Linguopoetic features of morphological parallelism in Azerbaijan and English languages

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Linguopoetic features of morphological parallelism in Azerbaijan and English languages

Abbasova Gulanbar, Doctorate of the Department of General Linguistics Baku State University

Summary

The article deals with the linguopoetic features of morpheme that generate morphological parallelism in Azerbaijani and English languages. Both languages having various systems, definition and classification of morphemes are provided in the linguopoetic investigations. Types of morphemes in Azerbaijani and English languages, their grouping, as well as the cases and frequency of the use were studied on the basis of examples from the poetry of the given languages. Among the linguopoetic features of the morphemes, one of the which create morphological parallelism in Azerbaijani and English languages, similar and distinctive features of these languages have been described in particular. Of course, the fact that these languages belong to different systems is not ineffective in issues like use of morphemes, which create morphological parallelism, its classification and research. The article outlines the lexical and grammatical types of morphological parallelism. Whereas we refer to the cases when basic parts of speech used to morphological parallelisms consisting of root morpheme with lexical features, the morphological parallelisms having the grammatical features are distinguished as being independent and dependant.

Key words: morphological parallelism, root morpheme, basic and auxiliary parts of the speech, linguopoetics, Azerbaijani language, English language.

Анотація

У статті розглядаються лінгвопоетичні особливості морфем, що породжують морфологічний паралелізм в азербайджанській та англійській мовах. Обидві мови, маючи різні системи, визначення та класифікацію морфем, представлені у лінгвопоетичному дослідженні. Типи морфем азербайджанської та англійської мов, їх групування, а також випадки та частота використання були вивчені на прикладах із поезії цими мовами. Звичайно, потрібно враховувати, що ці мови належать до різних систем; особливо це проявляється в таких питаннях, як використання морфем, які створюють морфологічний паралелізм, його класифікація та дослідження. У статті досліджуються лексичні і граматичні типи морфологічного паралелізму. Ми посилаємося на випадки, коли основні частини мови, які використовуються для створення морфологічних пара- лелізмів, що складаються з кореневої морфеми з лексичними особливостями, та морфологічні паралелізми, які мають граматичні особливості, розрізняються як незалежні і залежні.

Ключові слова: морфологічний паралелізм, коренева морфема, основні та допоміжні частини мови, лінгвопоетика, азербайджанська мова, англійська мова.

Аннотация

В статье рассматриваются лингвопоэтические черты морфем, которые порождают морфологический параллелизм в азербайджанском и английском языках. Оба языка, имея различные системы, определение и классификацию морфем, представлены в лингвопоэтическом исследовании. Типы морфем в азербайджанском и английском языках, их группировка, а также случаи и частота использования изучались на основе примеров из поэзии на этих языках. Конечно, нужно учитывать, что эти языки принадлежат к разным системам; особенно это проявляется в таких вопросах, как использование морфем, которые создают морфологический параллелизм, его классификация и исследование. В статье изучаются лексические и грамматические типы морфологического параллелизма. Мы ссылаемся на случаи, когда основные части речи, используемые для морфологических параллелизмов, состоящих из корневой морфемы с лексическими особенностями, морфологические параллелизмы, имеющие грамматические особенности, различаются как независимые и зависимые.

Ключевые слова: морфологический параллелизм, корневая морфема, основные и вспомогательные части речи, лингвопоэтика, азербайджанский язык, английский язык.

Actuality. Grammatical parallelism is studied as a kind of parallelism both in Azerbaijani and English languages, and contains many linguistic features. Thus, to explore the grammatical aspect of parallelism means to mention its morphological and syntactic features separately. Studying the grammatical features of parallelism points to both its formation by grouping them under the names of parts of speech point and inflexion, in other words, morphological features, as well as the approaching or combination of words, their use in the form of sentences, that is study of its syntactic features.

Linguopoetic study of morphological features of parallelisms leads to the formation of concept of “morphological parallelism”. The less attention is paid for the study of “morphological parallelism” both in Azerbaijani and English languages. While “morphological parallelism” is mentioned as its type in the works dedicated to the classification of parallelism in English language, although lexical/semantic and syntactic parallelisms in its classification in Azerbaijani language have turned into a large research object, the issue of the concept of the morphological parallelism has been- covered less.

The consideration of the definition and classification of morphological parallelism in two directions, both linguistic and linguo- poetic, makes the essence of the issue even easier. Morphological parallelisms in linguistics are the use of the morpheme belonging to the same structure. And in linguopoetics, when we talk about the morphological parallelisms, it is understood as the ability of parallel words having the same structural characteristics to create flow, harmony, rhythm, and so on within the poetic compositions.

It is possible to have a multifaceted approach to the classification of morphological parallelisms. If we take into consideration that morphology is science about morphemes, then it would be appropriate to classify morphemes based on their types, usage circumstances and characteristics. It is particularly important to note that the classification of morphological parallelisms in Azerbaijani and English languages necessitates taking into consideration the distinctive grammatical structures belonging to both languages and the different classifications.

In the Azerbaijani language, different classifications of morpheme are provided in different sources. In some, root, stem, suffix [1, p. 44], and in others simply root and auxiliary morphemes [7, p. 27] are distinguished. In English, we also witness different types in these different sources [3, p.150--184; 8, p. 32, p. 25].

Main part. Although the root morphemes are morphemes with both lexical and grammatical meanings, suffix morphemes have only grammatical meanings. So, we can study the morphological parallelisms by grouping them as root and suffixing morphemes. The parallels consisting of the root morpheme may vary depending on the structure of the given languages. In the Azerbaijani language, belonging to agglutinative languages, the word root, as in other Turkic languages, is basically stable, does not change, has independent lexical meaning, can be used separately from the suffixes and the root forms the stem of the word. But since there is no border between the root and suffix in the inflecting English lan- guageand the change in the meaning by changing of sounds in roots of the word, makes it difficult to classify both of these languages. But in general, we can distinguish the lexical and grammatical types of morphological parallels. Morphological parallelisms, consisting of root morphemes with lexical characteristics, are referred to cases of using of basic parts of the speech. The following root morphemes' repetition can be found in the poetry of both Azerbaijani and English, as a tool creating the morphological parallelism.

a) repetition of root morphemes consisting of nouns;

The item called ornaments, ornaments is not a jewellery,

Jewellery is not adornment today. (M.A. Sabir, “Mother's decoration”)

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.

I love thee to the depth and breadth and height. (Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “How do I love thee?”)

b) repetition of root morphemes consisting of adjectives;

Looking at the places with gardens,

Looking at the sky, with the door closed.

The universe is arbitrary, mysterious,

It does not give the secret to the world. (Samad Vurghun)

How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable

Seem to me all the uses of this world (Shakespeare “Hamlet”)

c) repetition of root morphemes consisting of numbers;

When passed from three years old to five years old,

You resemble newly opening flower,

When passed from five years old to ten years old,

You look like a honey drooped from a bee.

At your fourteenth years old you fall in love,

At your fifteenth years old you are full of energy,

When you have reached the age of twenty-four,

You are like a gray, turbid flow (“Koroglu” epic, “You look like”) When I was one, I just begun.

When I was two, I was nearly new.

When I was three, I was hardly me.

When I was four, I was not much more.

When I was five, I was just alive.

But now I'm six, I'm as clever as clever.

So I think I'll be six now, forever and ever! (A.A. Milne, “When I was one”)

d) repetition of root morphemes consisting ofpronouns;

Who are you, who am I, whom asked from?

Master of masters, why the moon appeared? (Ashug Alesgar, “Earth's, sky's length”)

If you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you. (Rudyard Kipling “If')

e) repetition of root morphemes containing adverbs;

I do not want freedom, absolutely not!

The chains in my hands must be torn, torn, torn (Kh.R. Uluturk, “I do not want a freedom”)

Soon after see was gone from me,

A traveler came by,

Silently, invisibly. (William Blake, ”Love's secret”)

f) repetition of root morphemes consisting of verbs;

Let it be again that garden, and we again come to you,

Let us talk, smile.

With your heartfelt gestures I talk with my spirit,

You made me happy. (Mikail Mushfig, “Let it be again that garden again”)

You've hit no traitor on the hip,

You've dashed no cup from perjured lip,

You've never turned the wrong to right,

You've been a coward in the fight. (Mathew Arnold, “No enemies”) Morphological parallels with grammatical features can be distinguished of being independent and dependant. The first one is (independent) auxiliary parts of the speech, and the second is the dependant suffixes. There are different types of auxiliary parts of speech in Azerbaijani and English languages. The following examples show the cases of formation of the morphological parallelism by the auxiliary parts of speech in both languages and the similarities, differences in the given languages. Let's take a look at the classifications and examples:

a) morphological parallelism ofpostpositions. It should be noted that the postpositions in the Azerbaijani language are connected to the words which can be made declined in the sentence and refer to them with nouns and verbs. There are no postpositions in English language, but there are various parts of speech that can carry this function and other functions. The following are some examples of morphological parallelism in the Azerbaijani language based on examples from poetry:

No one grieve over me except by heart,

No one opens the door, except wind? (Fuzuli)

b) morphological parallelism of conjunctions. Conjunctions that express relationships between subject and phenomena link homogenous members and parts of the complex sentence, and also create link between the components of the text. The similarity between the types and forms of conjunctions in both languages is noticeable. Let's consider the following examples in given languages: A worker with his own hand, with his own effort,

Looks for the mine, and bore the well, too.

With love to life and human

Makes the nails and writes the poem, too. (S. Vurghun)

An old, mad, blind, despised, and dying King;

Princes, the dregs of their dull race, who flow Through public scorn, - mud from a muddy spring;

Rulers who neither see nor feel nor know,

But leechlike to their fainting country cling Till they drop, blind in blood, without a blow. (P.B. Shelley, “England in 1819”)

c) creating of morphological parallelism by particles. Both in the Azerbaijani and English languages the particles are the words that intensify the meaning of words, combinations and complete sentences, and create different meaning patterns in the sentence. Let's take a look at the examples of morphological parallelism of the particles in poems of these languages:

Look at desires, my darling, is it fine than your hairs?

Tell me do you like it? (Mikayil Mushfig, “Let it be that garden”) Let the star of the sky lights the sky,

And the desire of the earth flourishesin the earth. (S. Vurghun) Be still, my soul, be still;the arms you bear are brittle,

Earth and high heaven are fix of old and founded strong. (A.E. Housman, “Be still , my soul, be still”)

d) creating of parallelism by modal words. Unlike Azerbaijani language, modal words in English are not one of theauxiliary parts of speech. Since the modal words, which are considered as main part of speech in English and used in sentence as a kind of intermediate word, are created from adverb, it often need to be distinguished from them. Despite the fact that modal words in these languages are different parts of the speech, modal words in both languages refer to words expressing their attitude to the words spoken by the speaker. Here are some examples:

Again, we came face-to-face in this city,

What to do there is no other city.

Perhaps we would be happy,

Maybe we happy but we don't know (Ramiz Rovshan) Apparently with no surprise To any happy flower,

The frost beheads it at its play

In accidental power. (Emily Dickinson, “Apparently with no surprise”)

e) creating of parallelism by interjections. Interjections also unlike in Azerbaijani language are considered as the main parts of speech in English. The injections are words used to describe different emotions. In other words, it expresses a person's feelings, enthusiasm and excitement directly. In English language interjections are considered an independent element of the sentence. Let's take a look at the cases in which the interjections create morphological parallelism in Azerbaijani and English languages:

Begin hurricane, blow a wind! Let me be autumn leaves and fall down <...> (B. Vahabzade “You did not worth one greetings”)

The question, O me! so sad, recurring - What good amid these, O me, O life? (Walt Whitman, “O me, O life”)

We cannot ignore the preposition as part of speech in English language. Because prepositions are used with noun and pronouns, express the connection between the phenomenon and the object. And such functions as these are compatible with the features of case suffixes of the noun. Considering that there are two cases of noun in English (nominative and genitive), then to express 4 more cases from Azerbaijan language,the existence of prepositions simplify this issue. In the following English language example, prefix “of' has created morphological parallelism:

Oh me! Oh life! of the questions of these recurring,

Of the endless trains ofthe faithless, of cities fill'd with the foolish (Walt Whitman, “O me, O life”)

We have talked above about independent forms of use of the morphological parallelisms, which contain the grammatical features, classifying under the name of auxiliary parts of speech. Now let us take a look at the classifications of the second (dependent) suffix morphemes, i.e. which can't be used independently, being added to root morphemes, and their use circumstances. Both in English and Azerbaijani languages suffixes can be formative (lexical) and inflective (grammatical).

Derivational (formative) or lexical suffixes are added in roots of words in both languages, create words with a new meaning and change the meaning of the word. Let's consider the following examples:

The children tiff with,

The children abused each other,

And fought a little. (N. Hasanzadeh, “Children”)

If I see hungry, let me feed him for your sake,

If I see a dressless, let me wear him for your sake. (“Kita- bi-Dede Qorgud”)

In the first example above, the affix of mutual comitative type of verb and in the second example, the conditional affix of the verb has created morphological parallelism as word-forming affixes.

Word-changing and grammar suffixes only change the form of the word. These affixes create a grammatical relationship between word-combinations and sentences. In the Azerbaijani language, plural suffixes of the nouns (-lar, -tar), case (genitive -in, -in, -un, -un, accusative -i, -i, -u, -u, locative -da, -da, ablative -dan, -dan), possession (singular of I person -m, -im, plural -miz, -imiz4, singular of II person -n, -in, plural -niz4, -iniz4, singular of III person -i4,-si4, plural -i4,-si4) and verbal affixes ((singular of I person -am², plural -iq4, singular of II person -san2, plural -siniz4, singular of III person -dir4, plural -dir4, +lar2), and tense in verbs (present -ir4, past -di4, mi§4, ib4, future -acaq2, ar2) and personal affixes (singular of I person -am², plural -iq4, singular of II person -san2, plural -siniz4, singular of III person -dir4, plural -dir4, +lar2) are grammar affixes. Let's take a look at the cases where these affixes create morphological parallelism:

a) Creating a morphological parallelism by plural affix of the noun.

Go up like waves, go down like waves. (Mikayil Mushfig, “Let it be that garden”)

b) creating of morphological parallelism by the possession affixes of the noun.

My horse runs step by step,

His ears rise like a reed. (S. Vurghun)

c) Creating morphological parallelism by verbal affixes of the noun.

Is Sabir? He is my dearest soul,

He is my tongue's oath, my kind.

He is the earth poet, the son of the earth!

Though he laughs, but his heart is passionate. (M. Mushfiq)

d) creating ofmorphological parallelism by tense affixes ofverb. Today, tomorrow the first spring of nature to wear red,

Again the desires of the hearts will keep budding. (S. Vurghun) I walked around my country by dwelling,

I saw the rocks with top in the cloud. (S. Vurghun)

Those having straight heart owned the house like pilgrimage, Those looking at neighbour jealously self became hundger. (Ashug Alasgar)

The lights of the village burn along the coast,

Plane tree makes plenty of shade onto the water. (M. “Araz Lights”)

e) creating a morphological parallelism of the verb's personal affixes. Let's go, friends, let's go stream by stream,

Do not allow the enemy close to Tabriz. (S. Rustam)

Do not let your son ignore your faith,

Do not let him be deceived by every nonsense. (M. Shahriyar) One of the signs of ancient Turkic poetry in Azerbaijani poetry is the characteristic feature of this language, whereconditionallythe rhymes are expressed with the appropriate sounds (or affixes). Thus, in the typical ancient Azerbaijani poetry samples, the morphological parallelism, which is one of the typical poetic signs of ancient Turkic poetry, and its usagein fact,is essentially the most important factor of presence of pure rhythm and poetical-technical indication. In such examples, the use of certain similar structure suffix morphemes in rhymes in hemstitchesis a major indicator of morphological parallelism [9, p. 94]. The number of inflective suffixes in English is eight. The plural (-s) and case suffix (genitive case -'s (s')) of the noun, suffixes of degrees of adjective (comparative -er, superlative -est), the verb's personal suffix (the singular of third person -s), the tense suffix (forming the past tense -ed) and suffixes of infinitive forms (Participle I-ing, Participle II -en). Let's take a look at the cases when these suffixes form the morphological parallelism:

creation of morphological parallelism by the genitive case of noun -'s (-s').

The courtierXsoldierXscholar)s_eye, tongue, sword;

The expectancy and rose of fair state. (Shakepeare, “Hamlet”) creation of morphological parallelism by personal suffix of the verb (singular of the III person -s and the plural -s affix of the noun.

Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks Within his bending sickles compass come;

Love alters not with his brief hours_and weeks. creating morphological parallelisms by the degrees of the adjective (comparative -er, superlative -est).

Then came the darker sooner, came the laterlower.

We were no longera sweeter-here happily-ever-after. We were after ever. (Catherine Wing, “The Darker Sooner”)

For the love that is purest and sweetest Has a kiss of desire on the lips. (J.B. O'Reilly, “A white rose”) creating morphological parallelism by the affix of the verb, creating past tense form (-ed).

I kissed thee ere I killed thee: no way but this;

Killing myself, to die upon a kiss. (Shakepeare, “Othello”) creating morphological parallelism by the suffixes of indefinite forms of verb (Participle I-ing, Participle II -en).

Soon break, soon wither, soon forgotten,

In folly, in reason rotten. (Walter Raleigh, “The nymph's reply to the shepherd”)

Rose slowly, slowly,

Dimming, hiding

The light of my dream. (Langston Hughes, “As I grew older” (As you grow))

As a result of the research, we can draw the following conclusions:

The signs that create morphological parallelism in languages with different systems such as Azerbaijani and English can be similar, and although language structures are distinct, it is possible to give them in the same classification.

Cases creating morphological parallelism in both languages are directly related to the form, structure, location, independent or dependent use of morphemes.

Suffix morphemes are among the tools that create the major morphological parallelism in linguopoetic studies of these languages.

azerbaijani morphological parallelism poetry

References

1. Buludxan Xalilov. Muasir Azarbaycan dilinin morfologiyasi. Baki, 2016. 286 sah.

2. Veyselli F. Dil. Baki. Tahsil, 2007. 315 s.

3. Halle, Morris. An approach to morphology. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 20. 1990. S. 150-184.

4. Internet: web-sites on morphology and linguistic parallelisms.

5. Laurie Bauer. A Glossary of Morphology. Edinburgh University press, 2004. 124 p.

6. Musayev M.M. Azarbaycan Dilinin Funksional Qrammatikasi: Morfologiyaya Yeni Baxijlar va Leksematika. Baki, 2012. 304 s.

7. Kazimov Q.§. Morfologiya. Baki, 2010. 399 sah.

8. Rochelle Lieber. Introducing morphology. Ingiltara, 2009. S. 215.

9. Tofiq Haciyev. Azarbaycan adabi dilinin tarixi. Baki, 2012. 476 sah.

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