рус. букв. Дай взаймы свои деньги и потеряй друга);

Fall not out with a friend for trifle (рус. букв. Не следует ссориться с другом из-за пустяка);

When love puts in, friendship is gone (рус. букв. Когда приходит любовь, дружба уходит);

A broken friendship may be soldered, but will never be sound (рус. букв. Сломанную дружбу можно склеить, но она уже никогда не будет прочной).

Finally, we notice that the ability of the studied communicative phraseological units join in thematic groups talk about the development of system liaison in English phraseological subsystem. (see more information [9, p. 112-114]).

Booklist

proverb phraseology semantic friendship

1. Виноградов В.В. Основные понятия русской фразеологии //Лексикология и лексикография: Избранные труды / отв. ред. В.Г. Костомаров. - М. 1977. - С. 118-139.

2. Вяльцева С.И. Речевое использование английских пословиц: Дис, … канд. филол. наук. - М. 1977.

3. Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология: Теоретический курс. - М.: Высш. шк. 1970.

4. Кунин А.В. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка: Учебн. для ин-тов и фак. иностр яз. - М.: Высш. шк., Дубна: Изд. Центр «Феникс», 1996.

5. Кунин А.В. Основные понятия английской филологии как лингвистической дисциплины и создание англо-русского фразеологического словаря: Дис. ... д-ра. филол. наук. - М., 1964 - 12-29 с.

6. Майстер Г. Русские пословицы в сопоставлении с немецкими: (К проблеме национального и интернационального в фольклоре): Авторед. дис. …канд. филол. наук. Воронеж, 1985. - 24 с.

7. Федуленкова Т.Н. Пословицы как коммуникативные фразеологические единицы // Res philologica: Ученые записки. Вып. 3 / Отв. Ред. Э.Я. Фесенко. - Архангельск: Поморский гос. ун-т, 2002. - С. 105-116.

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