Intertextuality as Translation Problem: Explicitness, Recognisability and the Case of "Literatures of Smaller Nations"
Intertextuality and openness of reference a factor influencing the selection of texts for translation. Characteristics of the issue of translation of intertextual markers in literature, with a special emphasis on Polish poetry in English renditions.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 24.03.2021 |
| Размер файла | 41,8 K |
Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже
Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.
The aim of the paper has been to stress the difficulties inherent to any translation from Polish into English rather than to demonstrate spectacular achievements in overcoming the resistance. Nonetheless, I believe that a successful translation of intertexts is possible if the translator construes his role as levelling the differences in erudition between the primary and the secondary recipients, as formulated by Wojtasiewicz (1957: 77--79, see beginning of section 4 above).
The recognisability of intertextual signals naturally changes under translation -- by and large decreases (unless in special circumstances which are outside the scope of the present study). This is why literal renditions of intertexts as a rule prove incommunicative. However, recognisability interlocks with the degree of openness of reference. The latter has proved important not only for the translators' interpretation of the source text, but also for the target recipients' perception. Thus, interventions enhancing the target recognisability may consist in raising the level of explicitness.
Doing so requires caution: modifications must respect the poetics of the author and the integrity of the text. An allusion spelled out is no longer an allusion and hence perhaps the unwillingness of some translators to do so. Moreover, the strategies of explicitation are dependent on the text type (e.g. prose vs. poetry) as well as on the projected reader and the context of publication.
It is worth summarising how the resistance to translation is overcome in terms of the two aspects studied in the paper. Czerniawski, by adding inverted commas in Rozewicz's poem, compensates low recognisability with higher openness and takes care that the intertext does not go unnoticed as an intertext. With Norwid, however, the same level of openness is maintained: covert -- covert. The translation solution cannot, then, count as explicitation, but rather explication (M.A. Michael suggests in what way the wheelwrights were transformed). In “Ursula, the Poet's Daughter” implicitation (specific surname omitted) curiously enough serves explication, which additionally relies on the co-presence of context (parallel original title) and/or an explicitation technique (note).
Anna Majkiewicz stipulates that translating texts which dialogue with other texts entails an exoticising approach (2008: 178--179). Furthermore, if recognisability naturally decreases in a target cultural context, then a translation that respects intertextuality could be expected to actively enhance explicitness (cf. Majkiewicz 2008: 306). Taken together, the two premises could suggest a correlation between explicitation and exoticisation (and the reverse, between implicitation and domestication). Interestingly, our examples in section 4 challenge such a deduction -- as summarised in Table 2 below. Admittedly, eliminating markers or implicitating an intertextual relation (as happens in Lesmian's “Urszula Kochanowska” rendered by Mikos) correspond with a naturalising effect. However, Rozewicz's “Batory at Pskov” would have been for an English reader equally exotic without inverted commas as it is with them, with and without the king's Christian name; the raised explicitness does not enhance the foreign flavour. In turn, “Ursula, the Poet's Daughter” may feel naturalised/neutralised as compared with “Urszula Kochanowska”, but Polak-Chlabicz's solution to Lesmian's title is in pragmatic terms more explicit for the target reader and ultimately does suggest a path to the right archetext. As for Norwid, Michael's translation to which I draw attention carries a covert marker and yet has been classified by Brajerska-Mazur (2003: 40) as an indicator of the text's strangeness/foreignness (obcosc).
Consequently, the surveyed material suggests that there is no straightforward mapping between expliritation/implicitation techniques and the polarised foreignisation/domestication pair of strategies.
Table 3. Mapping explicitation/implicitation on foreignisation/domestication
|
Example (location in the paper) |
level of openness of reference in the original |
treatment of openness of reference in translation |
the foreign quality of the target text |
|
|
non-selection for translation (4.1) |
elementary, explicit |
(elimination) |
Naturalisation (of the author's oeuvre in the target culture) |
|
|
Czarnolas "our house", etc. (4.2) |
explicit |
implicitation |
naturalisation |
|
|
"Stefan Batory at Pskov" (4.3) |
implicit |
explicitation |
neutral move (foreignness not due to raised openness) |
|
|
"Ursula, the Poet's Daughter" (4.3) |
explicit |
implicitation |
neutralised / naturalised |
|
|
"wheelrights, whom god had called to greatness" (4.3) |
covert |
level of openness preserved: covert marker |
foreignization |
Finally, if facilitating the intertextual reading turns out to be impossible or inadvisable for some reason, the minimal requirement from a translation is retaining the markers (cf. Majkiewicz 2008). Eliminating, distorting or hiding (by neutralising or by removing quotes) intertextual signals as a rule impoverishes the text under translation instead of making it more universal. On the contrary, even an illegible marker may signal the presence of an intertextual relation -- after all, incohesion is a defining feature of implicit intertextuality. It should be stressed that by “illegible” I mean a marker that cannot be readily deciphered but ultimately does have a meaning, recoverable with some effort on the part of an inquiring reader. Such markers will tend to result from a strategic move of a competent and conscious translator, not from a sloppy or uncomprehending word-for-word rendition. Reluctance to do all the thinking for the readers is not the same as shifting to the recipients the whole responsibility for interpretation.
References
1. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1907/1971). Piesn o starym zeglarzu [orig.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]:Czsc pierwsza [Part One]. Transl. Jan Kasprowicz. In: Poeci jzyka angielskiego [Poets of the English language], vol. 2. Ed. Henryk Krzeczkowski, Jerzy S. Sito, Juliusz Zuiawski. Warszawa: Panstwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, pp. 224--226. (Originally published in:Poeci angielscy. Wyborpoezyi [English poets: a selection of verse], transl. Jan Kasprowicz, Lwow: Ksigarnia H. Altenberga, 1907).
2. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1963). Rymy o sfdziwym marynarzu [orig.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]. Transl. Stanisiaw Krynski. In: Angielscy “Poeci Jezior” [The English “Lake Poets”]: W. Wordsworth, S.T. Coleridge, R. Southey. Ed., transl. and annotated by Stanisiaw Krynski. Wrociaw: Ossolineum, pp. 259--287.
3. Kochanowski, Jan (1995a). Laments [orig. Treny]. Transl. Seamus Heaney, Stanislaw Baranczak. London -- Boston: Faber & Faber.
4. Kochanowski, Jan (1995b). “On my House at Czarnolas” [orig.“Na dom w Czarnolesie”] Transl. Michael J. Mikos. In: Polish Renaissance Literature.An Anthology. Ed. Michael J. Mikos. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers, p. 163.
5. Lesmian, Boleslaw (2000). Poezje zebrane [Collected poems]. Ed. Aleksander Madyda. Torun: Algo. Lesmian, Boleslaw (2003). “Ursula Kochanowska” [orig.“Urszula Kochanowska”]. Transl. collective. In: Warsztaty translatorskie / Workshop on Translation, vol. III. Ed. Richard Sokoloski, Henryk Duda, Konrad Klimkowski. Lublin -- Ottawa: Tow. Naukowe KUL -- Slavic Research Group University of Ottawa, pp. 18, 20.
6. Lesmian, Boleslaw (2006). “Ursula Kochanowska” [orig.“Urszula Kochanowska”]. Transl. Michael J. Mikos. In: Polish Literature from 1864 to 1918: Realism and Young Poland. An Anthology. Ed. Michael J. Mikos. Bloomington, IN: Slavica Publishers, p. 300.
7. Lesmian, Boleslaw (2011). “Ursula, the Poet's Daughter” [orig.“Urszula Kochanowska”]. In: B. Lesmian, 33 of the Most Beatuful Love Poems / 33 najpiqkniejsze wiersze mitosne, Selected and transl. Marian Polak-Chlabicz. New York: Penumbra, p. 121.
8. Lesmian, Boleslaw (2017). “Ursula, a Poet's Daughter” [orig.“Urszula Kochanowska”]. In: B. Lesmian, Beyond the Beyond. Poems in Polish and English. Selected and transl. Marian Polak-Chlabicz. New York: Penumbra, p. 53, 55.
9. MacDonald, George (1891). There and Back. Retrieved from Project Gutenberg:<http://www.gutenberg.org/files/8879/8879-h/8879-h.htm> [30th Aug 2018].
10. MacDonald, George (1986). The Baron's Apprenticeship. Ed. Michael R. Phillips. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House.
11. MacDonald, George (1995). Tajemnica Sir Wiltona [orig. The Baron's Apprenticeship]. Transl. Jolanta Bartosik. Warszawa: Krzysztof Bartosik.
12. Milosz, Czeslaw (1996). Poezje wybrane /Selected Poems. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Literackie.
13. Norwid, Cyprian Kamil (1984). “Chopin's Piano” [orig.“Fortepian Szopena”]. Transl. Keith Bosley. Comparative Criticism, no. 6. Ed. E. S. Schaffer, Cambridge. Reprinted at and retrieved from: <http://www.brindinpress.com/ponorfor.htm> [13th Aug 2018].
14. Norwid, Cyprian Kamil (1996). “Fortepian Szopena.” In: Cyprian Norwid. Nowy wyborpoezji [A new selection of poems]. Ed. Juliusz Wiktor Gomulicki. Warszawa: Panstwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, pp. 330--333.
15. Rozewicz, Tadeusz (1991). They Came to See a Poet: Selected Poems. Transl. Adam Czerniawski. London: Anvil Press Poetry.
16. Rozewicz, Tadeusz (1998). Napowierzchnipoematu i w srodku [On the surface of the poem and inside it]. Warszawa: Czytelnik.
17. Tuwim, Julian (1968). “The Czarnolas Matter” [orig.“Rzecz czarnoleska”]. In: “The Dancing Socrates ” and Other Poems by Julian Tuwim. Selected and transl. Adam Gillon. New York: Twayne Publishers, p. 34.
18. Милош, Чеслав (1993). Так мало и другие стихотворения, 1934--1990.Ed. Андрей Базилевский. Москва: Вахазар. // Milosh, Cheslav (1993). Tak malo i drugie stikhotvoreniya, 1934--1990 [“So little” and other poems]. Ed. Andrei Bazilevsky. Moskva: Vakhazar.
19. Anderson, Sandra, et al. (eds) (2004), Collins English Dictionary. 8th edition, Glasgow: Harper Collins.
20. Beeby Lonsday, Allison (1998). “Direction of Translation”. In: Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Ed. Mona Baker, Kirsten Malmkjsr. London -- New York: Routledge, pp. 63--67.
21. Bolecki, Wlodzimierz (1991). Pre-teksty i teksty.Z zagadnien zwiqzkфw miзdzytekstowych w literaturze polskiej XX wieku [Pre-texts and texts. Issues in intertextual relations in the Polish 20th-cent. literature]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
22. Brajerska-Mazur, Agata (2003). “Trzy poziomy trudnosci w przekladzie z jзzyka [polskiego] na jзzyk [angielski]” [Three levels of difficulty in translating from Polish into English]. In: Warsztaty translatorskie / Workshop on Translation, vol. III. Ed. Richard Sokoloski, Henryk Duda, Konrad Klimkowski. Lublin -- Ottawa: Tow. Naukowe KUL -- Slavic Research Group University of Ottawa, pp. 31--50.
23. Eco, Umberto (2004). Dire quasi la stessa cosa. Esperienze di traduzione. Milano: Bompiani.
24. Even-Zohar, Itamar (1978/2000). “The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem”. In: The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London -- New York: Routledge, pp. 192--197.
25. Genette, Gйrard (1982). Palimpsestes. La littйrature au second degrй. Paris: Seuil.
26. Jakobson, Roman (1959/2000). “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”. In: The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London -- New York: Routledge, pp. 113--118.
27. Jenny, Laurent (1976). “La Stratйgie de la forme”. Poйtique 27, pp. 257--283.
28. Kazmierczak, Marta (2012). Przekiad w krзgu intertekstualnosci. Na materiale tlumaczen poezji Boleslawa Lesmiana [Translation in the domain of intertextuality: A survey based on Boleslaw Lesmian's poetry and its translations]. Warszawa: ILS UW.
29. Klaudy, Kinga (2009). “Explicitation”. In: Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Second edition. Ed. Mona Baker, Gabriela Saldanha. London -- New York: Routledge, pp. 104--108.
30. Kristeva, Julia (1969). “Le mot, le dialogue et le roman”. In: Sйmйiфtikй: recherches pour une sйmanalyse. Paris: Edition du Seuil, pp. 143--173.
31. Leppihalme, Ritva (1997). Culture Bumps: An Empirical Approach to the Translation of Allusions. Clevedon -- Philadelphia -- Toronto -- Sydney -- Johannesburg: Multilingual Matters.
32. Majkiewicz, Anna (2008). Intertekstualnosc -- implikacje dla teoriiprzekladu. Wczesna proza Elfriede Jelinek [Intertextuality -- implications for translation theory. Early prose works of Elfriede Jelinek]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
33. Milosz, Czeslaw (1969/1983). The History of Polish Literature. Berkeley -- Los Angeles -- London: University of California Press, 2nd ed.
34. Nycz, Ryszard (2000). Tekstowy swiat.Poststrukturalizm i wiedza o literaturze [The world of text(s).Poststructuralism and literary studies]. Krakow: Universitas, 2nd ed.
35. Pieszczachowicz, Jan (1991). Pegaz na rozdrozu. Szkice o poezji wspфlczesnej[Pegasus on the crossroads: Essays on contemporary poetry]. Lodz: Wydawnictwo Lфdzkie.
36. Ricoeur, Paul (2006). On Translation [orig. Sur la traduction, 2004]. Transl. Eileen Brennan. Introd. R. Kearney. London -- New York: Routledge.
37. Wang, Hui (2009). “Postcolonial approaches”. In: Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Second edition. Ed. Mona Baker, Gabriela Saldanha. London -- New York: Routledge, pp. 200--204.
38. Wojtasiewicz, Olgierd (1957). Wstзp do teorii tlumaczenia [Introduction to the theory of translation]. Wroclaw -- Warszawa: Ossolineum.
39. Денисова, Галина В. (2003). В мире интертекста.Язык, память, перевод. Москва: Азбуковник // Denisova, Galina V. (2003). V mire interteksta. Yazyk, pamyat', perevod [In the world of intertext. Language, memory, translation]. Moskva: Azbukovnik.
Размещено на Allbest.ru
...Подобные документы
What is poetry. What distinguishes poetry from all other documents submitted in writing. Poetical translation. The verse-translation. Philological translation. The underline translation. Ensuring spiritual contact between the author and the reader.
курсовая работа [38,1 K], добавлен 27.04.2013The characteristics of audiovisual translation, of intertextuality and related notions of intertextuality, vertical context. Functions of allusions. The use of dubbing. The reproduction of allusions in the translation of the film "The brothers Grimm".
курсовая работа [46,0 K], добавлен 06.12.2015Types of translation theory. Definition of equivalence in translation, the different concept; formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence. The usage of different levels of translation in literature texts. Examples translation of newspaper texts.
курсовая работа [37,6 K], добавлен 14.03.2013Consideration of the problem of the translation of the texts of the maritime industry. An analysis of modern English marine terms, the peculiarities of the use of these techniques in the translation of marine concepts from English into Ukrainian.
статья [37,5 K], добавлен 24.04.2018Primary aim of translation. Difficulties in of political literature. Grammatical, lexical and stylistic difficulties of translation. The difficulty of translation of set phrases and idioms. The practice in the translation agency "Translators group".
курсовая работа [77,5 K], добавлен 04.07.2015Studying the translation methods of political literature and political terms, their types and ways of their translation. The translation approach to political literature, investigating grammatical, lexical, stylistic and phraseological difficulties.
дипломная работа [68,5 K], добавлен 21.07.2009A brief and general review of translation theory. Ambiguity of the process of translation. Alliteration in poetry and in rhetoric. Definitions and main specifications of stylistic devices. The problems of literary translation from English into Kazakh.
курсовая работа [34,6 K], добавлен 25.02.2014Translation is a means of interlingual communication. Translation theory. A brief history of translation. Main types of translation. Characteristic fiatures of oral translation. Problems of oral translation. Note-taking in consecutive translation.
курсовая работа [678,9 K], добавлен 01.09.2008Analysis the machine translation failures, the completeness, accuracy and adequacy translation. Studying the equivalence levels theory, lexical and grammatical transformations. Characteristic of modern, tradition types of poetry and literary translation.
методичка [463,5 K], добавлен 18.01.2012The history of translation studies in ancient times, and it's development in the Middle Ages. Principles of translation into Greek, the texts of world's religions. Professional associations of translators. The technology and terminology translation.
дипломная работа [640,7 K], добавлен 13.06.2013The lessons of reading and translation of different texts and word-combinations into Ukrainian. The most frequently used expressions with the verbs to be, to have and sentences with them. Reading and translation the dialogue used in the usual speech.
учебное пособие [89,2 K], добавлен 25.03.2010Dialectics of national coloring in the translation. Coloring and erasure of coloring. Analogisms and anachronisms. The level of translated literature, the quality of translation also assists to the development of national beginning in the literature.
реферат [24,3 K], добавлен 11.12.2002Analyze the term "proper name". The problem of defining a proper name of television and his role in our life. The approaches to the translation of this phenomenon. Classification of proper names. English titles of films and their translation into Russian.
курсовая работа [31,9 K], добавлен 27.06.2011Investigation of the process of translation and its approaches. Lexical Transformations, the causes and characteristics of transformation; semantic changes. The use of generic terms in the English language for description specific objects or actions.
курсовая работа [38,0 K], добавлен 12.06.2015Concept, essence, aspects, methods and forms of oral translation. Current machine translation software, his significance, types and examples. The nature of translation and human language. The visibility of audiovisual translation - subtitling and dubbing.
реферат [68,3 K], добавлен 15.11.2009Translation has a polysemantic nature. Translation as a notion and subject. The importance of translating and interpreting in modern society. Translation in teaching of foreign languages. Descriptive and Antonymic Translating: concept and value.
реферат [26,9 K], добавлен 05.08.2010Peculiarities of asyndetic noun clusters in economic texts. Specific to translation of asyndetic noun clusters as the specific kind of the word from English into Ukrainian. Transformations, applied to asyndetic noun clusters in the process of translation.
презентация [22,5 K], добавлен 06.12.2015The process of translation, its main stages. Measuring success in translation, its principles. Importance of adequacy in translation, cognitive basis and linguistics. Aspects of cognition. Historical article and metaphors, especially their transfer.
курсовая работа [48,6 K], добавлен 24.03.2013To determine the adequacy of the translation model, from difficulties in headline trаnslаtion of music articles. Identification peculiarities of english music press headlines. Translation analysis of music press headlines from english into russian.
дипломная работа [602,6 K], добавлен 05.07.2011Translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions. Cultural Consideration in Translation. General cultural implications for translation. Cultural categories and references; lexical function.
курсовая работа [29,6 K], добавлен 18.06.2014
