Comparative analysis of case in English and Uzbek

The most common view is that they have only two case: common and possessive cases. The common case is characterized by a zero morpheme. e.g. child, boy, student, and the possessive case by the indexing is and its phonetic variants as [s] and [z].

Nominative Case

Bosh kelishik

The Uzbek bosh kelishigi (common or subject case) corresponds in meaning and function to the English common case both of them are unmarked member of the case opposition and perform similar syntactic function in the sentence structure.

Engl: flower, table, fox, woman

Uzb: gul, parta, tulki, ayol.

In the languages compared the noun in the nominative (common) case fulfil a number of syntactic functions. Of these most spread are the functions of subject, object, predicative, attribute in English the functions of subject, predcate, attribute and object in Uzbek.

Bosh kelishigidagi otlarning gapdagi sintaktik vazifasi quyidagilar:

Engl: The flower in the vase.

Uzb: Gul vazada.

An object:

Engl: I have written a letter.

Uzb: Men xat yozdim

A predicate:

Engl: I am student. They are workers.

Uzb: Men talabaman. Ular ishchilar.

An attribute:

Engl: The town library is closed on Sundays.

Uzb: Yakshanbada shahar kutubxonasi yopiq.

Expressing English nominative (common) case in Uzbek

English Uzbek

Nnom Nnom

1. The boy is here. Bola shu yerda.

2. The tiger is an animal. Yo'lbars hayvon hisoblanadi.

3. I have a best friend. Menda yaxshi do'st bor.

4. She is a nice girl. U yaxshi qiz.

Nnom Naccus

5. I love him. Men uni yaxshi ko'raman.

I haven't seen her yet. Men hali ularni ko'madim.

Nnom Ndat

6. I bought a gift my brother. Men ukamga sovg'a oldim.

7. He will write a letter me. U menga xat yozadi.

8. She always gives her pupils good marks. U har doim o'quvchilariga yaxshi. baxo beradi

9. I married him. Men unga turmushga chiqqanman.

10. They answer my question. Ular meni savolimga javob berdi

11. You don't shout at me! Sen menga baqirma.

12. She should tell her mother about this. U bu haqida onasiga aytishi kk.

15. Please give me your pen. Iltimos ruchkangni menga ber.

16. I am speaking to you. Men senga gapiryapman.

17. “Indeed!” said the stranger to himself. “Naxotki” dedi: notanish o'ziga

English common case and other five cases of Uzbek are marked members of the case opposition in both languages. As seen from the translations, it is not always possible to render the English nominative case in Uzbek by the nominative case and vice versa. On these grounds we can say that the semantic structures of the English and Uzbek nominative case partially cover each other.

Bosh kelishik

Ismlarning bosh kelishik shakli maxsus qo'shimchagaega emas. Ular gapd a ega, ot kesim, undalma vazifalarida keladi.

Masalan:

1. Toshkent-O'zbekistonning poytaxti.-ega

2. Men 7-sinf o'quvchisiman.-ot kesim

3. Toshkent bunchalar go'zalsan!- undalma

Ega va undalmaning Grammatik shakli qat'iy: ular har doim bosh kelishikda bo'Ladi. Ega va undalmaning o'xshash jihati ham shunda, shakl jihatdan ham o'xshash bo'lishidir, yani ega ham, undalma hambosh kelishik shaklida bo'ladi. Farqi:ega kesimga bog'lanadi, undalma esa gapdagi biror bo'lak bilan sintaktik bog'lanmaydi.

The Genetive Case

Qaratqich kelishigi

The English possessive case is marked by the stiffly is which can sometimes be substituted by the preposition of (e.g. my father's room, the room of may father) and therefore is sometimes called of - genitive - case. This case denotes possession of a thing or a person and in Uzbek it has its correspondence in the Uzbek qaratqich kelishigi which is expressed by the case ending suffix num. Dealing with notion of possession one should keep in mind that in Uzbek this category may be expressed not only by the nouns but also their antecedents in the pleonastic phrase such as mening opam, sizning pasportingiz. In this case we have to face the problem of redundancy and often try to avoid it using the modified noun only which contains the possessive suffix. e.g. оpam keldi. In English the categorical form of the genitive case is the morpheme -s which has three phonetically conditioned variants [s], [z] and [iz]

1) pen's [ penz]; Helen's [helenz]

2) Nick's [niks]; student's [stju:dents]

3) Burn's [be:niz];

As seen from (3), when a proper name ends in -s only an apostrophe is usually added in spelling, but the full inflexion [iz] is pronounced.

If the plural of the noun is formed by the inflexion -(e)s the possessive case inflexion blends into one with the plural inflexion.

Students' books, girls' coats, actresses' role, etc.

In Uzbek the categorial form of the genitive case of the noun is the morpheme -ning which is pronounced as (-ni) in colloquial speech.

In Uzbek number and case are always expressed by separate morphemes (qizlarning, gullarning). In English we observe both cases (oxen's, men's, bacteria's, boy's, girl's, dog's, bird's, etc.).

In English the usage of the genitive case is limited.As a rule, it is used with animate nouns: Man's destiny, student's books, dog's tail, elephant's trunk.

The genitive case may be also used with names denoting time and distance, with the nouns town, city, country, river, water, ocean, world, life, wind.

The school is an hour's walk from here.

We walked a mile's distance.

We went through the town's business streets.

The ocean's roar could be heard from afar.

The boat was at the water's edge.

The are a considerable number of set phrases in which all sorts of nouns are found in the genitive case: a pin's head; at one's wit's end; for goodness' sake; out of harm's way.

In case of personification all sorts of nouns can take the morpheme -s:

Music's voice, the moon's beauty, duty's call, etc.

This is called “the group genitive”.

In English there is another type of the group genitive which is non-existent in Uzbek:

The Prime Minister of England's son

In this example the case morpheme -s is placed at some distance from the head-noun of the attributive group.

As we see, the case morpheme -s has a certain freedom of distribution, not observed in any Uzbek case morpheme -s has a certain freedom of distribution, not observed in any Uzbek and Russian case morpheme.

In Uzbek a noun in the genitive case requires a noun in the possessive form: bolaning kitobi, talabaning savoli. As there is no category of possession in the Russian and English this grammatical phenomenon is non-existent in these languages.

In English a noun in the genitive case is generally used with the noun it modifies. In this case it is called <the dependent genitive>:

Sometimes a noun in the genitive case may be used without the noun it modifies.This is called the absolute genitive.

It was a whistling note like a bird's (J. Conrad). If Annette didn't respect his feelings, she might think of Fleur's (J.Glasworthy).

In Uzbek and Russian there is only the dependent genitive.

English and Uzbek nouns in the genitive case cannot combine with preposition, numerals, finite verbs, adverbial participles and with the infinitive.

Expressing English Genetive case in Uzbek

English Uzbek

Ngen + Nnom Ngen + N + i/si

1. D'Artagnan's sword Dartanyanning qilichi

2. This is Coscon's low voice Bu Konsonning baland ovozi

3. The Englishmen's ansver Ingliz odamining javobi

4. Milady's beauty Xonimning chiroyi

5. Where is Monsieur's address Monseurning manzili qayerda

6. The king's troops Qirolning qo'shini

7. Milady's pale lips Xonimning oqargan lablari

8. In exchange for D'Artagnan's life Dartanyanning o'zgargan hayoti

9. A cold sweat broke out on Milady's Xonimnig peshonasidan forehead Sovuq ter chiqdi

10. Felton was Milady's only hope Felton xonimning yagona umidi

11. The Duke's servant Grafning xizmatchilari

12. D'Artagnan spared his brother's life In this position is used possessive pronoun and `s is added. If we translate into uzbek the mean will not change Dartanyan akasining hayotini saqlab qoldi

13. The carriage's window Aravaning derazasi

14. Three of cardinal's guards Kardinalning uch soqchisi

15. Madame Bonacieux ran into Milady's Bonaksue xonim juda room in great excitement xursandchilik bilan

Miladyning xonasiga yugurib kirdi

Ngen + Nnom Ngen + N + i/si

Nnom + N + i/si

1. D'Artagnan's sword Dartanyan qilichi, Dartanyanning qilichi

2. Athos's order Atos buyrug'i, Atosning buyrug'i

Ngen + Nnom Abj.with the suffix -lik+N

1. an hour's rest Bir soatlik dam

2. a mile's distance Bir milyalik masofa

Ngen + Nnom Nnom with the suffix- lik +N + i/si

1. master's degree magisterlik darajasi

2. teagher's profession o'qituvchilik kasbi

Ngen + Nnom Adj.with the suffix -gi + N

1. the morning's weather tongi ob-havo

Ngen + Nnom a) Adj+N

1. Paris's three musketeers b) Adj.with the suffix dagi+ N

c) Ngen + N + i/si

Parijlik 3 mushketyorlar

Parijdagi 3 mushketyor

Parijning 3 mushketyorlari

(a)Nnom + of +Ngen Ngen (bir) + N + i/si

1. a daughter of king's Qirolning bir do'sti

Ngen + Nnom Ngen + Ndat + o'xshagan

Athos has a nightingale calm voice Atosda bulbulning ko'ziga o'xshagan ko'zi bor edi

Ngen + Nnom Ngen + N +i/si

1. Doctor's invitatoin Ngen + Passive Ger + i/si

Shifokorning taklifi, Shifokorning taklif

Qilinishi

Ngen + Ger Ngen + Ger +i/si

1. Milady's laughing Miladyning kulishi

2. D'Artagnan's horse running Dartanyannig otda yugurishi

Expressing Uzbek Genetive case in English

Qararqich kelishigidagi ot doim ot bilan bog'lanadi va qartqich aniqlovchi vazifasini bajaradi: maktabning hovlisi, kitobning varag'i. Bu kelishik shaklidagi ot qaratqich, u bog'langan so'z esa qaralmish deyiladi; qaralmish doim egalik shaklida bo'ladi. Qaratqich va qaralmish o'rtasida so'z qatnashmasa tushirilishi mumkin: cho'l havosi, daftar muqovasi. Agar ikkalasining o'rtasida biron-bir so'z ishtirok etsa, qaratqich tarkibida egalik qo'shimchasi mavjud bo'lsa, qaratqich qo'shimchasi turdosh otlardan boshqa so'zlarga (atoqli otlarga, olmoshlarga, sifatdoshlarga) qo'shilsa, -ning qo'shimchasi tushirilmaydi: cho'lning mayin havosi, Salimning ukasi, o'qiganning foydasi, ertaning bolasi.

Uzbek English

Ngen + N + i/si Ngen + Nnom

Nnom + of +Nnom

1. Gulliverning sayohatlari Gulliver's Travels

The Travels of the Gulliver

2. Qirolning maslaxatchilari The king's advisers

The advisers of the king

3. Liliputlarning qirolligi The Lilliputs' kingdom

The kingdom of the Lilliput

4. Kichkina bolaning otasi The little boy's father

Father of the little boy

5. Liliputlarning qat'iy qonuni Lilliputs' definetly law

The definetly law of the Lilliput

Bazi joylarda ham `s va of predlogi ham egalik olmoshi ishlatiladi ammo o'zbek tiliga tarjima qilganda ikki marotaba -ning qo'shimchasi ishlatilmaydi. Tarjimada faqat bitta -ning ishlatiladi: my sister's book, the story of my voyage to Lilliput.Mening singlimning kitobi, Liliputlar mamlakatiga sayohatimning hikoyasi.

Ngen + N +i/si Nnom + of + Nnom

1. Qirolning to'dasi The troops of the king

2. Daraxtning ildizi The root of a tree

Ngen + N + i/si a) Ngen + Nnom

b) Nnom + of + Nnom

c) Nnom + by + Nnom

1. Bobur (ning) ruboiylari Bobur's quatrains

The quatrain of Bobur

Quatrains by Bobur

Ngen + N + i/si a) Ngen + Nnom

b) Nnom + by +Nnom

1. Navoiyning “Farhod va Shirin” Navoiy's “Farkhod and Shirin”

“Farkhod and Shirin” by Navoiy

Ngen + N + i/si a) Ngen + Nnom

b) Nnom + of + Nnom

c) Abj + Nnom

d) Nnom + in + Nnom

1. Amerikaning banklari America's banks

The banks of America

American banks

The banks in America

As we seen there are four types of sentence in English we translate into uzbek they give different meaning. Eg: The bank in America: meaning Amerikadagi banklar.

Ngen + N + i/si a) Ngen + Nnom

b) the Nnom + before + Nnom

1. Dartanyan xizmatkorlarining vazifalari D'Artagnan servants' tasks

The tasks before D'Artagnan servants'

Ngen + N + i/si a) Ngen + Nnom

b) Nnom + for + Nnom

1. ayollar (ning) xonasi womens' room

rooms for women

askarlar sovuti soldiers' chain

chain for soldiers

Ngen + Nnom Nnom + Nnom

1. Paxta (ning) chiqindisi cotton waste

2. qor (ning) suvi snow water

3. mol (ning) yog'I beef fat

4. meva (ning) sharbati fruit juice

Ngen + N + i/si a) Nnom + Nnom

b) Nnom + of + Nnom

1. maktab (ning) hovlisi school yard

The yard of s school

2. armiya (ning) qo'mondoni army commander

The commander of the army

Ngen + Nnom a) Adj + Nnom

b) Ngen + Nnom

c) Nnom + of + Nnom

1. inson (ning) qoni human blood

Man's blood

The blood of a man

Ngen + Nnom Adj + N

1. amerika(ning) samaliyotari American planes

2. kanadaning sportchilari the Canadian sportsmen

Ngen + bir + N + i/si Nnom +of + Ngen

1. Karimaning bir dugonasi a friend of Karima's

Ngen + N + i/si a) Nnom + Nnom

b) Nnom +of + Nnom

1. Moskva(ning) ob-havosi Moscow weather

The weather in Moscow

Ngen +N +i/si a) Adj + Nnom

b) Nnom+ of + Nnom

c) Nnom + in +Nnom

1. Amerikani(ning) shaxarlari American cities

The cities of America

Cities in America

Ngen +N +i/si a) Nnom + Nnom

b) Nnom+ from + Nnom

1. quduq(ning) suvi well water

Water from a well

Ngen +N +i/si a) Nnom + Nnom

b) Nnom +Part II + Nnom

1. bozorning (ning) go'shti market meat

Market -boughtmea

2. magazin(ning) noni shop bread

Shop-bought bread

In the cases cited there might be interlanguage interferences when Uzbek speak English. We distinguish English -`s and Uzbek kelishik qo'shimchasi -ning. There are some problem comparative case in English and Uzbek

2.2 Diverse opinions about modern case system in two languages

Other four cases expressed with prepositions in English. The Coordination of the case with preposition brings some problems, because there is no preposition in Uzbek. Besides that, preposition give another meaning according to expressing in the sentence. Dative case, Accusative case, Locative case, Ablative case.

Eg: His face red with anger. Uning yuzi jahldan qizardi.

She writes letter with pen. U xatni ruchka bilan yozdi.

The Accusative case

Tushum kelishigi

Meaning and functions of the other Uzbek cases may be denoted in Uzbek either by means of prepositions or by word order. For instance the meaning and function of the Uzbek tushum kelishigi is expressed in Uzbek by means of the case ending - ni which denotes the object acted upon and it may be expressed in English by means of word order which is characterized in this language to be very strict in comparison with Uzbek e.g. ko'rdim ko'zingni qoldim baloga, qayga borayin endi davoga? In Uzbek the Accusative case of the noun is represented by the morphemes -ni and -n which simultaneously express two meanings: object and definiteness:

Menga kitobni ber. (Give me the book)

Xatni yozib bo'ldim. (I have finished the letter)

The morpheme -n is used in poetry:

Tongi kurtak, oqshomgi g'uncha

Sahar turib ochar chechagin. (H. Olimjon)

One should distinguish between the object expressed by a noun in the nominative case and the object expressed by a noun in the accusative case:

Menga kitob ber (Give me a book)

Menga kitobni ber (Give me the book)

In the first example the noun in the nominative case (kitob) denotes an indefinite object. In the second example the noun in the accusative case (kitobni) denotes a definite object. J.B. Buranov and other “The Grammatical structures of English, Uzbek and Russian” Part I Tashkent,-“O'qituvchi”,-1986 on page 84

Expressing Uzbek Accusative case in English

Uzbek English

Naccus Nnom

1. O'qituvchimni ko'rdim I have seen my teacher

2. Qirol Dartanyanni urushga jo'natdi King sent D'Artagnan to the war

3. Ukamni ko'rdingmi? Have you seen my brother

4. U qalamimni sindirib qo'ydi He has broken my pencil

Naccus the + Nnom

1. Qilichni ol Take the sword

2. Xatni tugatdim I have finished the letter

3. Askarni chaqir Call the solder in

Tushum kelishigi

Qo'shimchasi -ni. Tushum kelishigi shaklini olgan so'z doimo o'timli fe'lga bog'lanadi. Tushum kelishigidagi so'z bilan o'timli fe'l yonma yon kelganda, ko'p hollarda tushum kelishigi tushib qoladi: kitob o'qidim. Tushum kelishigidagi fe'l bilan o'timli fe'l orasida boshqa so'z qo'llanilsa, atoqli otlar, olmoshlar va sifatdoshlarga qo'shilganda tushum kelishigi tushib qolmaydi: kitobni bugun o'qidim.Tushum kelishigidagi so'z gapda vositasiz to'ldiruvchi bo'lib keladi.

Masalan: Maqtanganni o'yini ko'r, Kerilganni to'yini ko'r. Egalik qo'shimchasini olgan ismlarga bog'lanuvchi so'z qaratqich kelishigi shaklida, o'timli fe'llarga bog'lanuvchi so'z tushum kelishigi shaklida keladi.

Qiyoslash: derazamning oldi, gulni hidladi, qalamning rangi, qalamni berdi.

Tushum kelishigi qatnashsa belgili, qatnashmasa belgisiz hisoblanadi: savatni to'qish-belgili, savat to'qish-belgisiz.

Tushum kelishigi ham she'riyatda qisqartiriladi:

Shaftolilar gulin (ni) to'kadi,

Meva bog'lab belin (ni) bukadi.

Qaratqich kelishigi bilan tushum kelishigi qo'shimchasi she'riyatda shakldosh bo'la oladi.

Yer kurrasin (ning) boshin (ni) tang'idik. Nargiza Erkaboyeva “O'zbek tilidan ma'ruzalar matni” oliy o'quv yurtlariga kiruvchi abiturentlar uchun qo'llanma 192 bet

Mana ko'rib turntganimizdek ingliz tili o'zbek tilidagi kelishiklar o'rtasida kata farq bor ekan. O'zbek tilida kelishik qo'shimchalari faqatgina qo'shimchalar orqali ifodalanadi, ingliz tilida esa ham qo'shimcha ham predloglar bilan ifodalanadi.

1. Gaplarni o'zbek tiliga tarjima qiling .

Translate the sentence into uzbek.

As we seen in English there is no supplement. In the sentence -ni expressed with imperative sentence.

The Dative Case

Jo'nalish kelishigi

The Uzbek jo'nalish kelishigi denotes the direction of an action performed by means of the case ending_га. It can be rendered in English also by means of prepositions to, at, into, etc. e.g. yigit maktabga keldi. He went to school. U qiz menga qaradi. She looked at me.

Compare English and Uzbek nouns have the dative case.

In Uzbek the morpheme of the dative case is represented by its ortographic variants:

-ga, -qa, -ka.

Uyga, suvga, xonaga, ko'chaga, institutga.

Elakka, beshikka, teshikka, etikkka.

Toqqa, boqqa, quduqqa, buloqqa, qishloqqa.

preposition. It will comes problems.

Expressing Uzbek Dative case in English

Uzbek - English

Ndat to + Nnom

1. U institutga ketdi - He went to the institute

2. U yerga yiqildi - She fell to the ground

3. Oltini ikkiga ko'paytir - Multiply six to two

4. U uch yilga chetga ketdi - He went to foreign for 3 years

5. Dushmanga nafrat - Hatred to the enemy

6. Musiqaga raqs tushdik - We danced to the music

Ndat

a) to + Nnom

b) for + Nnom

1. Dartanyan urushga ketdi - D'Artagnan went to the war

D'Artagnan left for the war

Ndat

a) to + Nnom

b) in + Nnom

1. Mening singlim Jizzaxga keldi - My sister came to DJizzakh

My sister arrived in Djizzakh

Ndat

a) to + Nnom

b) at + Nnom

1. U Norsilkka keldi - He came to Norilsk.

He arrived at Norilsk.

Ndat

a) to + Nnom

b) Nnom

1. Men Buxoroga yetdim - I got to Bukhara.

I reached Bukhara.

2.Salimga rahmat - Thanks to Salim

I thank Salim

Ndat

a) to + Nnom

b) with + Nnom

1. Ukanga nima bo'ldi? What's happened to your brother?

What's the matter with your brother?

Ndat on + Nnom

1. Ruchkani stolga qo'y. Put the pen on the table!

2. Doskaga yoz. Write on the blackboard

3. U barmog'ig a uzuk taqdi - He has put a ring on his finger

4. Uni o'ng tomonga qo'y - Put it on the right.

5. Deraza ko'chaga ochiladi - The window open on the street

6. U boshimga urdi - He struck me on the head

7. Toshga qoqildim - I have stumbled on the stone

8. U hassaga tayandi - He leaned on his stick

9. Bu Salimga bog'liq - It depends on Salim

10. Men ertaga soliq to'layman - I will paid tax on land tomorrow

11. Ular maoshga yaxshaydi - They live on their salary

12. Men uni kreditga oldim - I bought it on credit

13. Uni och qoringa ichma - Don't drink it on an empty stomach

Ndat in + Nnom

1. Bu voqea tarixga kiradi - This event will go down in history

2. U qulog'imga shivirladi - He whispered in my ear

3. Kalit qulfga tiqilib qoldi - The key has stuck in the lock

4. Uyning eni 5 metr - The house is 5 metres in width

5. Temur oynaga qaradi - Temur looked in the mirror

6. Angliya neftga kambag'al - England is poor in oil

7. Uni burchakka qo'y - Put it in the corner

8. Ruchkani siyohga botir - Dip the pen in ink

9. U loyga botib qoldi - He got stuck in the mud

10. Ba'zi odamalar xudoga ishonmaydi - Some people don't belive in God

Ndat into + Nnom

1. U yangi uyga ko'chdi - He moved into a new flat

2. Bu daryo Orol dengiziga quyiladi - The river falls into the Aral Sea

3. U ko'zimga qaradi - He looked into my eyes

4. Ular hujumga o'tdi - They went into the attack

5. Askarlar urushga kirishdi - The soldiers marched into battle

Ndat

a) into + Nnom

b) Nnom

1. U xonaga kirdi - He came into the room

He entered the room

Ndat in/ into + Nnom

1. Pulni cho'ntagingga sol - Put the money in/into your money

Ndat at + Nnom

1. Uni pastga yoz - Write it at the bottom

2. U bir xulosaga keldi - He arrived at a conclusion

3. Mening ukam menga qaradi - My brother look at me

4. Oyim ukamga baqirdi - My mother shouted at my brother

5. U rus tiliga durust - He is good at Russian

6. U soat ikkiga keladi - He will come at 2

Ndat about + Nnom

1. U hayajondan u yoqda- bu yoqa borib kelmoqda - He walked about in excitement

Ndat for + Nnom

1. Bu xatlar sizga - This letter for you

2. Men bu kitobni 5 dollarga sotib oldim - I bought this book for five dollars

3. Men uni vrachga yubordim - I sent him for the doctor

4. Men sizga telefon qilaman - I'll call for you

5. U Kavkazga uch xaftaga bordi - He went to the Caucasus for three weeks

6. Biz soat beshga uchrashuv tayinladik - We made an appoinment for 5 o'clock

Ndat for + Nnom

Nnom

1. Menga bu kitob yoqmaydi - I don't care for this book

2. U kitob uchun ertaga kiradi - He will call for the book tomorrow

Ndat above + Nnom

1. Harorat noldan yuqoriga yetgan edi - The temperature was above zero

Ndat against+ Nnom

1. Paroxod oqimga qarshi suzdi - The steamer sailed against the current

2. Biz taklifga qarshi edik - We were against the proposal

3. Biz mollarning yetkazib berishidagi kechikishga qarshilik bildirdik

Ndat across + Nnom

1. Daryoga yangi ko'prik qurdilar - They built a new bridge across the river

Ndat after + Nnom

1. U onasiga g'amxo'rlik qiladi - He looks after his mother

Ndat up + Nnom

1. U yuqoriga qaradi va ularni ko'rdi - He looked up and saw them

2. U mening oldimga keldi va vaqtni so'radi - He came up and asked me the time

Ndat by + Nnom

1. Bu sonni oltiga bo'ling - Devide this number by six

2. Sentabrda zavodimizda ishlab chiqarish oldingi oydagiga qaraganda 15 foizga oshdi

In September the output of our plant increased by 15 per, as compared with the Preceding month

3. Hech qachon odamning tashqi ko'rinishiga qarab hukm qilmang

Never judge by appearance

Ndat under + Nnom

1. U savatni stol ostiga qo'ydi - He put the basket under the table

Ndat Nnom

1. U Nikga qo'ng'iroq qildi - She called Nick

2. Ukam uyga ketadi - My brother will go home

3. Ular xonaga kirdi - They entered the room

4. Deraza ko'chaga qaragan - The window overlooks the street

Ndat Adv

1. U uyiga qaytdi - He came back home

2. U otasiga qaradi - She looked her father

3. Kim xonaga kirdi? - Who entered the room

Ndat Nnom + V causative

1. Bola shamolga uyg'onib ketdi - The wind caused the boy to wake

N + Adj + ga Adj

1. U darvozasini oqqa bo'yadi - He painted the gate white

N + ustiga on+ Nnom

1. Jurnalni stol ustiga qo'ying - Put the magazine on the table

N + tagiga under+ Nnom

1. Koptokni stol tagiga yashir - Hide the ball under the table

N + qarshisiga opposite+ Nnom

2. Koptokni darvoza qarshisiga uzat - Throw out yhe ball opposite the gate

N + o'rtasiga a)in the middle of+ Nnom

b) in the centre of + Nnom

1. Chiroqni stol o'rtasiga yoq Light up the lamp in the midlle of the table

N + bilan +N + o'rtasiga Between + Nnom+ and Nnom

1. Rasmni deraza va shkaf o'rtasiga osib qo'y

Hang the picture between the window and the dresser

N + orqasiga behind+ Nnom

1. Sumkalarni javon orqasiga joylashtir Put the bags behind the bookcase

Jo'nalish kelishig

Qo'shimchasi - ga, -ka, -qa. Jo'nalish kelishigia qo'shimchasi fonetik qoida asosida yoziladi. K va Q undoshi bilan tugagan so'zlarga qo'shilganda fonetik yozuv g va g' undoshi bilan tugagan so'zlarga qo'shilganda morfoligik yozuv asosida yoziladi.

Bog'ga, bargga- morfologik yozuv

Qishloqqa, tilakka- fonetik yozuv

Jo'nalish kelishigidagi isimning sintaktik vazifasi quyidagilar:

1. O'rin joy otlariga qo'shilib qayerga? So'rog'iga javob bo'ladi va gapda o'rin holi vazifasida keladi: U o'qish niyatida shaharga yo'l oldi.

2. payt otlariga qo'shilib, qachonga? so'rog'iga javob bo'ladi va gapda payt holi vazifasida keladi: Majlis beshga chaqirilgan.

3. shaxs va narsa otlariga qo'shilib, kimga? nimaga? So'rog'iga javob bo'ladi va gapda to'ldiruvhi vazifasida keladi: Sizga o'xshagim keladi. Topshiriqni daftarga ko'chirib oldim.

4. harakat nomi shakliga qo'shilib nima maqsadda? So'rog'iga javob bo'ladiva gapda maqsad holi vazifasida keladi: Biz limning qaymog'in olmoqqa keldik, Baxtimizning sozini chalmoqqa keldik.Nargiza Erkaboyeva “O'zbek tilidan ma'ruzalar matni” oliy o'quv yurtlariga kiruvchi abiturentlar uchun qo'llanma 192 bet

2.3 Classifying the cases of Uzbek and English inflexion words

The Locative Case

O'rin kelishigi

The Uzbek o'rin payt kelishi denotes he place of the thing or a person in the space and it can be rendered in English by means of prepositions at, in, an, by, over, above, among, between, behind etc. E.g. Bu kitob javonda. The book is in the bookcase. It should be kept in mind that most of the English preposition may contain more additional meaning denoting the place of the thing or a person. in - ichida behind_orqasida, between_оrasida, under_оstida, etc.

The locative case exists in Uzbek and it has one orthographic -da and two orthoepic variants -da, -ta.

Expressing Uzbek Locative case in English

Uzbek English

Nloc in Nnom

1. U Toshkentda - He is in Tashkent

2. Ular shu qutida - They are in this box

3. Xonada xech kim yo'q - There is no-one in the room

4. Bolalar bog'da o'ynayapti Children are playing in the garden

5. Robert kichkina shaharda yashaydi - Robert lives in a small village

6. U pullarini sumkasida saqlaydi - She keeps her money in her bag

7. Suvda suzayotgan qizga qarang - Look at that girl swimming in the water

8. Gazetadagi maqolani o'qidingizmi? - Have you read this article in this newspaper

9. Qo'lingizda nima bor? - What have you got in your hand

10. Umen bilan ingliz tilida gaplashadi - He spoke with me in English Nloc on Nnom

1. Polga o'tirma - Don't sit on the floor

2. Devolda dog' bor - There is dirty mark on the wall

3. London Temza daryosi atrofida joylashgan - London is on the river Thames

4. Men seni ko'chaning burchagida kutaman - I'll meet you on the corner of the street

5. Dadamning ishxonasi 1- qavatda - My father's office is on the first Floor

6. Varoqni orqasiga ismingni yoz - Write your name on the back of this paper

7. Qarang mashina olvda! - Look! That car is on fire

8. Men bu o'yinni TVda ko'rmadim - I didn't watch the match on television

9. Men buni radioda eshitdim - I listened to it on the radio

10. U ta'tilda Fransiyada bo'ldi - He was on holiday in France

Nloc at Nnom

1. Eshikni oldida turgan odam kim? - Who is that man standing at the door?

2. Svetafor oldidan chapga buriling - Turn left at the traffic lights

3. Ismingizni varoqning yuqorisiga yozing - Write your name at the top of page

4. Jekning uyi ko'chaning burchagida - Jack's house is at the corner of the street

5. Men orqada o'tirgandim - I was standing at the back

6. U Klinda tug'ilgan - He was born at Klin

7. Men uni bu oqshom teatrda ko'raman - I'll see him tonight at the theatre

8. U zavodda ishlaydi - He works at the factory

9. Biz dengizda 30 kun bo'ldik - We were at sea for 30 days

10. U soat yettida qaytib keladi - He'll return at 7 o'clock

11. U darsning oxirida xonadan chiqdi - She left the room at the end of the lesson

Nloc about Nnom

1. Uning kiyimlari polda sochilib yotibdi - His belongings are lying about the floor

Nloc off+ Nnom

1. U stol ustidan hamma narsalarni oldi - He took all things off the table

Nloc aboard +Nnom

1. Biz 2 oyni kema bortida o'tkazdik - We spend two month aboard ship

Nloc by+ Nnom

1. U deraza yonida o'tirgan edi - He was sitting by the window

2. Uy daryo bo'yida edi - The house stood by the river

Nloc of+ Nnom

1. Bu kishini nimada ayblagan - What was the man acused of?

2. Maruza uch qismdan iborat - The report consist of three part

Nloc with+ Nnom

1. Brayton dam oluvchilar orasida mashhur - Brighton is popular with holidy-makers

Nloc Adv

1. U hayratda - He is surprising

2. U uyquda - She is asleep

3.Mening singlim yaxshi kayfiyatda - My sister is a good mood

Nloc from+ Nnom

1. Lampa shipda osilgan - The lamp is hanging from the selling

N +(ning)ustida on+ Nnom

1. Men sizning hozir bo'lishingizni talab qilaman I insist on your present

2. Bu xat akangizning nomidan - This letter on behalf of your brother

N + (ning)ustida across+ Nnom

1. Daryoning ustiga yangi ko'prik qurdi - They built a new bridge across the river

N + (ning)ustida over + Nnom

1. Shaharning ustida samaliyot uchib o'tdi - An aeroplane flew over the town

2. Stolning ustida bir chiroq osilib turar edi - A lamp was hanging over the table

N + (ning)tagida under + Nnom

1. U daraxtning tagida yotar edi - He was lying under a tree

2. U savatni stolning ustiga qo'ydi - He put the basket under the table

N + (ning)tagida at the bottom of + Nnom

1. Varoqning tagiga ismiz yozilgan - Written your name at the bottom of the page

N + (ning)orqasiga behind + Nnom

1. U mening orqamda o'tirdi - He sat behind me

2. Bog' uyning orqasida joylashgan - The garden is behind the house

N + (ning)orqasiga on the other side of + Nnom

1. Mundarija kitobning orqasida - Content is on the other side of the book

N +(ning)orqasiga on + N's +back

1. Uyning orqasida hech nima yo'q - There is nothing on house's back

N +(ning)oldida/yonida near/by + N

1. U mening yonimdan bir so'z demay o'tib ketdi - He walked by me without Saying a word

2. U menga qaramasdan yonimdan o'tib ketdi - He walked by without lokking at me

N + (ning) oldida in front of + Nnom

1. Pochta idorasi bizni uyimizning ro'parsida joylashgan - The post office is just in front of our house

N + (ning)qarshisida/to'g'risida against/opposite + Nnom

1. Akam va men Londonnig to''risida yashaymiz - My brother and I live on opposite side of London

N + (ning)atrofida around + Nnom

1. Bolalar uyning atrofida o'ynayotgan edi - Children were playing around the house

N + (ning)atrofida about + Nnom

1. Hozir soat beshlar atrofida It is about five o'clock now

N + (ning)ichida in/inside + Nnom

1. U maqolani bir soatning ichida tarjima qildi - He traslated the article in an hour

N + (ning)o'rtasida in the middle/centre of +N

Xonanig o'tasida gilam bor - There is a carpet in the middle of the room

N + (ning)o'rtasida between +Nnom

1. Kema Batumi va Odessaning O'rtasida muntazam qatnaydi - The ship makes regular voyages between Odessa and Batumi

N + (ning)orasida among +Nnom

1. Ish to'rt talabaning o'rtasida bo'lib beriladi - The work was devided among four students

N + ning naryog'ida next to +Nnom

1. Zebo o'qituvchining naryog'ida turibdi - Zebo is standing next to teacher

N + (ning) tepasida above +Nnom

1. Samalyot bulutlarnin ustida uchdi - The aeroplane flew above the clouds

2. Harorat noldan yuqori - The temprature was above zero

N + (ning) tepasida over +Nnom

1. Shahar ustidan samalyot uchib o'tdi - An aeroplane flew over the town

2. Stol ustida chiroq osilib turar edi - A lamp was hanging over the table

N + (ning) boshida at the beginig of +Nnom

1. Darsning boshlanishida o'qituvchi salomlashadi - At the beginning of the lesson teacher greeting with pupil

O'rin-Payt kelishigi

O'rin-Payt kelishigi qo'shimchasi - da.

O'rin-Payt kelishi kelishigidagi ismning sintakyik vazifasi quyidagilar:

1) Orin joy otlariga qo'shilib o'rin holi vazifasida keladi. Dunyoda o'zbek zaminiga teng keladigan zamin hech qayrda yo'q.

2) Payt otlariga qo'shilib payt holi vazifasida keladi.

Novdalarni bezab g'unchalar,

Tongda aytdi hayot otini.

3) Shaxs va narsa otlariga qo'shilib, gapda to'ldiruvchi vazifasini bajaradi.

Senda boror kishining haqqi bo'lsa, haqqini unutma.

4) Gapning oxirida kelsa, ot kesim vazifasini bajaradi. Adolat kuchda emas, kuch adolatdadir.

Ablivative case. Chiqish kelishigi

Chiqish kelishigi of Uzbek nouns denotes the beginning point of the action denoted by the verb. It can be rendered in English by means of preposition from, out of, from under, etc. e.g: U Londondan keldi. She came from London. Yigit sumkasidan qo'lqoplarini oldi. He took his gloves out of his bag.

Nabl from +Nnom

1. Men kecha Navoiydan keldim - I came from the Navai yesterday

2. U kitobni tokchadan oldi - He took the book from the shelf

3. U janubdan qaytib keldi - She has returned from the south

4. Men do'stimdan xat oldim - I have recived a letter from my friend

5. Bu kitobni Mr.Belldan oling - Take this book from Mr.Bell

6. Men akamdan 1000 so'm qarz oldim - I borrowed 1000 sooms from my brother

7. Yetkazib berilgan molar namunalarda farq qiladi - The goods delivered differ from the samples

8. Biz dokondan sut sotib oldik - We bought some milk from the shop

9. U kasallikdan butunlay tuzaldi - He has quite recovered from his illness

10. Ular uyni yong'indan saqlab qoldi - They saved the house from the fire

11. U Qirimda bo;lganida issiqdan azob chekdi - He suffered from the heat while he was in the Crime

Nabl out of +Nnom

1. Nabl of +Nnom

1. Do'stlarimdan ba'zilari meni kuzatgani kelishdi - Some f my friends to see me off

2. Soat tilladan yasalgan - The watch is made of gold

3. Uy g'ishtdan qurilgan - The house is built of brick

Nabl by +Nnom

1. Bu tasodifan sodir bo'ldi - It happened by chance

2. U to'satdan o'lib qoldi - He was died by ancedent

3. U mening yonimda bir so'z demasdan o'tib ketdi - He walked by me without saying a word

4. U menga qaramasdan o'tib ketdi - He walked by without looking at me

5. Yong'in o't o'chiruvchilar tomonida o'chirildi - The fire was put out by the firemen

Chiqish kelishigi

Chiqish kelishigi qo'shimchasi - dan. Gapdagi sintaktik vazifalari quyidagilar:

1) o'rin joy otlariga qo'shilib, hokim qismdan ifodalangan harakatning o'rnini bildiradi. Bunday otlar gapda o'rin holi vazifasida keladi. Men ertaga Toshkentdan (qayerdan?) ketyapman.

2) payt otlariga qo'shilib, hokim qismdan ifodalangan harakatning paytini bildiradi.Bunday otlar gapda payt holi vazifasini bajaradi. Erta tongdan (qachon?) harakatni boshlash kerak.

Kelishik qo'shimchalari ismlarning sintaktik vazifasini ham belgilaydi. Ba'zi kelishiklarni olgan ismlarning sintaktik vazifasi qat'iy. Xususan, eag va undalmaning grammatik shakli bosh kelishik shakli hisoblansa, qaratqich kelishigidagi isimning vazifasi faqat qaratqich aniqlovchi, tushum kelishigidagi ismning vazifasi esa faqat vositasiz to'ldiruvchi. Jo'nalish, o'rin-payt, chiqish kelishigidagi ismlar ham gapda vositali to'ldiruvchi vazifasini bajara oladi, lekin ularning to'ldiruvchi bo'lishi uchun shaxs va narsa otlariga qo'shilishi shart.

Kelishiklar orqali ifodalangan Grammatik ma'no aniq, ko'makchilar orqali ifodalangan Grammatik ma'no mavhum.



Conclusion

The teaching of case is one of the important parts of English language Teaching. It is unavoidable and necessary. My qualification work is about comparative analysis of case in English and Uzbek. This controversial topic is still investigated by scientists in Grammar.The category of case is disputable issue in present English.Existing cases are given variously in different textbooks.

Because in English has only two cases and Uzbek language has sex cases. That is way we confront some problem in teaching English grammar case. My qualification work divided into two chapter.

In first chapter I have illuminated case history and theory of case and I gave in my paper scientists opinion about case.

The second chapter is about practical work. In this chapter I tried to learn coordination of English and Uzbek cases. In English common case has no supplement and possessive case expressed's and of preposition. But in Uzbek language each cases have their own supplement. During my qualification work I recognized that we have no special sources according to this topic.

Besides that, J.Buranov's book we have no worthy manuals. Uzbek teacher and learners all agree that teaching of case is very important in English teaching and learning, but it seems that the teachers do not really know how to teach case, and they normally rely on textbook for guidance and instruction. The importance of the work is that the study attempt to establish theoretical and pedagogical factors for teaching comparative analysis of case in English and Uzbek grammar.



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