Gap-fillers in Russian and English football commentaries

Roman Guttsait has covered this game alone on Okko Sport. What distinguishes his commentary from others is the way he manages to mix live announcing, the analysis of the tactics and emotional report on individual episodes. The commentator-reporter part of Guttsait's personality can be illustrated by the following stretch: “Sen Maksimen rvyotsya k Bel'erinu; i smotrite, Zhoelinton idyot pryamo k Shkodranu Mustafi” (Saint Maximin jerks forwards to Bellerнn; and look, Joelinton goes straight ahead to Shkodran Mustafi.).

He also provides the analytical evaluation of episodes: “Posmotrite na glubokuyu zashchitu Stiva Bryusa: minimal'naya distancia ot shtrafnoj do zashchitnikov.” (Look at the deep defensive block used by Steve Bruce: the minimum distance from the penalty area to the full-backs.). Finally, the commentator-chatterbox personality can be observed in the following sentences: “Konechno, sud'yu nuzhno uvazhat' no tut pryamo bukvoed kakoj-to” (Of course, the referee should be respected but here he is totally a low-level by-the-book) or “A sejchas, at'-at'-at', i nikomu ne udayotsya dostat' do myacha krome Aumabeyanga!” (And now, hup-hup-hup, and no one manages to get the ball except Aubameyang!). Thereby, it can be concluded that Guttsait's language personality is a mixture of the three types, where the chatterbox one is manifested in combination with either the reporter or the analyst qualitites.

4.3 Analysis of gap-fillers and their functions within the commentary

The gap-fillers used in Guttsait's commentary are classified according to their types and functions in Table 4.

Table 4. Classification of gap-fillers

Lacking the expert support of a pundit, Guttsait is inclined to use a variety of gap-fillers: the players' biographies, references to other games and quotations among others. The players' personal facts are for the most part utilized by the reporter dimension of Guttsait's language personality. He mentions, for instance, the citizenship of players, which serves to inform the viewers of the multinational line-up of the teams.

During the passive phase, the analyst personality is expressed more vividly. For example, he often refers to the league table or statistics of the previous games and speculates on the possible results of the season for each of the teams. Sometimes the length of pauses allows Guttsait to combine several types of gap-fillers within one stretch of speech. The functions of gap-fillers depend on a certain communicative context and may differ even for the same type of fillers: for instance, quotations are used both to entertain the audience during the pause and to explain the coach's decision on the starting lineups with his own words. Unlike the active and passive phases of the commentary where the majority of gap-fillers are introduced, the action-replay stage consists mostly of a more detailed report on the episode. 

4.4 Analysis of the ways to combine gap-fillers with spontaneous discourse

In this section I focus on coherence and cohesion of this commentary. The former standard of textuality is achieved by implicatures and the usage of relevant information.

Implicature is expressed in the following stretch of speech: “Denni Rouz vsemu interesuyushchemusya miru skazal, chto ne stal by igrat' pri Mourin'o, yakoby Zhoze emu tak i zayavil.” (Danny Rose said to all those interested that he would not play under Mourinho as Josй directly told him so.). To decode this message in a correct way, the viewers must be aware about the conflict between the player and Josй Mourinho, who leads Tottenham. Guttsait's remark about Newcastle's style of play can serve as another example: “Takoye uzhe byvalo: snachala 0:0, a potom sopernik rasslablyaetsya, N'yukasl nachinaet atakovat' i pochti zabivaet.” (So, this has already happened before: it's 0:0 for some time, the opponent calms down and Newcastle starts the counterattack and almost scores.). Saying that, the commentator relies on the experience of the previous match between Newcastle and Tottenham, when Newcastle used the distraction of the opponent. Nevertheless, Roman Guttsait does not develop the topic any further and does not mention the name of Newcastle's rival, which allows to consider the mentioned fragment to be an implicature.

Additionally, gap-fillers utilized by Roman Guttsait are assigned relevance on the three levels. In terms of a sentence, gap-fillers are placed at the end to perform the function of a `comment': “Eto lish' razminka dlya Martina Dubravki, kotoryj sovershil uzhe 103 sejva v etom sezone.” (This is just a warm-up for Martin Dubravka who has already made 103 saves this season.) or “Popytka ispolnit' fint Zidana ot Maksimena, kotoryj vyros na matchah Zizu.” (Attempt to perform Zidane's feint from Maximin who grew up on Zizou games.). The level of a sequence of sentences can be illustrated by the following fragment: “Myach u Mustafi. Ot Mustafi k Dzhaka. Myach perehodit k Ozilu. Arsenal, kstati, davno uzhe ne proigryval doma v Prem'er Lige.” (Mustafi's in possession. From Mustafi to Xhaka. The ball goes to Цzil. Arsenal, by the way, haven't lost a home game in Premier League for a long time.). Indeed, the sentences within the sequence are united by the common theme - Arsenal players. Therefore, the gap-filler following it contains data about this team.

The relevance of gap-fillers is also of a global character, especially when the commentator refers to the outside phenomenon, relevant for the general theme of discourse. For example: “I nasha lyubimaya rubrika - statistika, kotoruyu prisylayut brytancy…” (And our favorite section - statistics provided by the British…). The statistics discussed by the commentator show the intermediate results of all the teams in Premier League and serve to entertain the audience during a long pause.

The commentary also displays a number of syntactic links, i.e. cohesive devices. One of them, exophora, serves to connect the sportscaster's speech to the visual coverage, as in the example: “Vot takaya podderzhka u Arsenala, ona, konechno, pomogaet komande preodolet' eti slozhnye vremena…” (This is the sector of Arsenal fans, they do help the team to get through this difficult period…”). Here, the commentator emphasizes the number of Arsenal fans, displayed on the screen. Substitution can be exemplified by a sequence of stylistic synonyms: “Lazaro poluchaet myach. Nomer 23 u N'yukasla, eks-futbolist Intera, imeyushchij avstrijskoe grazhdanstvo, novichok, kotoryj hochet sebya proyavit'.” (Lazaro gets the ball. Newcastle's 23 number, ex-footballer of Inter, Austrian citizen, a newcomer who wants to prove himself.). Guttsait refers to Lazaro in a number of different ways, each of which added a new fact from Lazaro's biography.

In addition, cataphora also contributes to the cohesion: “Nomer 7 u N'yukasla nachinaet ataku. Ataka, konechno, yarko harakterizuet Sen Maksimena - on, ne zadumyvayas' probivaetsya vpered sopernikov.” (Newcastle's number 7 starts the attack. The attack, of course, clearly characterizes Saint Maximin - he doesn't hesitate to outrun his rivals.). In this case, the commentator refers to Maximin as “nomer 7” (number 7) before mentioning his name. Besides, the given sentences also illustrate anadiplosis: the end of the first sentence coincides with the beginning of the second. What is more, Guttsait introduces gap-fillers with the help of conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs as in the example: “Kak horosho idet komanda Stiva Bryusa! Tem ne menee, srazu 9 igrokov N'yukasla travmirovany i ne smogut prinyat' uchastie v etom matche.” (How well Steve Bruce's team is going! However, 9 players of Newcastle are injured at once and are not able to take part in this match.). The commentator uses “tem ne menee” (however) to contrast the team's statistics with their good performance.

4.5 Timing of gap-fillers

The chart (chart 4) reflects the difference in the percentage of gap-fillers between the first and the second halves, which might be explained by the occurrence of all resultative episodes only in the latter period.

Chart 4. Timing of gap-fillers (Arsenal vs. Newcastle, 2020)

The first half, insipid in its nature, ended in a draw, 0:0; hence, the lack of actions to report on led to the abundance of gap-fillers in this part. Besides, as in the previous commentary, the length of the gap-fillers in the second half heavily depended on the time limitations set by the extralinguistic context, i.e. the game.

Results

I conducted the analysis of 4 commentaries of football games: 2 of them in English and 2 - in Russian. In this section I compare, contrast and summarize the results of the analysis.

To begin with, the games possessed different characteristics: they belonged to different tournaments, their outcomes differed in the degree of significance. The commentaries were different as well: they were performed in a form of a dialogue or a monologue, with a more or less strict division into play-by-play and color commentary. Additionally, the language personalities of commentators, or their speech personalities in particular, also contributed to the choice of particular types of gap-fillers and ways to influence the viewers.

In the course of the analysis I identified 4 types of commentators' speech personalities: commentator-reporter, commentator-analyst, commentator-expert and commentator-chatterbox. As it turned out, the reporters were more tempted to refer to players' personal data during the active phase of the game, especially when the camera displayed a certain athlete in close-up. The analysts mostly compared doubtful episodes with similar ones from the previous games and explained the referees' actions to the audience by clarifying particular rules. Sportscasters of the expert type, which was combined with the reporter in two cases out of three, quoted famous personalities or provided insights into players' or coaches' careers, thereby demonstrating their wide knowledge on the topic. In fact, both analytical and expert personalities were observed, for the most part, during the passive and action-replay phases, when the pauses seemed much longer than in the active phase. Lastly, the chatterbox type manifested itself in conjunction with either the reporter or the analyst and predetermined not what was said but rather how it was said, i.e. the extent of emotiveness of an utterance.

Since the active phase predominated in the set of analyzed matches, such gap-fillers as references to players' biographies or to previous games are utilized more frequently than all the other types. The following pie chart (Chart 5) demonstrates the distribution of different types of gap-fillers within all the four analyzed commentaries:

Chart 5. Types of gap-fillers

As it can be observed from the graph, other major types of gap-fillers included references to future games and games between other teams, quotations and data about the coaches. Besides, unlike other types, such gap-fillers as weather description or notes on the rules were not present in all the commentaries. Indeed, the choice of a gap-filler depended on what a commentator finds relevant to a particular situation.

In terms of relevance, the use of gap-fillers was mostly predetermined by the contextual effect, i.e. the interaction between the information, introduced by a commentator, and the existing knowledge of the audience. Actually, this is proved by the fact that in addition to other formal cohesive devices, the commentators frequently used exophora - the situational reference to the phenomenon outside the given text. Regarding the relevance on the level of a sentence or a sequence of sentences, such phenomenon was usually presented by the close-up image of a player or a coach in the active phase of the game or during replay. As for the global relevance, throughout the passive phase the commentators often referred to the tournament itself or to something else within the football sphere like the video assistant referee (VAR) technology.

Moreover, it is worth noting that the extra-linguistic referents also determined the pragmatic aspect of gap-fillers, in other words, their function. In fact, when referring to the future games, the commentators predominantly performed the informative function as they simply communicated the date and the place of the games to the viewers. In contrast, most of the references to other representatives of the football domain were of the entertaining character: they rather kept the audience's attention during the passive phase than provided any valuable data.

However, even the same types of gap-fillers sometimes served different purposes: for instance, Guttsait described the weather conditions to speculate on the difficulties that players face during the game whereas Stognienko used the weather description just to fill in a long pause and entertain the audience. Alternatively, in some cases the commentators managed to accomplish several objectives with one filler: for example, in order to clarify the rules, the sportscasters needed to share information that is unfamiliar to most viewers.

Besides, my research has also revealed a number of differences between Russian and English football commentaries. First of all, although the gap-fillers utilized by the foreign commentators were shorter in duration, they were introduced more often - almost every two minutes. Indeed, as opposed to the English sportscasters, the Russian ones allowed for more pauses, yet filling the long silent stretches with quite extensive elements. This leads directly to another difference: whereas the foreign gap-fillers were usually of a particular type and consisted of one or two sentences, those by Russian commentators implied a sequence of three or more sentences and represented a combination of several types.

Furthermore, the distribution of commentators' roles also differs: while the English have a quite clear division into PP and CC, where the pundit is fully responsible for reporting on the action replay, the native sportscasters tend to have either the leading or the subordinate part in the commentary with overlapping functions. Additionally, within the set of analyzed commentaries, the Russian commentators substituted expert analysis with entertaining gap-fillers in the after-report phase.

Nevertheless, these commentaries do possess similar traits. To begin with, the commentators-reporters from both countries could easily interrupt the gap-filler if something worth their attention happened on the field, for example, one of the teams suddenly began to attack the other. Having highlighted the moment, the commentators return to the gap-filler without any signposting. Another similarity is that exophora served as the main cohesive device in all the 4 commentaries. In other words, in most instances the sportscasters linked their utterances to the image provided by the camera.

Besides, regardless of the duration and the frequency of use, the timing of gap-fillers in the first half exceeded that in the second half. Obviously, in the commentary of the game between Denmark and France the difference is only slight (0.8%), but nonetheless, it exists. Thus, the given data once again confirms that commentators tend to use more gap-fillers in the first half to introduce the audience to the game environment. By contrast, in the second half more pauses are acceptable, which allows the viewers to simple enjoy the game and make their own guesses about the outcome of the match.

More importantly, the average ratio of gap-fillers to the rest of the commentary is still significant, it varies from the minimum of 10.3% to the maximum of 23%, which comprises almost one quarter of the commentary as a whole. Since the majority of gap-fillers contain information gathered beforehand, the data presented above underline the importance of thorough preparation in a broadcaster's work.

Limitations

First and foremost, the study is limited to only several commentaries, which, however, seems sufficient for establishing the basic types of gap-fillers. Further studies on the topic may advance the existing classification of prepared elements and their functions in football commentary. In the course of its development, this line of research might henceforth rely on quantitative and corpus-assisted methods of analyzing data.

What is more, although transcripts represent a very useful tool in discourse studies, they are not devoid of bias. Indeed, besides being thorough and objective, they are intrinsically selective and intеrpretive. It is the researcher who decides on the information to preserve and on the forms of its presentation in the study. This, for its part, may make some regularities more vivid in the transcript and impede the perception of others.

Ultimately, the limitations of timing should not be omitted because, for instance, the length of pauses is not solely dependent on physically measurable time. In fact, among other factors, the speed of commentary and location of the pause within or outside the stretch of speech (between utterances or interlocutors' lines) also affect timing.

Conclusion

The present thesis represents a pioneering research on gap-fillers as a separate category of elements in football commentary. In the course of the study I identified the specific features of gap-fillers within Russian and English football commentaries and investigated the ways to combine them with spontaneous speech.

To define the notion of gap-fillers and determine their basic functions, I relied on the scientific works which address the concepts of discourse, sports discourse and sports announcer talk. Discourse is widely regarded as a complex communicative phenomenon, which implies the combination of a text with extralinguistic factors that affect its production and comprehension. Indeed, the most common of such factors include individual characteristics of interlocutors, the context of communication and its pragmatic orientation.

The social nature of discourse has gained much scientific attention. Generally, the researchers stress the significance of the status-role relationship of the participants. In terms of sports discourse, the text may be produced by coaches, athletes, sports commentators or other representatives of the sphere. Nowadays sportscasters are considered the basic producers of sports discourse, or more specifically, of sports announcer talk. SAT can be described as a mixture of live reporting and interpretation of events which happen during a particular sports event. The remoteness of the recipient of a commentator's message has a huge impact on the structure and functions of sports commentary.

In fact, improved broadcasting technologies allow a commentator to reach the viewer in a variety of ways: not only by reporting on sportsmen's actions but also by analyzing and explaining them or providing personal evaluation. The broader range of functions resulted in the division of sports commentary into play-by-play announcing and color commentary. In general, whereas the former type focuses directly on the events which take place, for example, on the field during a football match; the latter is supposed to provide expert analysis of certain episodes and embellish the coverage by adding extra facts about the athletes, the tournament etc.

However, although linguists view such extra information as part of color commentary, in practical terms, it can be often observed in the play-by-play type as well. Since such elements serve primarily to fill in the unnecessary pauses, in this paper I term them gap-fillers. The category of gap-fillers involves any types of information that is different from pure play-by-play or color commentary. Actually, the empirical part of my research has demonstrated that football commentators tend to use such prepared fillers as biographical data of players and coaches, references to past and future games, quotations etc. alongside improvised announcing of pop-up boxes and weather description. Besides, the key functions of gap-fillers are very similar to the basic functions of SAT: indeed, they are used either to provide new information or to entertain the viewers during boring episodes and avoid long stretches of silence. In the analyzed commentaries gap-fillers also served as a clarification of the rules, and hence, fulfilled the explanatory function.

To successfully introduce gap-fillers and maintain the semantic and syntactic integrity of the commentary, sportscasters need to pay special attention to its coherence and cohesion. Above all, the reporter's opinion on the relevance of gap-fillers and the grounds for implicit references to particular events determines the coherence of the entire commentary. Apart from that, a variety of cohesive devices is used to establish formal links between gap-fillers and the rest of the commentary and enhance the comprehensibility of the text. The conducted formal discourse analysis has revealed the frequent use of conjunctions, repetitions, substitution, and most notably - exophoric references.

Moreover, the choice of a particular type of gap-fillers may also depend on the language personality of a commentator - a set of specific innate features that predetermine the use of certain language patterns. A commentator's language personality is represented by a speech personality when it functions in a limited communicative space, for example, within the coverage of a particular match. Basically, seven types of speech personalities are distinguished: reporter, analyst, expert, chatterbox, fan, actor and ironic commentator. The speech personalities, investigated in the practical study, were represented by the first four types. The analysis has revealed that commentators-reporters as well as experts tend to refer mostly to players' biographies whereas analysts above all compare the results of the current game with the statistics from previous matches. The chatterbox type was characterized mostly by the choice of less common and at times fancy language patterns and exceptional emotiveness of expression.

Since the material for my research included commentaries both in Russian and English, I compared and contrasted the use of gap-fillers within these communicative contexts. The similarities consisted in commentators' tendency to interrupt gap-fillers with stretches of play-by-play commentary and the predominance of exophora over other cohesive devices. On the contrary, among other differences, the gap-fillers used by Russian and English commentators differed in frequency and duration.

Nevertheless, such contrast did not affect the ratio of gap-fillers to the rest of the commentary. Having timed these elements in all the 4 commentaries and having analyzed the obtained data applying statistical methods, I confirmed the hypothesis that commentators are inclined to spend more time on gap-fillers during the first half of the game.

To sum up, the present senior thesis stresses the importance of using gap-fillers in football commentary and analyzed their specific features. The study proposes a different view on gap-fillers as constituents of both color commentary and play-by-play reporting, which may add to the body of research on sports discourse and can contribute to educating future journalists and sports announcers. More than that, the analysis of methods to incorporate prepared elements into spontaneous speech may shed light on the semantic structure and cohesion of not only sports discourse but other types of discourse as well, for instance, political discourse.

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