Structural-semantic classification of speech verbs in modern English language

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Verbs hold special place in lexical system of language, because they establish the structure of speech act. Verbs represent compound denotates. With the help of them communicative part of speech, mutual effect of communication, context of idea, emotional approach, question and answer acts, external side of speech are characterized. Considering conceptual organization of relevant context place in matriculation of cognitive aspects of semantics and use of verbs create chance for productive settlement of classification of the speech verbs. Such approach enables to conceptualize communication place, demonstration of some fragments of intralingual system, as well as determination of which idea (concept) is nominative essential. The determinations of composition of any conceptual scheme are carried out based on definition of explanatory dictionaries [1].

Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech due to several factors:

- the verb has an intricate structure of its grammatical categories and the verb falls into two large lasses: finite verbs and infinite verbs. Moreover the verb is the central part of predication and that's why the crucial semantic role plays in the sentence. The verbs can be simple, derived and phrasal. The group of simple construction verbs makes the core of the vocabulary and naturally determines the usage of other verbs. The verbs are divided into nominative and functional. There are also partial-semi native or semi-notional verbs. The group of functional verbs is rather small but of a great role in the construction of speech utterances.

The works of some researchers were used in the preparation of this article, as well as researches were conducted on the specimens selected from explanatory dictionaries of English language [2].

Discussion. Systemization of verbs which hold special place in lexica from lexical-semantic point of view, determination of general specific characteristics have been in the spotlight of researchers. Semantic classification of verbs in English language is included in lots of researchers such as Z.N. Verdiyeva, I.A. Karimzada,

L.G. Alexander, M.Y Blokh, L.S. Barkhudarov and others. Verbs have been the subject of discussions and research in multisystem languages. In the play of H.K. Guliyev titled as “Semantic classification of verbs in multisystem languages” verbs of English, Russian, German and Azerbaijan languages are divided into 2 subgroups:

verbs referring to speaking act;

speech differentiating verbs.

Verbs such as speak, tell, say, talk, converse, begin to speak, start to speak, inquire are classified as verbs referring to speaking act, verbs such as call, repeat, talk things over, seek advice, keep silent (silence) are classified as verbs differentiating speech [3]. However such classification of verbs is not capable of explaining the structural-semantic classification of them thoroughly. Although structural-semantic specifications of verbs were explored by world scientists recently, this theme is also actual and discussible now.

We can refer this classification as following by taking into account semantic classification of verbs in discussible and multisystem languages which come across in the course of exploration of verbs:

verbs referring to speaking act in English;

verbs referring to approving act in English;

verbs referring to refusal act in English;

verbs referring to question and answer in English;

lower and high toned verbs in English;

verbs referring to order, request, recommendation acts in English;

verbs referring to mood in English.

The above-mentioned classification of verbs refers to the sense of meaning, as well as colourfulness of semantics thoroughly.

Verbs referring to speaking act in English arouse interest for its usage position and structural specifications. General semantics of speech verbs finds its expression in “speaking” verb [4]. Verbs referring to speaking act in English include: to announce, to declare, to narrate, to pronounce, to recite, to say, to speak, to talk, to utter and etc. These webs have also synonyms and antonyms. Verbs referring to speaking act in English accept prepositions after them.

Verbs referring to speaking act are verbs that specifically describe what the subject of the sentence is speaking. These types of verbs carry a great deal of information in a sentence and serve to make the sentence complete. All sentences need a subject and a verb. In English, there are thousands of verbs that convey subtle changes in meaning, so it's important to choose the right one. For example, the verb “to speak” imparts a relatively vague sense of speech, while “to say” is more specific to add speed while “to talk” is slower and more leisurely.

Verb holds the main place among other parts of speech for its richness and absoluteness. The verb which holds the main section of morphology hold different place in most languages of world for its complexity of grammatical volume and variety of its semantics. Verb is the most disseminated and most complex part of speech [5].

Verbs referring to the approval of thought in English include: to admit, to accord, to agree, to assent, to concede, to concur, to verify, to consent, to conform, to affirm, to allege, to assert.

Although to agree and to consent verbs in English refer to the consent of thought, these verbs are distinguished by a few characteristics of them. After to agree and to consent verbs here come infinitive, infinitive composition or a part expressed by any word [6]. Moreover, the verb agree bear the meaning of “sharing the same idea with each other” and used with prepositions. The verb consent refers to “to request permission for doing any task” and used with preposition “to”.

Verbs referring to refusal act in modern English language include: to protest, to reject, to refuse, to decline, to contradict, to condemn, to deny, to denounce, to mind, to object, to oppose and etc. [7].

The verb “to decline” which refer to not accepting, to refuse or to protest is distinguished by its the place of use and sense of meaning. This verb is often used when help or any service is offered and distinguished from other verbs by its more moderate meaning of use. The verb to decline may create various semantic links and after this verb the infinite of infinitive compound may be used [8].

One of the subgroups creating sub link among verbs is the verbs used in the course of questioning. The language which is the means of expression of thought consists of speech acts and actions. The speech which is a linguistics event often consists of questing and answer act executed in the course of dialogue. Question comes first. Question-answer verbs are the verbs directing interview in various conditions in order to get information. Verbs are mostly used in the course of questioning-answering acts include: to ask, to inquire, to interrogate, to query, to question.

After question the answer comes. Verbs mostly used in the course of answering include to answer, to reply (to), to respond (to), to retort. The semantic features of these verbs are to answer the question and to give answer to the addressed question.

Verbs with lower voice level are the verbs accompanied by lowering the voice to the inaudible or less audible level depending on the situation. These verbs sometimes refer to audible expression of internal speech. Here includes audible thinking, verbs referring to the uttered speech under the pressure of fear or deliberately in order to avoid attracting the attention. These verbs may also have negative or positive meaning for the use position. Negatively loaded verbs are prevail positive ones. Verbs with lower voice level are: to gossip, to whisper, to hint, to divulge, to hiss, to insinuate, to intimate, to murmur, to mumble, to mutter, to grumble and etc.

The general categorical meaning of the verb which is compound grammatical and lexical-grammatical part of speech is the process dynamically presented and developing by time. Dynamic development in the meaning of verbs may be observed in speech verbs. The specific group speech verbs are distinguished by high dynamics and execution by high tone. Verbs with high level of tone refer to mainly the tensity in speech, and sometimes refer to tensed dynamics in various situations and conditions. Verbs with high level of tone in English language include: to bellow, to call, to cry, to exclaim, to roar, to scream, to screech, to shout, to shriek, to yell.

The English language is rich in simple verbs. These verbs are included in lexica of English language with analytical-inflected structure [9].

Order verb includes to order, request verbs - to ask, begging verb - to beg, recommendation verb - to recommend, to suggest, to offer, to propose, calling verbs - to call, advising verbs to advice and etc. in the English language.

Mostly used verbs in spoken language are verbs referring to the mood or condition of people. Thus, the verbs referring to the mood expression in English language include followings: To praise, to glorify, to thank, to blame, to censure, to condemn, to denounce, to insult, to reproach, to scold, to complain, to oath, to swear (swore, sworn), to vow.

Speech verbs are included in the discussible theme in general linguistics, as well as in English linguistics and are actual as a theme of research. Speech verbs are the most capacious category after work and action verbs in all languages of the world. However, this theme has not been researched from typological and national aspects either in Azerbaijan linguistics or English linguistics. Therefore the exploration of this theme has the great importance both in Azerbaijan and English linguistics and general (theoretical) linguistics. The topicality of this theme is measured by this feature. Speech verbs hold special place in lexical system of language, because they compose the structure of speech act and directed to the main functions of language and realization of specific functions of speech derivatives. Speech verbs represents complex denotate. The context of idea, communicative side of speech, mutual effect and relation of communicants, emotional relation, evaluation and external side of speech are characterized.

In general, we are particularly interested in the relationship between syntax and semantics. In this sense, the semantic basis of speech verbs allows the language user to choose a specific grammatical construction in the production of speech. Also linguistic form is subservient to conceptual structure [10].

Conclusion. Considering conceptual organization of relevant context place in matriculation of cognitive aspects of semantics and use of verbs create chance for productive settlement of classification of the speech verbs. Such approach enables to conceptualize communication place, demonstration of some fragments of intralingual system, as well as determination of which idea (concept) is nominative essential. The determination of composition of any conceptual scheme are carried out based on definition of explanatory dictionaries

Semantics arouses great attention, because its slight exploration comes from its nature, development legalities, deep matriculation of its relation with thinking and speech. This also derivates the topicality of the matriculation of verbs. Thinking verbs represents special action together with speech verbs that this is called as speech-thought activity. Speech carries out the main: communicative, cognitive and expressive functions, thus it forms the speech activity develops linguistics and communicative structure and results are gained by summarizing the thoughts by the subject.

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