Terms of psychology and ways of their creation in the English and Ukrainian languages

Study of the problems of the emergence of terms in the sphere of psychology in English and Ukrainian. The need for a comprehensive description, study and analysis of new layers of terminological vocabulary. Ways to create terms in the field of psychology.

Рубрика Иностранные языки и языкознание
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 19.07.2020
Размер файла 21,4 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Размещено на http://www.allbest.ru/

Kherson National Technical University

Terms of psychology and ways of their creation in the english and ukrainian languages

Kolosova S.O., Assistant Professor

Zubkova K.V., Student

Summary

This article is dedicated to the problem of psychological terms creation in the English and Ukrainian languages. To date, terminology occupies a great place in the life of society; it plays a leading role in peoples' communication, as a source of information, a tool for mastering the specialty and a kind of driving force of scientific and technological progress.

The rapid development of science and technology, modern information technologies and significant changes in the life of society dictate the need for a comprehensive description, study and analysis of new layers of terminological vocabulary. This also applies to the psychological terminology, because this field of peoples' activity is relatively new and requires additional study, which is due to the relevance of this study.

The purpose of our research is to consider ways of psychological terms creation in the English and Ukrainian languages. The purpose led to the emergence of research tasks, namely: to describe the psychological terms and to determine the ways of psychological terms creation in the English and Ukrainian languages.

The subject of the study is the terms of psychology in the English and Ukrainian languages.

The study examines the main ways of psychological terms creation, namely morphological (affixation, compounding and reduction), semantic method (conversion - the formation of terms by means of functional translation of the word from one part of the language to another) and borrowing. The article contains a list of prefixes and suffixes that are used in the studied languages to create terms in the field of psychology. Also, the article deals with abbreviations, among which a large place have abbreviations and acronyms. Terminologization is related to the semantic method in the Ukrainian language, it occurs in two ways: by using commonly used words in their direct sense and the use of the word (figuratively) in a literal sense (metaphorization).

Another issue that considered in the study is borrowing, in English and Ukrainian it passes through three main ways - with the help of calquing, transcription or transliteration.

Key words: terms, affixation, compounding, borrowing, prefixes, suffixes, abbreviations, acronyms.

Колосова С.О., Зубкова К.В. Терміни галузі психології та шляхи їх виникнення в англійській та українській мовах

Стаття присвячена проблемі виникнення термінів галузі психології в англійській та українській мовах. Сьогодні термінологія займає визначальне місце в житті суспільства: вона відіграє провідну роль у спілкуванні людей, будучи джерелом отримання інформації, інструментом освоєння спеціальності та свого роду рушійною силою науково-технічного прогресу.

Стрімкий розвиток науки і техніки, сучасних інформаційних технологій та значні зміни в житті суспільства диктують необхідність всебічного опису, вивчення та аналізу нових пластів термінологічної лексики. Це стосується також термінології галузі психології, адже ця сфера діяльності людей є відносно новою й потребує додаткового вивчення, чим і зумовлена актуальність дослідження.

Метою статті є розглянути шляхи творення термінів галузі психології в англійській та українській мовах. Мета зумовила виникнення завдань дослідження, а саме: описати термін галузі психології та визначити способи творення термінів галузі психології в англійській та українській мовах.

Об'єктом дослідження є терміни галузі психології в англійській та українській мовах.

У дослідженні розглянуто основні способи творення термінів галузі психології, а саме: морфологічний (афіксації, словоскладання та скорочення), семантичний спосіб (конверсія - утворення термінів за допомогою функціонального переходу слова з однієї частини мови в іншу) та запозичення. Стаття містить перелік префіксів і суфіксів, які використовуються в досліджуваних мовах для творення термінів галузі психології. Також у статті розглянуто скорочення, серед яких важливе місце займають абревіатури та акроніми. В українській мові до семантичного способу належить термінологізування, воно відбувається двома шляхами: за допомогою використання загальновживаних слів у їх прямому значенні та переносне вживання відповідного слова (метафоризація).

Ще одним питанням, яке розглянуте в дослідженні, є запозичення; в англійській та українській мовах воно відбувається трьома основними шляхами: за допомогою калькування, транскрипції або транслітерації.

Ключові слова: терміни, афіксація, словоскладання, запозичення, префікси, суфікси, абревіатури, акроніми.

Колосова С.А., Зубкова Е.В. Термины отрасли психологии и пути их возникновения в английском и украинском языках

Статья посвящена проблеме возникновения терминов сферы психологии в английском и украинском языках. На сегодняшний день терминология занимает большое место в жизни общества: она играет ведущую роль в общении людей, являясь источником получения информации, инструментом освоения специальности и своего рода движущей силой научно-технического прогресса.

Стремительное развитие науки и техники, современных информационных технологий и значительные изменения в жизни общества диктуют необходимость всестороннего описания, изучения и анализа новых пластов терминологической лексики. Это касается также терминологии области психологии, ведь эта сфера деятельности людей является относительно новой и требует дополнительного изучения, чем и обусловлена актуальность исследования.

Целью исследования является рассмотреть пути создания терминов области психологии в английском и украинском языках. цель обусловила возникновение задач исследования, а именно: описать термины области психологии и определить способы создания терминов области психологии в английском и украинском языках.

Объектом исследования являются термины области психологии в английском и украинском языках.

В исследовании рассмотрены основные способы создания терминов области психологии, а именно: морфологический (аффиксации, словосложение и сокращение), семантический способ (конверсия - образование терминов с помощью функционального перехода слова из одной части речи в другую) и заимствование. статья содержит перечень префиксов и суффиксов, используемых в исследуемых языках для создания терминов области психологии. Также в статье рассмотрены сокращения, среди которых большое место занимают аббревиатуры и акронимы. в украинском языке к семантическому способу относится терминологизация; она происходит двумя путями: посредством использования общеупотребительных слов в их прямом значении и переносное употребление соответствующего слова (метафоризация).

Еще одним вопросом, который рассмотрен в исследовании, является заимствование; в английском и украинском языках оно проходит тремя основными путями: с помощью калькирования, транскрипции или транслитерации.

Ключевые слова: термины, аффиксация, словосложение, заимствование, приставки, суффиксы, аббревиатуры, акронимы.

terms psychology english ukrainian

Problem statement

The rapid development of science and technology, modern information technologies and significant changes in the society dictate the need for a comprehensive description, study and analysis of new layers of terminological vocabulary.

Despite the systematic and purposeful work in the field of terminological systems research, some terminology is still not well understood by lexicologists. In particular, this refers to the psychological terminology, which is one of the largest and most complex terminology systems.

The relevance of the study is that psychology is a rather new and progressive science, and the number of studies dedicated to the psychological terms creation, both in English and in Ukrainian, is negligible.

The purpose of this study is to consider ways of the psychological terms creation in the English and Ukrainian languages. The goals of our research are to describe the psychological terms and to determine the ways of psychological terms creation in the English and Ukrainian languages.

The basic material

New psychological terms are created mainly in English. These options are the main suppliers of lexical innovations in the psychological terminology system. In Ukraine, psychology has achieved the greatest popularity only at the end of the twentieth century.

The term psychology is a word or phrase that was created or borrowed to name to the concepts and subjects of psychology, which has its own definition and is used in texts of different styles. The researchers who deal with the formation of terminology are V Vinogradov, V Danylenko, V Leichyk, and works on psychology: V. Kozlova, V. Shapar, I. Martyniuk, etc.

In general, as well as for any terminology system, the psychological terms are characterized by the following main ways of creation:

1) the morphological method (according to the word-building models: affixation, compounding, reduction);

2) semantic, realized through the development of special meanings in the words of the natural language;

3) borrowing (word-building and semantic calquing) [6, p. 131].

The morphological method includes the creation of terms by means of affixation, compounding and reduction.

Affixation is the formation of terms using prefixes and suffixes. This method is fundamental in the creation of both English and Ukrainian psychological terms. The main suffixes used for terminating in English are: -ness (absent-mindedness), -ty (adaptability), -tion (affectation (artificial elevation and excitement), -ship (censorship), -cy (constancy), -al (denial), -ment (detachment), -ing (feeling), -er (transfer).

In Ukrainian, these suffixes are: -ість (уважність, емоційність, рішучість), -ац(а) (персервація - уявлення які мають нав'язливий характер, релаксація), -изм (-ізм) (біхевіоризм, фройдизм), -анн(а) (виховання, концентрування), -ія (абстракція, ізоляція) [7].

Prefixation as a kind of creation of psychological terms is quantitatively inferior to suffixal formations. The prefixes that make up the psychological terms of the English language: pre-, de-, re-, inter-, post-, sub-, dis- and others. For example: preformationism, postpartum depression, subtyping, disinhibition (loss of human control over oneself due to alcohol and drugs) and many other terms.

The following prefixes are used in the Ukrainian language: не-, без-, диз-, а- де-, анти-, etc. For example: безнадія, (психологічна) демобілізація, дилогія (lack of ability to express your thoughts orally), алогізм (inference that contradicts the laws of logic) [1, p. 18].

Typical examples of compounding are: checklist, daydreaming. The term checklist is an example of a neutral compound of the bases (the basis of the verb “to check" is combined with the base of the noun “a list" without a connecting element). The term “daydreaming" can be written using the formula “day + dream + mg", where “day" and “dream" are bases, connected in a neutral way, and -ing - terminological suffix [1, p. 19].

The reduction in recent decades is one of the regular ways of generating terms. This method is a clear example that reflects the tendency to streamline the language, to save speech efforts [3, p. 121]. Among reduction a large place is occupied by abbreviations and acronyms. Usually abbreviations are used more often than the terms themselves.

Typically, abbreviations are spelled letter by letter, and acronyms as full words. For example: ADD (attention deficit disorder), СПТ (соціально-психологічний тренінг - socio-psychological training) [8].

The next is a semantic method. In the English language, a significant place in the creation of psychological terms takes conversion (the formation of terms by means of a functional transition of the word from one part of the language to another). So, for example, the term foster is formed by the conversion method from the verb to foster.

The conversion is also reflected in the term neurotic. The term neurotic is created by conversion, since the grammar category of the adjective is used as a grammatical category of the noun. In this case, there is a transition from one part of the language to another [3, p. 8].

In the Ukrainian language there is a terminologization of the commonly used vocabulary, because of which famous words completely lose contact with their original meaning, or receive a new meaning in addition to the old one. The transformation of commonly used words into psychological terms occurs in two ways:

1) the use of commonly used words in their direct meaning: action, ненависть, притомність;

2) the figurative use of the word (metaphorization): psychic automatism (a kind of hallucinatory paranoid syndrome), психічний терор.

Historically, the terminologization of words is explained by the fact that scientific concepts are formed on the basis of generalizations obtained in the process of practical knowledge of the world, based on “linguistic concepts”, which are superimposed by logically processed scientific concepts [6, p. 176]. Linguistically, this leads to a complication of the semantic structure of the word. This phenomenon leads to the appearance of some homonyms in the modern Ukrainian language. Along with the domestic words, known to the speakers, there are words-terms that denote a certain scientific meaning. The opposite to terminologization is determinization, which implies the expansion of the semantic scope of the term and the formation of a new figurative meaning [6, p. 181].

Traditionally, in modern terminology it is noted that most psychological terms (about 80 %) are unambiguous, but some of them are characterized by ambiguity. Within the limits of psychological terminology we allocate intra-system and inter-system polysemy.

The intra-system polysemy is characterized by psychological terms (only within the psychological science). Most often, there is a mental process and a state (feeling); process and result (abstraction); psychological direction and method (psychoanalysis).

Lexical homonymy is closely linked with the phenomenon of polysemy in psychological terminology. There is intra-system homonymy; interdisciplinary homonymy when the psychological term is homonymous with the unequivocal term of other branches of science (fugue in psychology - the psychic state of the man's flight from himself, the fugue in music - the form of a polyphonic work, the fugue in the construction - the seam between the boards that are tightly adjacent to each other). And also there is interfunctional-stylistic homonymy, when the homonyms are the psychological term and the unequivocal word of commonly used vocabulary (порив - нестримне бажання, прагнення, for example, an impulse to action and an порив - the place of a cliff, separation, for example, порив електричних проводів) [5, p. 186].

Another way of psychological terminology forming is borrowing, that is, naming of scientific concept by a foreign word.

Most terms in the field of psychology in the English language are borrowed from Latin, French, Greek: agitation, alienation, psychosis (Latin), conscience, detachment (French), ageism (Greek) [3, p. 136].

Having considered the borrowed psychological terms in English, we calculated the percentage of borrowing: the Latin language is about 75 % of borrowings, Greek - 14 %, French language - 11 %.

The Ukrainian lexical terminology system of psychology contains a large number of words of Latin origin: абсорбація (from the Latin absorption - absorb).

The second group consists of terms of Greek origin: ейдетична пам'ять (Greek eidos - image) - a special kind of visual memory. Borrowings from the English language took place in several ways, namely:

- calque: промивання мізків (from brainwashing);

- transcription: тренінг (from training), істерія (from hysteria) [4];

- transliteration: аутизм (from autism), афект (from affect) [7].

Another group consists of borrowing from the French language:

ідеал (French ideal) - a generalized idea of the maximum possible level of personality development, realization of its potential.

The approximate percentage of borrowed psychological terms in the Ukrainian language is: 49 % of the Latin language, 43 % of the Greek language, 6 % of the French language and 2 % of the English language.

The psychological terminology system also contains words formed with morphemes of different origin: autoaggression (Greek autos - itself and Latin. aggredi - attack) - aggressive actions directed against their own personality, against themselves [2].

Conclusions

Having considered the ways of the psychological terms creation, we can compare which methods are more productive in English, and which are in the Ukrainian language. The main way of the terms creation in both languages is the affixing method, the second way is the conversion, a small percentage is occupied by compounding, reduction and borrowing. Prospects for the further research we see in the study of psychological terminology as a whole and the study of the ways and features of its translation.

References

1. Веклинець Л.М. Структура і походження сучасної української психологічної термінології: автореф. дис.... канд. філол. наук: спец. 10.02.01 - «Українська мова». Київ, 1997. 24 с.

2. Гут Н.В. Іншомовні запозичення у психологічній лексиці. Збірник наукових праць студентів. Умань, 2010. URL: http://dspace.udpu.org.ua:8080/jspui/biMream/6789/997/1/msh_ zapoz_pedagog_leksyka.pdf.

3. Каращук П.М. Словообразование английского языка. Москва: «Высшая школа», 1997. 314 с.

4. Мартинюк І.А. Короткий українсько-англійський словник термінів з психології. Київ: Видавничий центр НУБіПУ, 2012. 35 с.

5. Михайлова Т.В. Омонімія в українській науково-технічній термінології. Українська термінологія і сучасність: зб. наук. пр. Київ: КНЕУ, 2005. Вип. VI. С. 185-189.

6. Панько Т.І. Українське термінознавство. Львів: «Світ», 1994. 216 с.

7. Шапар В.Б. Психологічний тлумачний словник: близько 2 500 термінів. Харків: «Прапор», 2004. 640 с.

8. The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology / Edited by D. Matsumoto. NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 608 p.

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...

Подобные документы

  • Consideration of the problem of the translation of the texts of the maritime industry. An analysis of modern English marine terms, the peculiarities of the use of these techniques in the translation of marine concepts from English into Ukrainian.

    статья [37,5 K], добавлен 24.04.2018

  • The necessity of description of compound adjectives in the English and the Ukrainian languages in respect of their contrastive analysis. The differences and similarities in their internal structure and meaning of translation of compound adjectives.

    курсовая работа [39,0 K], добавлен 10.04.2013

  • Lexicology, as a branch of linguistic study, its connection with phonetics, grammar, stylistics and contrastive linguistics. The synchronic and diachronic approaches to polysemy. The peculiar features of the English and Ukrainian vocabulary systems.

    курсовая работа [44,7 K], добавлен 30.11.2015

  • Origin of the comparative analysis, its role and place in linguistics. Contrastive analysis and contrastive lexicology. Compounding in Ukrainian and English language. Features of the comparative analysis of compound adjectives in English and Ukrainian.

    курсовая работа [39,5 K], добавлен 20.04.2013

  • In the world there are thousands of different languages. How indeed modern English is optimum mean for intercourse of people of different nationalities. Knowledge of English is needed for the effective teaching subsequent work and improvement of our life.

    сочинение [13,7 K], добавлен 11.02.2009

  • Adverbial parts of the sentence are equally common in English and Ukrainian. Types of Adverbial Modifiers. Peculiarities of adverbial modifiers in English and Ukrainian, heir comparative description of similar and features, basic linguistic study.

    контрольная работа [25,3 K], добавлен 17.03.2015

  • The great diversity of opinion among the well-known domestic and foreign phoneticists in question on allocation of the main components of intonation. Functions and lexico-grammatical structure of intonation in English and in Ukrainian languages.

    реферат [17,8 K], добавлен 29.04.2013

  • А complex comparison of morphological characteristics of English and Ukrainian verbs. Typological characteristics, classes and morphological categories of the English and Ukrainian verbs. The categories of person and number, tenses, aspect, voice, mood.

    дипломная работа [162,2 K], добавлен 05.07.2011

  • The structure of words and word-building. The semantic structure of words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms. Word combinations and phraseology in modern English and Ukrainian languages. The Native Element, Borrowed Words, characteristics of the vocabulary.

    курс лекций [95,2 K], добавлен 05.12.2010

  • Study of different looks of linguists on an accentual structure in English. Analysis of nature of pressure of the English word as the phonetic phenomenon. Description of rhythmic tendency and functional aspect of types of pressure of the English word.

    курсовая работа [25,7 K], добавлен 05.01.2011

  • Concept as a linguo-cultural phenomenon. Metaphor as a means of concept actualization, his general characteristics and classification. Semantic parameters and comparative analysis of the concept "Knowledge" metaphorization in English and Ukrainian.

    курсовая работа [505,9 K], добавлен 09.10.2020

  • Teaching Vocabulary in English Language: effective Methodologies. Patterns of Difficulty in Vocabulary. Introduction of the Vocabulary. Ways of Determining the Vocabulary Comprehension and Remembering. Key Strategies in Teaching Vocabulary.

    курсовая работа [204,1 K], добавлен 06.12.2015

  • The place and role of contrastive analysis in linguistics. Analysis and lexicology, translation studies. Word formation, compounding in Ukrainian and English language. Noun plus adjective, adjective plus adjective, preposition and past participle.

    курсовая работа [34,5 K], добавлен 13.05.2013

  • Comparison of understanding phraseology in English, American and post-Soviet vocabulary. Features classification idiomatic expressions in different languages. The analysis of idiomatic expressions denoting human appearance in the English language.

    курсовая работа [30,9 K], добавлен 01.03.2015

  • Analysis and description of polynational options of English. Different the concepts "version" and "option" of English. Studying of the main problems of loans of a foreign-language element. consideration of a territorial variation of English in Australia.

    курсовая работа [52,5 K], добавлен 08.04.2016

  • The history of the English language. Three main types of difference in any language: geographical, social and temporal. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of the lexical system. Etymological layers of English: Latin, Scandinavian and French.

    реферат [18,7 K], добавлен 09.02.2014

  • Studying the translation methods of political literature and political terms, their types and ways of their translation. The translation approach to political literature, investigating grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological difficulties.

    дипломная работа [68,5 K], добавлен 21.07.2009

  • Study of the basic grammatical categories of number, case and gender in modern English language with the use of a field approach. Practical analysis of grammatical categories of the English language on the example of materials of business discourse.

    магистерская работа [273,3 K], добавлен 06.12.2015

  • Investigation of the process of translation and its approaches. Lexical Transformations, the causes and characteristics of transformation; semantic changes. The use of generic terms in the English language for description specific objects or actions.

    курсовая работа [38,0 K], добавлен 12.06.2015

  • Today it is quite evident that everyone should know at least one foreign language. Knowing one or more foreign languages makes it possible to get acquainted with different ways of thinking, to understand a new civilisation.

    топик [5,4 K], добавлен 13.05.2002

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.