Structural and semantic features of quantitative synonymic phraseological units in Azerbaijani and English

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Baku State University

Structural and semantic features of quantitative synonymic phraseological units in Azerbaijani and English

Murselov Rizvan Javankhan oglu,

Candidate for Ph.D.

Introduction

While disputing related to phraseological units, researchers have investigated their origins, how they have been formed, the different and similar features of the units (proverbs, idioms, wise sayings, aphorisms, sayings etc.) included in their compositions, the similarities and differences of them with their equivalents used in other languages, and have succeed it in a certain degree in their explorations.

The antonymic and synonymic matters in phraseological units belonging to different languages have been touched, investigated and researchers have come some certain conclusions. For instance, H. Bayramov, Z. Alizadeh, S. Cafarov, A. Kunin, V Vinogradov, N. Amasova, N. Rahimzadeh, V. Jukov, G. Gurbanov, A. Damirchizadeh and others have explored these issues. As a result of researches, it has become clear that, in spite of the similarities in phraseological units from antonymic and synonymic points of view, the difference among them is more than that.

One of the lexical expressions used in order to call meaningfulness, shades of meanings, proper and common features by the help of the units of the vocabulary of the Azerbaijani language is synonyms. The richness of the dictionary content is measured not only by the quantity of words, but also by the content of the meaning expressed in words.

Accuracy and expression in the fiction of Azerbaijan are most expressed in synonyms. Z. Alizadeh writes about this: “Synonymic words from the treasure of the national language are formed as a result of the development of society, the historical development of the language, the variation in the composition of the vocabulary, the emergence of new words, borrowed words, meaningfulness of words, transitions of words from one style to another one” [2, p. 75].

Goal article. The phraseological synonyms are closer to one another according to their meanings. They are independent phrases that are close to one another according to the essence although they differ in their style and their lexical composition.

They are created in the language by the nation, and increase emotionality and expressiveness in the spoken language. Such expressions draw more attention in the language epos and story. The main difference of phraseological synonyms from other synonyms is that they are characterized by closeness to spoken language and literary language, unlike neutral words. In addition, synonyms, along with enriching the vocabulary of the language, create semasiologically close and subtle shades, serve the process of splitting and expanding the semantic nucleus. As in the lexical synonyms, there is no repetition in the units where phraseological synonyms are used, and the idea is expressed more clearly. In many cases, phraseological units unite with lexical units simultaneously (as ingredients) and create phraseological synonyms, replace each other in the text.

Statement of the main material

In various research studies on synonyms in linguistics, synonyms were treated differently and given many definitions. However, it is interesting that, many researchers refer to synonyms both logically and linguistically, and other researchers treat them purely linguistically.

But we also notice that researchers investigating synonyms from linguistic point of view are more dominant than the others. We owe it to ourselves to stress once again that synonyms are a synchronized issue in the lexical system of language. Indeed, synonyms have common features that characterize the language. It is generally characterized by the fact that words and concepts in the events of life are identical, close and similar.

Sometimes, if a word is used instead of another word, it cannot be considered a synonym for it is included in the same thematic group. Meanwhile, meanings in terms of interpreting semantically mutually complementary and organizing mutual unity in their meanings are taken as the basis.

Thus, each of the words that appear in the synonymic line can be synonymous with other words being in that line, and can be distinguished from them in a particular manner. Synonymic words are lexical tools that enhance the accuracy of the meaning. For this reason, synonyms create semantic balance in language with the laws of inner development. One of the other peculiar features of the synonym is to summarize them according to their own lexical meanings and attitudes to notions. This generalization is characterized by the fact that in life events, words or concepts being new, close and similar.

The meaning, structure, and relationships of the components encountered in synonymic frazeologisms should be taken into account. If names, properties, the features of things and events are expressed in the lexical synonyms, their relationships are testified in the synonyms frazeologism. So, these synonyms depend on the combination of components. There should be an aspect differentiated minimum. The general meaning of the combinations of synthesized in synonymic frazeologisms, the two components and the generality of the lexical compositions can be the criterion.

The closeness of meaning and attitude of components, their different structures are considered to be a key factor.

The formal relationship of words in synonyms frazeologisms is free. Each member of them consists of at least two words. The usage and forms of synonymic frazeologisms are diverse. They are separated from each other by their sense of meaning. The words that are structurally different, the same according to their grammatical positions are used as syntactical synonyms. Researcher Hasret Hasanov writes: “Synonymic phraseologisms occur between different combinations and sentences. Synthesized word combinations are syntactically identical to the lexical composition, and must therefore be general. E.g., To earn a mint of money. This phrase is based on the motive of quantitative multiplication.” [5, p. 381].

It should be noted that synonyms, both in phraseology and lexicology, are the visual proof of the richness of the vocabulary. From this point of view, it would be more desirable to study the methodology of constructing synonyms in phraseology. Thus, structural synonyms by means of preserving the grammatical structure of the phraseological compound in the language, keep the replacements components of the same parts of speech. The main purpose here is to create stylish colorfulness in the phraseological unit.

Synonymy is a very broad concept. It indicates itself between words, words and expressions, expressions, as well, words, expression and grammatical units.

A phraseological unit is sometimes inadequate to express any notion of English or Azerbaijani, and several phraseological units are used. In this form, the phraseological unit has every sense, as well as, stylistic improvements are observed. Sometimes, synonymic rows of phraseological units are often found in the English language. E.g.:

To bear two faces under one head|| to have two faces|| to carry two faces under one head - all these synonym phraseological units have got only one meaning - “to be two-faced” or “to have two faces”. Here, the “to have two faces” plays a major role in a synonymic row. Phraseological synonyms are used to give the character, the scope, the image, the psychological state of the events, the individual aspects of their language correctly, expressively and efficiently, and to avoid repetition of expressions. Prof. A. Hajiyeva writes about it: «It is possible to strengthen the general features that unite the individual units into the synonymic line by the individual, special inclinations that distinguish them. It is possible to define and classify their stylistic qualities even in all its minute details of the individual members of the synonym row” [4, p. 162].

In phraseological units, words can be both synonyms and antonyms to each other. From different points of view, they can perform as homonyms in free word combinations, as well. Phraseological units may be synonyms with the overall picture expressed. E.g.:

“Half a loaf is better than none” - it means, “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”.

Another example: Enough is as good as feast - just having enough of something is plenty.

As it can be seen, in the second example, the contrary does not appear to be so significant in the context. But its equivalent in the Azerbaijani language can be given only in this way. Accordingly, let's take a look at the synonymic phraseological units in the Azerbaijani language.

A brave husband being satisfied to one slice of bread is better a thousand times than is a man with female traits plunging his mistress into jewelry (aphorism) [7, p. 77]. We are witnesses of how strongly a quantitative word - one utilized in a saw of the Azerbaijani language.

There are considerable differences between synonyms and synonymic phraseological units. These differences also arise from the diversity of words and phraseological units. The words themselves have basic meanings, and as the synonyms have a different meaning than their meanings in the context. It means that any word that is sometimes used in a synonymic phraseological unit goes away from its main meaning in English or in the Azerbaijani language. For example, in English: To be in two minds - to be in twenty minds - if we look through the context, in spite of the usage of words two and twenty, the main meaning of this expression is “to have different thoughts”.

Another example: A donkey between two bundles of hay - An as between two bundles of hay - in this synonymic expression the words donkey and ass are used as synonyms. The phraseological units themselves consist of words that in themselves are complemented in style and each has their own meaning. Here is one of the major issues that may be of concern: in most cases, the meaning of phraseological units does not correspond to the meaning of the component. In these cases, the phraseological units always show themselves in two ways: 1. The literary meaning of each word; 2. More importantly, expressing a phraseological sense in its entirety. From here, we conclude that phraseological synonyms are derived from those words that they are primarily of direct idiocy.

For example: Put two and two together.

In the phraseological synonymic unit, the two meanings express themselves in the same meaning, even though they have shown themselves in various contexts:

1) finally to understand everything;

2) to make up one's mind.

There are three basic types of structural change in synonymic phraseological units:

1) lexical;

2) grammatical;

3) lexical-grammatical.

1. The structural change in the lexical phraseological units occurs when a phraseological unit has changed the other. For example:

1. Fish and guests stink after three days//Fish and guests in three days a stale// Fish and visitors smell in three days// Fish and guests smell after three days.

2. The first blow is half the battle// The first blow is as much as two.

3. Two heads are better than one/ Many heads are better than one.

4. Two many cooks spoil the broth// The more cooks, the worse the broth// The more cooks, the more the broth [1, p. 105, 338, 343].

In the first example we mentioned above, “three days” and “three days”, “first blow”, “two blow” in the second example, “two heads”, “many heads” in the third, and “more cooks” and “many cooks” in the fourth are synonyms associated with one another. Other examples suitable for these examples are found in more works in Azerbaijani. For example, “The foundation stone of the Temple of Maturity is primarily polished in the schools. Its first and only architects are teachers” (saying) [8, p. 120].

Here are the first and only words that have been worked out in the phraseological unit of quantitative element. The first architect = The only architect - both represent the same meaning.

2. Synonymy occurs in grammatical phraseological units when the words in the phraseological unit are the same. For example:

Either Siberia, or the Graveyard, are just the same [9, p. 374] - or - Cinder of willow, words of a poor man, both of them are the same [8, p. 145]. In both cases, the word both used in the aphorism in the Azerbaijani language is an associated synonym.

Here is an example of the English grammatical synonym for phraseological units:

- So many men, so many minds or many heads, many minds [1, p. 307].

- In this example we have many (many heads, many minds) words are synonymous (grammatical), but in the context we have come across a different meaning in Azerbaijani.

- First come, first served (idiom) [1, p. 206].

- In this case, the word first is synonym with meaning, but there is the variety of the meaning in it.

3. Lexical - grammatical synonyms. In such couples, synonyms encounter one another. It happens that both words and syntactic relationships have changed. For example: “First impression are half the battle// The first impression often for a long way, and last a long time”. Another example: “First catch your have// First catch you have, the cook him//to make a regout, first catch your have” [1, p. 105].

T. Guliyev, a researcher who explores his position on all these, writes: “A number of semantic attitudes are drawn to the phraseological units of the languages: interdisciplinary equivalence, interdisciplinary phraseological variant, inter-language phraseological harmony, interdisciplinary phraseological structure - synonymy. synonymic language vocabulary semantic

Meanwhile, certain isomorphisms are observed in both - the phraseological systems, and in a specific language system and in the interdisciplinary lexical-semantic relationship [3, p. 40].

One of the main features of phraseologisms is, and most importantly, the ability to change its components. For example, a lexical change in the idiomatic expression occurs when one or both components of the expression are substituted by synonyms or non-synonyms. At this time, the meaning of the expression is not violated, and the subtle meaning of the expression becomes apparent. For instance, - A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush - is the synonym of - Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow.

Another example: To teach an eagle to fly - A raven never be an eagle -these phraseological units are synonymic expressions [13, p. 39].

We find more interesting facts in the dissertation, written by researcher Fatima Valiyeva, who investigates the matter of synonymy in the phraseological units. She writes about synonyms in her researches: «When we take the semi-sociological grouping of the ornithonimic phraseological units both in Azerbaijani and English, we define that the variety and synonymy are closely interconnected here. Indeed, the synonymy itself is often derived from the situation of the variety, one of the variants is completely separated by semantic independence and distinction” [13, p. 36]. When dealing with synonymy issues with ornithonimic phraseologisms, the distinction of the word groups of the lexical system shows itself in phraseological synonymy. The Azerbaijani language is also rich in synonymic and antonymic phraseological units. Phraseological synonyms and antonyms arise on the basis of synonyms and antonyms existing in a language. Russian researcher Polevskaya M.F. writes on phraseological synonyms and antonyms: “If the language develops normally, then this development finds its origin in the changes of the synonymic row, the emergence of synonyms, growth and decomposition, and in the groupings within itself' [10, p. 178].

All units of a language are of particular importance in the formation of phraseological units, as well as stylistic synonyms. The researcher N.G.Valiyeva notes about it in her research: “Stylistic layers are widely used as a stylistic style both in the literary and in the spoken language. The stylistic layers are of great importance as a stylistic tool under the impression of scientific and cultural levels psychological situation of any image in the figurativeness of creativity, its inner qualities. Without artistic creativity it is impossible to imagine it” [14, p. 27].

According to Azerbaijani researcher Mukhtar Huseynzadeh, synonyms are of great importance for the richness of the vocabulary of the language, in particular the stylistic diversity. Because, the flawlessness of the idea, the sophistication and accuracy are guaranteed through these [6, p. 13].

Suleymanova I.C. writes with quoting Vinogradov: VV Vinogradov divides synonyms into two groups: 1) ideographic; 2) stylistic synonyms. According to VV Vinogradov, idiographic synonyms play the main role in the vocabulary. The role of stylistic synonyms in expanding the vocabulary of the language is undeniable” [12, p. 114].

The role of synonyms in the normal expression of the idea of speech culture and writing is indisputable. The synonyms used in different components play a major role in the creation of precise and subtle meaning of each word. There are many types of synonyms in general linguistics. These include: lexical synonyms, ideographic synonyms, stylistic synonyms, synonyms with the same roots, grammatical synonyms, syntactic synonyms, and phraseological synonyms. Phraseological synonyms, like the other synonyms, are made up of many words, one of the meanings of multilingual words corresponds to a word that expresses that meaning, makes a new word, corrects and comprehends words, words from other languages, and emotionally-expressive way. Synonymy is a broad concept as well, and words, words and expressions are also present in themselves. But they also differ in meaning and style.

In the modern Azerbaijani language lexical synonyms are more than phraseological synonyms. It shows itself mostly in literary language. But after applying to folklore literature, we notice that the phraseological units are more concentrated there. The fact that the phraseological units have a more specific position in folklore once again proves the richness of folklore literature.

Conclusion

While talking about the phraseological synonyms, we came across a very interesting idea in the research by a researcher N.F. Seyidaliyev. An outstanding researcher writes: “In the language of Azerbaijani eposes and tales, many phraseological synonyms are used, which differentiate various meanings in terms of any concept that differentiates their style. This shows that such use increases the richness of the language of our eposes and tales, because each image is made to speak in its own way, and events and stories are described in a public language. All of these are related to the thinking of those individuals.

Therefore, every expression used in different versions has been used in different colors” [11, p. 168]. As we examine researches, both research works and other works related to phraseology, we witness the richness of the phraseology of both the Azerbaijani and English languages. This richness is mainly reflected in works and narratives, and more often in epics and tales.

Reference

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Summary

Structural and semantic features of quantitative synonymic phraseological units in Azerbaijani and English. Murselov Rizvan Javankhan oglu, Candidate for Ph.D. Baku State University

In the article some issues of structural and semantic peculiarities of quantitative synonymy of the phraseological unit in Azerbaijani and English languages are considered. It is noted that synonymous phraseological compounds play an important role in the vocabulary of the language and are used in phraseology, and in the general vocabulary synonyms are another proof of the richness of the language. It is also noted that the phraseological compounds belonging to different languages were repeatedly studied by the researchers in terms of questions of synonymy and antonymy and as a result of the research it was concluded that the differences between phraseological compounds in terms of synonymy and antonymy are larger than the similarities.

Key words: linguistics, synonym, phraseology, phraseological units, vocabulary, synonymic row, fiction.

Аннотация

Структурные и семантические особенности количественной синонимии фразеологического подразделения в азербайджанском и английском языках. Мурселов Ризван Джаванхан оглы.

В статье рассматриваются некоторые вопросы структурных и семантических особенностей количественной синонимии фразеологического подразделения в азербайджанском и английском языках. Отмечается, что синонимичные фразеологические соединения играют важную роль в словарном составе языка. Используемые во фразеологии и в общей лексике синонимы являются еще одним доказательством богатства языка. Также отмечается, что принадлежащие разным языкам фразеологические соединения многократно изучались исследователями в плане вопросов синонимии и антонимии, и в результате исследований был сделан вывод о том, что отличий между фразеологическими соединениями в плане синонимии и антонимии больше, чем сходств.

Ключевые слова: лингвистика, синоним, фразеология, фразеологические единицы, запас слов, синонимический ряд, художественная литература.

Анотація

Структурні та семантичні особливості кількісної синонімії фразеологічного підрозділу азербайджанської та англійської мов. Мурселов Ризван Джаванхан огли.

У статті розглядаються деякі питання структурних та семантичних особливостей кількісних синонімій фразеологічного підрозділу в азербайджанській та англійській мовах. Відмічається, що синонімічні фразеологічні з'єднання грають важливу роль у словниковому складі мови і використовуються у фразеології. У загальній лексиці синоніми є ще одним доказом багатства мови. Так само відзначається, що фразеологізми в різних мовах багато разів вивчали дослідники в плані питань синонімії та антонімії, і в результаті дослідження було зроблено висновок про те, що відмінностей між фразеологічними об'єднаннями в плані синонімії та антонімії більше, ніж зіставлень.

Ключові слова: лінгвістика, синоніми, фразеологія, фразеологічні одиниці, запас слів, синонімічний ряд, художня література.

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