National and regional specifications of nonverbal communication means

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National and regional specifications of nonverbal communication means

Національна та регіональна специфіка невербальних засобів спілкування

Prokopovych Lidiia, Popovych Nadiia, Kurylo Oleksandra

The article deals with the national and regional specificity of non-verbal means of communication. The definitions of notions «culture of language», «verbal communication», «nonverbal communication» are given. The relevance of topic of the study is conditioned by the fact that cultural, psychological, national characteristics of the people can not affect their business culture, and can not affect the culture's communication and interaction. The differences of cultures can be quite significant and relate to language, etiquette rules, stereotypes of behavior, usage of certain means of communication. The purpose of the article is to characterize the national and regional specificity of non-verbal communication in a multicultural world. The basic methodological principle of the research is an interpretative methodology that helped to define the functions of language in the society, and specific methods and techniques: descriptive, comparative, comparative.

The study found out that in addition to language, there are other means of communication. People exchange information through gestures, facial expressions, looks, postures, body movements, which are called non-verbal (nonverbal) means of communication.

The main attention is given to some kinetic non-verbal means that are considered in the context of national traditions.

Engaging with foreign partners is always a clash of different national cultures. Just because of the lack of awareness in this issue some contacts with representatives of different countries result in misunderstandings and sometimes conflicts. At the stage of implementation of contacts, certain national peculiarities of individual peoples are revealed. These features should be taken into account preparing for any negotiations with foreigners and their actions should be adjusted accordingly. We see the prospect of further research in the study and analysis of national and regional specificities of verbal communication.

Key words: sociopsycholinguistics, ethnopsycholinguistics, language culture, multicultural world, mentality, verbal communication, non-verbal communication.

У статті розглянута національна та регіональна специфіка невербальних засобів спілкування. Подано визначення понять «культура мови», «вербальне спілкування», «невербальне спілкування». Актуальність теми дослідження обумовлена тим, що культурні, психологічні, національні особливості народу не можуть не позначатися на його діловій культурі, не впливати на культуру спілкування та взаємодії. Відмінності культур можуть бути досить істотними і стосуватися мови, правил етикету, стереотипів поведінки, використання певних засобів спілкування. Метою статті є схарактеризувати національну та регіональну специфіку невербальних засобів спілкування в полікультурному світі. Основний методологічний принцип дослідження - інтепретативна методологія, яка допомогла визначити функції мови в соціумі, та конкретні методи і прийоми: описовий, зіставний, порівняльний.

Ключові слова: соціопсихолінгвістика, етнопсихолінгвістика, культура мови, полікультурний світ, вербальне спілкування, невербальне спілкування.

Introduction

Analysis f this problem studies

In recent years, the problem of language culture and communication culture has been the subject of interest of many scholars. This is in particular the research of V. Rusanivskyy [2; 3], S. Yermolenko [4; 5], N. Solohub [5], L. Matsko [6], O. Ponomariv [7]. The problem of non-verbal means of communication and the peculiarities of national styles of communicative non-verbal behavior is devoted to the scientific intelligence of I. Zyazyun, O. Lomakin, V. Nesterov, I. Pidlasyy.

In view of the above, the purpose of the article is to characterize the national and regional specificity of non-verbal means of communication in the multicultural world. The basic methodological principle is an interpretative methodology that helps to define the functions of language in society and specific methods and techniques: descriptive, comparative, comparative.

Language culture is invisible, but strongly intertwined with the national-cultural specificity of language behavior. Here is an interesting example from the practice of communication of Japanese, described in the collection of problems of ethnopsycholinguistics [8, p. 91-97]. In particular, the situation is analyzed, in which the one who listens to and the speaker speaks differently: «Today is very cold», the interlocutor says and hears in response: «Yes, indeed. Although they say spring is coming, the cold is receding». In fact, the listener was standing on the sunny side of the street, and he was not cold, but he imagined himself in the place of the interlocutor. According to the author, europeans have another model of linguistic behavior. The listener would say: «What are you, but it's very warm today!». Familiarity with the cultural traditions of national linguistic behavior enables one to comprehend the problems of the culture of language in ethno-linguistic terms, to view it broadly, not only as outward signs of etiquette, but as an insight into the depths of genuine culture based on dignity and mutual dignity.

Both verbal (non-verbal) and non-verbal (nonverbal) means of communication, which interact closely, play an important role in the communication process.

Verbal (verbalis, from verbum - word) communication is a process of information exchange through a language that occurs in a certain communicative situation, requires active mental activity and is based on a certain set of established rules.

But in addition to language, there are other means of communication. People exchange information through gestures, facial expressions, glances, postures, body movements, which are called non-verbal (nonverbal) means of communication.

Let us dwell more on the individual kinetic non-verbal means that are essentially the most important in society and consider them in the context of national traditions.

In particular, let's focus on posture, look, smile, facial expressions and gestures. Informative communicative value is out of the question, because it represents not only the state of mind of a person, but his / her intentions, his / her willingness to work. The normative / nonnormative position depends on national traditions. «If in Japan, social and cultural values are submissive, and it is not customary to sit or cross, then in the US, in certain communicative situations, it is not condemnable to put your feet on the table in front of an interlocutor. In Ukraine, it is considered a sign of lack of education to talk to a woman, an elderly person, a person of higher social status, holding hands in his pockets, and in France in such a pose it is possible to communicate even with the queen» emphasizes - Ya. Radevych-Vynnytskyy [9].

The view is differently interpreted in different ethnic communities. The Chinese, when they did not know the Europeans too well, wondered why white people were always furious: they always had big eyes. In China, Japan, and other Southeast Asian countries, interlocutors tend to avoid looking directly. In Japanese, «the eyes speak the same extent as the tongue». Therefore, in the subway, all passengers pretend to be asleep or read, so as not to meet someone's gaze: looking into their eyes is interpreted as we peeking into the fire from the key in the door lock. In France, Italy, Latin America, on the contrary, they often «stick out». According to S. Shevchuk, business, secular and intimate views are distinguished depending on the localized orientation to the interlocutor. The view directed to a triangle, the apex of which is a point in the middle of the forehead and the base is the line between the eyes, is businesslike. If the gaze is fixed below the eye line - it is a social gaze. An intimate look is directed to the triangle between the eyes and the breast [10, p. 160].

An extremely important non-verbal sign of etiquette is smile. In American society the motto "Keep smiling!" has been widespread for more than several decades. The Americans did not immediately come to this slogan. About 100 years ago, their educator and philosopher, Oriston Marden, persuaded his compatriots to go on a smile. He said: «Anxiety and worry can be read on every American face, they testify to our very civilization... Anxiety and discontent have become chronic phenomena and put a distinctive brand on our age and on our land. We do not yet know that such noble and sincere cheerfulness is a sign for the time being of people who are strong in spirit and certain in their power» [11]. The current smile of Americans, as their efficiency, enterprise, honesty, optimism, is not least explained by the influence of the popular book by O. Marden, «Will and Success» [11].

Facial expressions and gestures are idio-ethnic signs. The French have a moving facial expression, the Fine face reacts are much more restrained, among the Japanese even and now a common face is a mask. Ukrainians are winking to make a communicative partner to pay attention to someone or something, to hint at something; the English (men) accompany this «facial gesture» with greetings.

Each nation has its own national culture, its originality and originality are manifested in the spiritual (language, literature, music, painting, religion) as well as in the material (especially economic, economic, production, etc.) spheres of life and activity. The cultural, psychological, national characteristics of people affect their business culture, they affect the culture of communication and interaction. The differences of cultures can be quite significant and relate to language, etiquette rules, stereotypes of behavior, use of certain means of communication. Engaging with foreign partners is always a clash of different national cultures. It is because of the lack of awareness of this that contacts with representatives of different countries result in misunderstandings and sometimes conflicts. At the stage of implementation of contacts, certain national peculiarities of individual peoples are revealed. These features should be taken into account when preparing for any negotiations with foreigners and their actions adjusted accordingly.

As you know, mentality is a set of stable, widespread in one or another social community, a group of ideas that reflects a special vision of the social reality of people who belong to it. Combining rational and subconscious, sensual and logical, value and other beliefs, mentality reflects the way, character, method of social and group thinking. The concept of «mentality» was formed in the early XX century in line with the Western European cultural tradition and was originally used as one of the characteristics of the rational foundations of the spiritual life of society. This concept testified to the difference between the nature and sources of thinking that existed in society. Depending on the existing mentality, the social community - the class, the people, the nation and others - have a certain susceptibility to this or that type of ideology, cultural norms, etc.

We see the prospect of further research in the study and analysis of national and regional specificities of verbal communication.

References

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2. Rusanivskyy, V. M., Yermolenko, S. YA. (1978). Zhyttya slova [Life of the word]. - Kyiv, 189 p.

3. Rusanivskyy, V. M. (1993). Yedynyy movno-obraznyy prostir ukrayinskoyi mentalnosti [The only linguistic-shaped space of the Ukrainian mentality]. Linguistics. - № 6. - pp. 3-12.

4. Yermolenko, S. YA., Dzyubyshyna-Melnyk, N. YA., Lenets, K. V. (1990). Kultura ukrayinskoyi movy: Dovidnyk [The Culture of the Ukrainian Language: A Handbook]. - Kyiv, 302 p.

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7. Ponomariv, O. (2001). Kultura slova: Movnostylistychni porady [Culture of the word: Linguistic tips]. - Kyiv, 240 p.

8. Etnopsikholingvistika [Ethnopsycholinguistics] (1988). - M., pp. 91-97.

9. Radevych-Vynnytskyy, YA. (2006). Etyket i kultura spilkuvannya [Etiquette and culture of communication]. - Kyiv, 291 p.

10. Shevchuk, S. V., Klymenko, I. V. (2011). Ukrayinska mova za profesiynym spryamuvannyam [The Ukrainian language by professional direction]. - Kyiv, 695 p.

11. Marden, O. (1996). Volya y uspikh [Will and Success]: Per. from English. - Drohobych, 104 p.

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