Англоязычные газетные заголовки онлайн как явление медиалингвистики (опыт лингвистического описания)

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Англоязычные газетные заголовки онлайн как явление медиалингвистики (опыт лингвистического описания)

Красина Елена Александровна

Доктор филологических наук, профессор

Кафедра общего и русского языкознания, филологический факультет, Российский университет дружбы народов Российская Федерация, г. Москва

Мунья Саудкия

Аспирант

Кафедра общего и русского языкознания, филологический факультет, Российский университет дружбы народов, Российская Федерация, г. Москва

Аннотация

Широкое распространение и стремительное развитие информационных технологий дало возможность таким современным средствам массовой коммуникации, как онлайн публикации и каналы аудио- и видеовещания, выполнять функции наиболее важных инструментов, осуществляющих и стимулирующих передачу разнообразной информации, трансляцию новостей и освещение событий, делая их доступными здесь и сейчас для любого адресата и гарантируя быстрый доступ к информации, независимо от времени и места действия. С лингвистической точки зрения, средства массовой информации играют существенную роль в исследовании языка, поскольку, с одной стороны, они являются источником языкового материала, языковых данных, а с другой, - язык масс-медиа явно отличается от современного нормированного литературного языка. В исследованиях в области прикладной лингвистики, социолингвистики и журналистики многие специалисты проявляют серьезный интерес к языку медиа в широком понимании, так как в первую очередь, средства массовой информации рассматриваются как доступный источник языкового материала с целью исследования и объяснения различных лингвистических феноменов, что способствует разработке адекватных методов обучения языку. Именно поэтому изучение языка средств массовой информации делает очевидным тот факт, что лингвистические нормы более не объективируются в сфере литературного, книжного текста, а скорее формируются в языке медиа.

Как полагают, заголовок газетной статьи является её наиболее важным компонентом, и он должен быть сформулирован таким образом, чтобы привлечь адресата-читателя, заинтересовать его и побудить прочитать всю статью до конца. газета аллитерация лексический

Настоящая статья позволяет выявить специфику использования языка онлайн газеты, фокусируя внимание на онлайн газетных заголовках, их языковых и структурных особенностях, в частности, фонетической аллитерации, трансформации лексических значений, эллиптических синтаксических конструкциях, особенностях грамматических средств и организации порядка слов, включая и стилистические приемы, что способствует повышению эмоционально-экспрессивного воздействия на адресата-читателя. Изучение лингвистических характеристик заголовков на материале ряда онлайн источников позволяет заключить, что используются более подвижные, гибкие языковые структуры и разрушаются известные лингвистические нормы и правила порядка слов.

Это наиболее существенные факторы, которые фокусируют внимание современных лингвистов на языке медиа и быстро развивающихся, изменяющих свою природу средств массовой информации при переходе к новым информационным технологиям Интернета.

Ключевые слова. Язык масс-медиа, онлайн газетные заголовки, стилистические приемы, грамматические средства, аранжировка порядка слов, заголовок именной структуры, заголовок глагольной структуры.

ONLINE ENGLISH NEWSPAPER HEADLINES AS MEDIA LINGUISTICS PHENOMENON (AN ATTEMPT OF LINGUISTIC DESCRIPTION)

Elena A. Krasina

Doct. habil. of Philology, Full Professor

Department of General and Russian Linguistics, Philological Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Russian Federation

Mounya Souadkia

PhD Student

Department of General and Russian Linguistics, Philological Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Russian Federation,

Abstract. From the point of view of linguistics, mass media play an important role in studies of the language, since, on the one hand, they are a rich source of language material and data, and on the other hand, the language used by mass media does not comply with the current norms of the literary language. Studying and explaining various linguistic phenomena adds to development of efficient language teaching methods. All this determines the topicality of the research.

The newspaper article headline is considered its most significant element, and thus, its wording is to be aimed at attracting the target reader's attention, making them interested, and encouraging them to read the whole article. Therefore, the authors choose to focus this study on online newspaper headlines, their linguistic and structural features, particularly, phonetic alliteration, transformation of lexical units, elliptical structures, grammatical means and word order, as well as stylistic devices, which help to strengthen emotional impact on the reader. The outcome of the study shows that newspaper headlines feature more mobile and flexible language structures than the standard language, and do not comply with the linguistic norms and rules of word order.

Keywords. Language of mass media, online newspaper headlines, stylistic devices, grammatical means, word ordering, nominal headline, verbal headline.

Introduction

For the past three decades, the world has witnessed an emergence of new communication technologies serving to an outstanding advancement in mass media. These significant changes have had a massive influence on language use and its functions. The development of traditional media such as press, radio and television, and the widespread, actually worldwide development of the Internet and social media networks lead to major changes in modern language. Nowadays, a large proportion of everyday language - both text and speech, is happening in the media: 24 hours news channels, various TV channels and online broadcasting, verbal interaction in social media networks, online newspapers, and all these new changes have paved the way for linguists, sociologists and journalists to analyze and study language development and change. Therefore, during the second half of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, an increase in the IT field developments has resulted in academic research focusing on various features of language used in the media, e.g., unique characteristics of the news and newspaper texts, the language used in Internet blogs and social media networks. Furthermore, the freshly discovered area of language study grabbed the attention of many scholars specialized in different branches of linguistics: sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive sciences, discourse analysis and so on, nevertheless, only around the year of 2000 a new branch of linguistics emerged and is known as media linguistics for the purpose of studying and analyzing the language of the media [1]. Additionally, in his definition of media linguistics, Ulrich Schmitz says: "Media linguistics studies how language is used in the media" [2, p. 9]. As to this quotation, one might say that the scope of media linguistics is primarily the study of how language is used in real communicative live situations.

In course of precisely applied linguistics, sociolinguistics and journalism, in those fields of study many experts have been interested in studying the language, commonly known as media language, due to the fact that, firstly, the media is considered as a simply reachable source of linguistic materials beneficial for investigating and explaining various linguistic phenomena that can also help in developing proper teaching methods. Secondly, it is important to point out that the product of media reflects the language that we perceive and recognize on a daily basis. Moreover, in any speech community, the media reveals the language used by people, which could be helpful for foreign or second language learners where the media language is seen as the primary and perhaps the only source of exposure to native language. Thirdly, the media use language in ways that are believed to be remarkable from a linguistic standpoint, i.e. this includes the use of a variety of dialects and language variations found especially in advertising, or tabloid newspapers reflecting speech habits of readers, as well as language specifics of radio broadcast to create their own "visual" representations for anonymous audiences. Fourthly, the media are considered to be significant social organizations as they used to represent current tends of culture, politics, and social life, forming and revealing how these are shaped and conveyed [3, p. 23]. So, the study of media language makes transparent the idea that linguistic norms no longer belong to the literary written text sphere, but rather are formed within media language.

Every day a large number of people all over the world read newspapers in an attempt to receive fresh updates on events that are happening in society in different parts of the world. As is known, every newspaper headline of an article is the main title used to grab the attention of readers and capture their interest whether to read further the article or not; it is usually the first thing a reader notices before turning to the details of the newspaper story [4, p. 9]. Thus, the current study aims at investigating the influence of linguistic means and resources upon online newspaper headlines, as well as analyzing the key linguistic features of these headlines, their syntactic organization in terms of the word-order structures, and the basic structure of the study is a simple affirmative English sentence. A variety of examples are selected from different online newspapers, especially the well-known British broadsheets such as The Independent, The Guardian, and The Telegraph in order to illustrate linguistic impact on headline structures.

Headline linguistic features

In "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language" [5], David Crystal argues that the language used in our present- day newspapers and magazines differs greatly from the language analyzed in other fields of language study, in the sense that due the nature of the reporting style found in newspapers or magazines, certain important keys must be taken into consideration; those mainly concern pressures of time and space. On the one hand, information or stories must be compressed into a confined space, often in columns. In newspapers, the attention of readers must be grabbed and maintained by using large type, dramatic headlines, short paragraphs, and laconic sentences, i.e. grammar and vocabulary have to be chosen carefully in the formation of paragraphs, news reports and most significantly headlines due to the fact that headlines are considered the most important elements in a newspaper. Headlines can be defined as "the titles of a newspaper article printed in large letters" [6, p. 83]. D. Crystal believes that the majority of headlines is not similar to everyday language through the omission of words that are less important in a sentence in order to create so called "telegrammatic structure", as well as a limited number of sentence structures are useful [7].

As is widely known, the key objective of a headline is to capture and maintain the readers' interest therefore a variety of stylistic tools must be applied to ensure the effectiveness of such headlines. For that reason, today's newspapers tend to create headlines that transmit what must be said through the use of as few words as possible. It is apparent that headlines are often perceived as a summary of a newspaper article, but nevertheless, from a linguistic point of view this function seems rather narrow and needs a more accurate discrimination: linguists think that a headline does not only summarize, but also on some occasions, emphasizes or quotes an article. To highlight the main functions of the headline, J. Morley points out the following five key functions of headlines:

- to grab and maintain the attention of the readers;

- to sum up the subject matter of the article;

- to show the writer's attitude towards the story;

- to point out the article's register;

- to present the focus of the article [8, p. 31]:

From these five functions of newspaper headlines mentioned above, it is necessary to indicate that they focus not only on summarizing the content of the article, but also put more emphasis on attracting the attention and maintaining the interest of readers, i.e. the correct use of these functions allows readers to have a quick view of the news and events and that helps them save time through checking such eye-catching through informative headlines. Yet, sometimes readers find difficulties in understanding newspaper headlines because they can't easily decipher abbreviations, accept non-observance of grammatical rules and structures, and understanding the ambiguity of elliptical, incomplete sentences which are typical characteristics of newspaper headlines. The following examples illustrate some types of these headlines:

Burglars broke into MP's home as she slept then drove off in her car (Metro, November 11,2019).1

The headline above contains `MP abbreviation for Member of Parliament, and it could be confusing for readers who are not familiar with it, or deciphering MP as "Municipal Police//Military Police(man)" which causes misunderstanding and the following lack of interest or motivation to get the story in full.

Love Island's Jourdan Riane and Danny Williams reunite after split as they party in LA (Metro, November 11,2019).URL:https://metro.co.uk/2019/11/11/ burglars-broke-mps-home-slept-drove-off- car-11078014/. URL:https://metro.co.uk/2019/11/11/

love-islands-jourdan-riane-danny-williams-re- unite-split-party-la-11078179/.