Greek language in minoan art: a new method of linguistic interpretation

Reflection of language in works of art, myths and rituals. Consideration of the theory of linguistic relativity or hypothesis E. Sepira-B. Wharf, which demonstrates the influence of linguistic division of the world on the thinking of native speakers.

Рубрика Иностранные языки и языкознание
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Язык английский
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Грецька мова у мінойському мистецтві: новий метод лінгвістичної інтерпретації Юрій Мосенкіс

Greek language in minoan art: a new method of linguistic interpretation

Yurii Mosenkis

Abstract

E. g., Ancient Egyptians linked an animal to a god if their names were similar. The usage of homophony to create double senses is well-known in Japan poetry. Japan symbol of the Emperor's Chrysanthemum Throne is based on the homonymy of koku 'chrysanthemum' and 'state'. In the first full moon of a year Koreans visited bridges because the words for the moon, bridge, and foot are homonyms (tari) in Korean. Famous concept of the Blue Bird might be ultimately traced to Old Iranian (Avestan) homonymy of Saлnф (mythical bird of prey, Sanskrit syenah is the same) and axsaena 'dark blue' (e. g., as the name of the Black Sea). Another famous concept of the Blue Flower might be related to German blau Blum 'blue flower' Swan Song might reflect a common Germanic association: Proto-Germanic *swanaz 'swan', literally 'singer', and *sangwaz 'song'. Cucuteni- Trypillian vessels for cereals, decorated with pictures of cat with tail looking like ear of corn, might reflect homonymy of *kat 'vessel', 'cereal', and 'cat'.

Key examples of language-addicted rites and mythical concepts

Статтю присвячено проблемі віддзеркалення мови в творах мистецтва, міфах та обрядах. Показано, що мова митця впливає на риси його твору - останній певною мірою виступає результатом перекодування мовних знаків на мистецькі символи. Лінгвістична паралель до запропонованого підходу - теорія мовної відносності або гіпотеза Е. Сепіра- Б. Уорфа, що демонструє вплив мовного членування світу на мислення носіїв мови. Реконструюючи цей процес, отримуємо можливість ідентифікувати мову творців певних творів мистецтва, міфів та обрядів. Наведено приклади, коли зв'язок певних елементів твору мистецтва може бути пояснений завдяки суголоссю (омонімії) назв цих елементів у певній мові, однак не в іншій - саме та мова виявляється мовою митця. Використання суголось корелює з принципом омонімії як одним із чільних у формуванні ієрогліфічного письма - абстрактні поняття позначають близькими за звучанням найменуваннями понять конкретних. Цей принцип використовують при дешифруванні найдавнішого (малюнкового доклинописного) шумерського письма (А. Фалькенштейн, А. А. Вайман). У давньоєгипетській цивілізації, що також широко використовувала ієрогліфіку, відомі випадки атрибутування тварин або птахів божествам через звукову близькість назв істот із іменами богів. Таким збігам надавали магічного значення. Запропоновано низку інтерпретацій давньогрецьких мистецьких творів, міфологічних мотивів та обрядів на основі звукових подібностей. Найбільшу увагу приділено мистецтву мінойського Криту (1-а пол. ІІ тис. до н.е.), де сформувалася й процвітала, за сучасними палеосоціологічними реконструкціями, перша держава Європи. Оскільки тогочасні критські писемності (ієрогліфіку й складове лінійне письмо А) досі вважають нерозшифрованими, мовна інтерпретація мистецьких символів цієї цивілізації набуває особливої ваги. Показано, що численні сиволи можуть бути інтерпретовані на основі грецької мови, що підкріплює гіпотезу про грецьке прочитання мінойських писемностей. Критська ієрогліфіка, виступаючи своєрідним видом мистецтва (проміжним між піктографією й формалізованою складовою писемністю), також демонструє можливості прочитання на основі грецької мови на основі запропонованого методу. Таким чином, розглянутий у статті метод мовної інтерпретації мистецтва дозволяє визначати мову археологічної культури, чия писемність невідома або не розшифрована.

Ключові слова: грецька мова, мінойське мистецтво, лінійне письмо А, лінгістична інтерпретація, міфологія.

Many motifs of ancient Greek myths and art were language-addicted. In other words, myths and rites enable to propose the 'language interpretation of myth, rite, and art' method: searching of homophones give a chance to identify a language in with words compared. The method is proposed and defended by the present author (Мосенкіс 2001; Мосенкіс 2002).

E. g., after the flood, Deucallion and Pyrrha cast stones (laai) to create peoples (laoi).

Participants of the Eleusinian mysteries throw piglets into a trench to imitate Persephone in the underworld because the name of Persephone (nepoeyфvn) was interpreted as 'killer of pigs' ('Pelasgian' *pors- 'pig', Greek -qovia 'murder'). Meat of pig was prohibited in Cretan npaiooq (Athen. F 376a) which name is very similar to the aforementioned name of piglet.

When Athenian prince Theseus was initiated in the Cretan labyrinth, his father Aegeus as an 'old king' must have been sacrificed (according to the J. G. Frazer theory). A form of the sacrifice was determined by a relation of Aiysщq with aпЗ 'goat' and 'waves'.

The famous paradox of Achilles and a tortoise might tie homonyms ВxiпAeщq and xzhuq 'tortoise'. The paradox has an astronomical link: the constellation of Sagittarius (Achilles; his tutor Chiron and divine protector Apollon are also linked to the constellation) rises immediately after the constellation of Ophiuchos (looking like a tortoise): Sagittarius-Achilles 'chases' Ophiuchos-tortoise.

Decoding Minoan art

The language of Minoan art is identified as Greek due to homophony.

First, there is Tpфmq 'ship' as a homonym of rponq 'solstice, equinox' in Ancient Greek. language art linguistic

The Minoan lunisolar calendar (MMIa period, about 2000 BC - PM II, pt. 1, p. 202, fig. 111; Ridderstad) includes 13 lunar months (13 external spirals) and 4 main solar points (depicted as a crosses and ships near them) with 3 months between each two cross-ship pairs. Signs for solstices and equinoxes (Greek rponq, 'the turn') depicted as ships (Greek ipomз, 'keel' and 'ship') and reflected Greek homonymy. Both these words are derived from трєпш, 'turn' of Indo- European (not of pre-Greek substrate) origin: from Indo-European *trep-(Beekes, pp. 1503-1504).

Second, iKЫААn 'Scylla', oKЩАaЗ 'young dog' are homonyms of okыAlov 'dog-fish'.

The Minoan picture of dogheaded Scylla (a clay seal-impression of the MMIII period from Knossos, about 1600 BC - PM I, p. 698; see also: Cook, A. B., 1940, vol. III, pt. 1, p. 414) reflected the similarity of the words ZKЫAAq and oKЫAaЗ, 'young dog, puppy' in Greek. Homeric Scylla (ПKЫAAq) whimpers like a young dog, puppy (oKЫAaЗ): лvыa ц' иvi ПKЫAAn vaiei цeivцvАєАакиїа. //rqз q тої yњvq ^иv ооц OKЫAaKoq veoyAqq. (Od. 12.85-86). The word oKЫAaE, is of Indo-European (not of substrate) origin: Russian skulit', skolit' 'to whimper' (Slavic-Baltic-Germanic word, cf. Old Norse skoll, 'barking' etc.) are cognates. Greek okыAlov, 'dogfish' (Aristotle) is a natural explanation of the mythical image of Scylla. Later the name of Scylla might be associated with the name of Sicily1.

Other examples of the Greek language in Minoan myths and art

Name of a concept

Homonym

Lunar-shaped Cycladic 'frying pan' with lunar symbols2; дrcava: rfyava 'frying-pan' (Hesych.)

Aывva

Cretan 'horns of consecration' cult3; Kйpaз, 'horn' dual. кєратє.4

Cretan bull cult; картц^ rfv Яouv. Kp^Tsq (Hesych.);

Eleusinian drink (kukeыv), made from barley (крідц, 'barley')

Крцтц < KpаToq, Ep., Ion. mpToq, Aeol. KpйToq, 'strength, might, power';

KaipaToq, a name of a river near Knossos and another name of Knossos;

Keratas Mountain near Viannos (a place of the cult of Zeus in classical Crete - Watrous, L. V., p. 400)

Pictures of calendar and Scylla are drawings by L. Shkrobanets from (Ridderstad).

Ch. Johnsen kindly informed me that these 'frying pans' might be compasses (Hill, G. E. 2014/

The symbol is traditionally compared with Egyptian dw, 'mountain'. Cretan New Palaces (from about 1700 BCE) were oriented to double-peaked mountains which were possible natural prototypes of cult horns (cf. Egyptian depiction of horizon as a double mountain).

Semitic karn as well as Georgian rka, Megrel kra might be derived from Indo-European ker-n-, 'horn'.

'Poppy Goddess' of the Mycenaean period (PM II 1, p. 341); ^kmv, Dor., Arc. №kwv, 'poppy'

MuK^vai, MuK^vn,

< *Muk-wana 'place of mushrooms', цЩKqq

'Griffins guarded the gypsum throne' in the palace of Knossos (PM IV 2, p. 915); yщфoq 'gypsum';

урйф 'griffin' and 'a bird of prey'/yыф 'vulture'

ьфoq 'height, crown'

Fore-part of the goddess' boat takes a form of hippocampus' head on the 'ring of Minos' and gold signet-ring from Mochlos (PM IV

2, pp. 951-952); кацпц 'caterpillar', kф^hoз 'a sea-monster', InnФKa^noз 'monster with horse's body and fish's tail, on which the sea-gods rode',

'a small fish, the sea-horse'

К0цвп, 'mother of Couretes'; cf. к0цва: Kopыvn (Cretan Polyrrhenian), Hesych.

A girl with a spiral shell from the Idaean Cave (PM I, p. 222; PM IV 1, p. 210); KфxAoq 'shell-fish with a spiral shell'

Minos' daughter AmmAALq; cf. the name of Sicilian king KЫKaAoq and his spiral shell as the riddle for Minos

'Lion's head facing, surmounted by the sacred fleur-de-lis' (SM I, p. 209, cf. p. 214); Aeipiov, 'lily'

ALq, Aйuv, 'lion'

цьpuv: Kpqxeq to цpoq (Hesych.)

ыpфvoq 'seat, chair'. Throne in Knossian palace resembles peak (Андреев, с. 315)

Newborn Zeus was nurtured by bees in a Cretan cave (Ant. Lib. 19); цєАігса, 'bee'

ацaAыєщш, 'thicken', cf. AЯдAьeia

Inhabitants of Elysion hunt deer (Андреев, с. 519); иAAфq 'deer'

'HAщoiov neцiov

The Greek language in Cretan hieroglyphic art

Cretan princess Ariadne, a daughter of mighty king Minos, is well known from the myth of Theseus and Minotaur. She helped Athenian prince to fight a monstrous foe in the labyrinth. The name of the princess is now found among Minoan hieroglyphs (SM I, p. 135).

Side

Reading

Interpretation

a

noщq, gen. noффq 'foot' + syllabic sign ja

nфTvia 'mistress'

b

Kuvфq 'dog' / uaiva 'hyena'

Kvыma 'of Knossos' / Fаvaooa 'queen(-goddess)'

c

apaxvn 'spider'

Api-ayvn, Api-aцvn

The proposed translation: Cret. Hier. noффq-ne kwoз аpвxvn (SM I, 135) = nаxvia Kvwoia Api- аyvn, i. e. Potnia(i) anassa(i) Ariadna(i), '(for) Mistress Queen Ariadne'.

Not Venus, but Ariadne (as the 'Lady of the Labyrinth' in Linear B) was a lunar goddess.

Her cult was related to the observation of the 18.6-year high-low Moon period, cf. twenty or rather nineteen years of Helen in Troy.

V. Panchenko linked Theseus from Troizen with the Trojan myth whereas the labyrinth is named 'Troy' in Etruscan and Scandinavian art. Helen (= Selene 'Moon') was hidden in Troy as Ariadne - in labyrinth. Spider's net might symbolize the same labyrinth. Suggested parallels in the Ramayana might be not only of Indo-European but also of contact origin: cf. the Sea Peoples of Yavana, Turvasha and perhaps Danava and Bhrigu in India. Stolen Sita, imprisoned in the world center, is clearly linked with Greek sitos 'bread'; astronomical symbols of the fall of Troy are related to the Virgo constellation, including Spica 'ear of corn'. The constellation is located near the center of celestial equator.

Knossian Ariadne was mentioned by Homer (Iliad 18.591).

Conclusion

The proposed method can be used to identify the language of a painter, a creator of myth, or a participant of a rite. Homonyms, interpreted as magic ones in mytholigical way of thinking, represented a background for many features of architecture, art, rites, myths, and other cultural manifestations of different ancient peoples. Using the method, one may propose hypotheses about linguistic attribution of archaeological cultures.

References

1. ANDREEV, YU. V., 2002, Ot Evrazii k Evrope. SPb.: Dmitrii Bulanin VITINSKII, YU. I., 1973, Tsyklichnost i prognozy solnechnoi aktivnosti. M.: L.

2. MOSENKIS, YU. L., 2001, Mova trypilskoi kultury: dzherela, metody, rezultaty rekonstruktsii. K.: DNDITIAM

3. MOSENKIS, YU. L., 2002, Problema rekonstruktsii movy trypilskoi kultury. Unpublished thesis. K. RUBASHEV, B. M., 1964, Problemy solnechnoi aktivnosti. M.; L.

4. BEEKES, R., 2009. Etymological dictionarey of Greek. Leiden: Brill.

5. COOK, A. B., 1940, Zeus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, vol. III, pt. 1

6. HILL, G. E., 2014, The prehistoric navigation compass and seaworthy ships of the fifth to second millennium BC.

7. WATROUS, L. V., 2011. Some observations on Minoan peak sanctuaries, Aegeum 12, 393-403.

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