English loans in the Ukrainian youth slang

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English loans in the ukrainian youth slang

Tetiana Leleka

Kropyvnytskyi, Ukraine

Анотація

Лелека Тетяна «АНГЛІЙСЬКІ ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ МОЛОДІЖНОМУ СЛЕНГУ». У статті розглядаються особливості використання англійських запозичень у сучасному українському молодіжному сленгу. Виявлено тенденції розвитку сучасної української мови на початку ХХІ століття та проаналізована роль запозичень у процесі мовної глобалізації. У роботі подано результати соціолінгвістичного дослідження мовних явищ з метою виявлення особливостей їх використання. Молодіжний сленг являє собою певний мовний прошарок, у якому відбиваються мовні інновації. Молоді люди віком від 16 до 23 років приймали участь в експерименті, пов 'язаному з тенденцією використання англійських запозичень, які мають відповідники в українські мові та не мають питомих еквівалентів. За основну гіпотезу було прийняте положення про інтернаціоналізацію англійської мови в сучасному міжнародному мовному просторі. Результати дослідження підтвердили зазначене положення. Англійські запозичення використовуються у молодіжному сленгу не лише, тоді, коли не мають однослівних питомих слів, але й замінюють питомі відповідники, що обумовлено мовними та позамовними факторами.

Ключові слова: запозичення, мовна глобалізація, молодіжний сленг, соціолінгвістичний експеримент, інтернаціоналізація мови.

Abstract

LELEKA Tetiana «ENGLISH LOANS IN THE UKRAINIAN YOUTH SLANG». The article deals with the peculiarities of the English loans use in the modern Ukrainian youth slang. The tendencies of the Ukrainian language development at the beginning of the XXI century, the role of the English loanwords in the process of language globalisation are analysed. Changes in any language are activated by social processes. Modern conditions of the society development are a potential catalyst for the natural language changes, which accelerate their dynamics and make them more significant and noticeable. The youth slang is a certain language layer, which reflects its innovations. The article represents a comprehensive description of the youth slang, as one of the subsystems of the modern Ukrainian languge, the reasons of its occurrence and use. The youth slang is an integral part of any language that is considered to be more comprehensive and up-to-date. The paper presents the results of sociolinguistic research in order to identify the pecularities of the loanwords use. Fifty young people at the age of 16-23 have taken part in the experiment to determine the tendency of the English loanwords use.

They have participated in a survey, where they had to determine the frequency of the English loanwords use, which have and do not have one-word equivalents in the Ukrainian language. The results have shown that the most part of the respondents use loanwords in their speech. It can be explained by linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The main hypothesis is the statement about the internationalisation of the English language in the modern language space. The results of the study have confirmed this position. The English loanwords are very popular with the youth. Most of them do not have the one-word Ukrainian equivalents and their use can be explained by the factor of language resources economy. However the significant tendency is that the English loanwords are frequently used in the Ukrainian slang. This process is connected with the phenomena of the English language globalisation.

Key words: loanword, language globalisation, youth slang, sociolinguistic experiment, language internationalisation.

Introduction

The study of language contacts has been and remains extremely relevant in theoretical and practical linguistics, as evidenced by a large number of general theoretical works and comparative descriptions in Ukrainian and foreign linguistics.

The changing world reality motivates changing perceptions which then leads to the changing mission of language. This area of study is no longer the subject of language diffusion or distribution, but the study of language of mobility (Cheshire, 2016: 70).

English is the dominant language in the world. New English loanwords are constantly penetrating into the Ukrainian language. The changes in the Ukrainian language at the beginning of the 21st century are activated by social processes. Modern conditions of the development of society are a potential catalyst for natural language changes, which accelerate their dynamics and makes them more significant and noticeable for society and language personality. Intercultural communication caused by socio-political changes has become the main factor in the development of language contacts and the appearance of foreign language words in the Ukrainian language (Masenko, 2007: 10).

Literature review

The World Wide Web, social networks, international connections, technology, the international market, cultural events have strong influence on the changes taking place in the Ukrainian language (Masenko, 2007: 11).

Recently, the attention of scholars has been focused on the study of lexical loanwords from the English language (Azhniuk, 2008). The popularity of the loanwords depends on the frequency and scope of use, the lack of appropriate replacement of lexical units. The modern language and changes in it can be compared with soup, because now there is a mixture of styles, and with this comes absolute permissiveness in the use of a variety of stylistic coloring words (Kyuchukov, 2004: 156). The role of media in the modern world is an interesting fact about the spread of English and the evolution of media-bound varieties of language (Hjarvard, 2003: 78). Age-specific use of language refers to the first approach, with generation-specific use of language reserved for the latter. The distinction has been an important one in the analysis of language change (Cheshire, 2006: 69).

Despite a large amount of research, there are still questions regarding the influence of youth slang on the literary language.

The notion of English as the global language reflects a completely new phenomenon, even though many researchers use the English language for international communication. Globalisation is readily increasing in today's world. This increase has many effects on language, both positive and negative. These effects on language in turn affect the culture of the language in many ways (Krongauz, 2005: 138). Interaction of languages refers to such phenomena, where linguistic, psychological, social, ethno-historical and other factors are interrelated. It is especially important to reveal the significance of various factors of the linguistic and extra-linguistic order in one or another case of the interaction of languages.

Some linguists speak of language genocide and point accusing fingers at globalisation. Rather than speaking of extinction, which connotes a natural and perhaps inevitable process, they use a term signifying “mass murder” to point out the societal and premeditated nature of the phenomenon. When languages die out, it is the consequence of the workings of specific institutions. Among the principal perpetrators of this linguistic (and cultural) genocide are formal education and mass media, and behind them are economic and political actors on a macro-level (Phillipson 1991: 112).

Interest in the linguistic aspect to globalisation process has recently increased. The term language globalisation means active processes of interpenetration of languages with an increase in the number of Anglo-Americanisms in the languages of the world (Leleka, 2013: 86).

Language is changing into a simpler, faster communication mode that fits with the electronic communication methods and dissemination of information. Facebook English, SMS English are getting popularised among the new generation, especially because it is free of many complicated grammar rules and spelling rules, thereby people can easily grasp it and they will like it (Hjarvard, 2003: 78).

The interest of scholars in linguistic internationalisation is largely due to the development of language contacts and interethnic relations. Some scientists, connect the concepts of globalisation and internationalisation, emphasising that globalisation is a new stage in the internationalisation of all the aspects of social life (Swann, 2002).

Relevance and aims

The openness of loanwords problems in Ukrainian linguistics is explained by different positions of scientists in understanding their role in the formation of the lexical system of language. The necessity of loan in any language system is evidenced by the fact that there is no pure language in the world. It is considered appropriate to accept loan as a necessary element of language development.

The accumulation of the loanwords in any language is studied, on the one hand, as the expansion of language capabilities, on the other - as its clogging. Despite different approaches to this problem, linguists agree that the study of linguistic contacts and their results can reveal not only the features of the construction of the language system, but also the features of the communicative implementation of language, its role in human life (Azhniuk, 2008: 195).

The purpose of this work is to explain the influence of English on the language of young Ukrainian-speakers.

To achieve the designated goal, the research set the following tasks a) to analyse the modern Ukrainian language development, b) to explain the use of the loanwords in the Ukrainian youth slang, c) to determine the peculiarities of the use of English loanwords in the youth slang, which have and do not have the Ukrainian equivalents.

The main hypothesis of the study is the wide use of English loanwords in the Ukrainian language, especially in youth slang. Their actions have resulted in significant linguistic institutionalisation and rapidly expanding the number of speakers, some of whom form a new speaker community (Masenko, 2007: 10).

Results

Globalisation changes communicational, cultural and other connections and relations in society, social reality can rightfully be considered a harbinger of a new era. There is a gradual transition from a disintegrated world to a global one. The transformations in the society are so significant that they give grounds to consider this transition as the formation of a megacommunity, the movement from prehistory to the true history of mankind (Leleka, 2013). In our opinion, one of the leading factors of globalisation is language globalisation, expressed in the significant growth of people who are fluent in one or several foreign languages, which became possible due to the development of population mobility, the implementation of global international educational programmes.

The key features of globalisation are mobility and interconnectedness. Mobility of goods, services, and people necessarily involves the discourse, manifested in flows of representations and narratives (Cheshire, 2006: 79).

Modern sociolinguistics is characterised by a tendency to study interlingual communication as a source of loanwords in different languages. The loanword is a linguistic universality, an essential property, an important characteristic, available in all languages or in most of them (Masenko, 2007: 11).

Interaction of languages refers to such phenomena, where it is especially important to reveal the significance of various factors of the linguistic and extra-linguistic order in one or another case of the interaction of languages.

Numerous studies on the interaction of cultures suggest that the content and results of intercultural contacts are largely dependent on the ability of participants to understand each other and reach agreement, which is mainly determined by the ethnic culture of each of the interacting parties, the psychology of people's dominant in a certain culture of values. The crucial role in the processes of interaction of cultures acquires a change in the states, qualities, spheres of activity, values of one or another culture, the creation of new forms of cultural activity, spirit the landmarks and signs of a way of life of people under the influence of external impulses. The process of interaction between cultures is, as a rule, a long-term phenomenon (Leleka 2013).

English has to work more and more as a border language. This is due to the fact that while language can build and manage a communication space it has to allow and enable multiple forms of interaction in a diverse and dynamic socio-economic world (Azhniuk, 2008: 198).

Intercultural communication, caused by socio-political changes has become the main factor in the development of language contacts and the appearance of foreign language words in the Ukrainian language. At present it is important that the English language lexemes make up a significant part of loanwords in the Ukrainian language. In general, the penetration into any language of foreign words - well-founded phenomenon, it is natural, as during the rise of cultural and economic relations, the development of relations between states is familiarity with the new realities of life, learning foreign languages.

Loanwords are used instead of specific Ukrainian words due to the fact that they coincide with one of the meanings of polysemantic Ukrainian units, thus eliminating polysemy (Leleka 2013: 48).

The slang appears in the language, spreads and lasts for a while, but then disappears, giving way to a new slang, along with new trends. It opposes the official language and is only fully understood by representatives of a narrow range of people belonging to a particular social gap between classical language and slang (Mukan, 2017: 38). borrowing language globalization

Slengizms are particularly popular in periods of certain social changes, wars, economic and cultural changes, when there is an urgent need to distinguish between new concepts and phenomena. Moreover, slang crosses not only social, cultural, but also geographical boundaries (Kyuchukov, 2004: 155).

Slang is an emotionally colored non-literary vocabulary that arises and is used primarily in oral speech. Most words and phrases are incomprehensible or incomprehensible to the majority of the population. Familiarly, the emotional coloring of slang has a great variety of shades: humorous, ironic, mocking, contemptuous, rough and even vulgar (Cheshire, 2006: 70). With it, people can identify themselves with certain social and professional groups. Slang is a living language that keeps up to date and responds to any changes in society, so the use of new words and phrases reflects all of its political and social changes.

The experimental list consists of thirty loanwords: аутфіт, ауф, барбершоп, бро, вайббумер, дис (disrespect), краш, криндж, кріпота (creepy), лалка (lots of lauhg), локдаун, лайфхак, лол (laugh out loud), падра, пранк, профіт, рофл (rolling on the floor laughting), свег, скіл, спінер, треш, фейлспалм, форева, френдоза, хайп, хейтер, чилитись, шиперити, юзати (Table 1).

The study has involved 50 people, 25 women and 25 men. Young people aged 16-23 have been asked to name the English loanwords that they often use in their speech.

Table 1. The List of English loanwords

Among the borrowings there are the following groups of words:

Full equivalents of the Ukrainian words: ауф - кайф, бро - брат, товариш, кріпота - моторошний, криндж - сором, локдаун - ізоляція, падра - подруга, пранк - розіграш, профіт - вигода, свег - розкіш, скіл - навичка, вміння, фейлспалм - розчарування, форева - назавжди, треш - сміття, хейтер - недруг, жарт, чилитись - відпочивати, юзати - використовувати. Such words make up approximately 45% of the list.

Words that do not have one-word equivalents in Ukrainian: аутфіт - образ, створений на основі вбрання, барбершоп - перукарня для чоловіків, бумер - той, хто повчає, вайб - особлива атмосфера якогось місця, настрій від спілкування з кимось, дис (disrespect) - текст з негативним відношенням до когось, краш - людина, до якої є почуття, криндж - сором, лайфхак - ефективне використання, лалка - людина, яка викликала сміх (lots of lauhg), лол - дуже смішно (laugh out loud), рофл (rolling on the floor laughting) - нестримний сміх, спінер - іграшка-антистрес, френдоза - ситуація сприймання хлопця як друга, хайп - галас в Інтернеті, шиперити - вважати, що люди у відносинах з кимось. Such words make up 55% of the list.

The results of the survey have shown that 64% of young people prefer to use the loanwords in their speech. They explain this for several reasons: friends say this, the English words are very popular, this is a fashion trend, the loanwords are used in social networks.

The respondents were offered the words of the first group, which have one-word equivalents in the Ukrainian language, in order to identify the frequency of their use (Table 2).

Table 2. The frequency of English loanwords use, that have one-word Ukrainian equivalents.

As we can see, the use of English loanwords is the main tendency of the Ukrainian youth slang. Both men and women use them in their speech. Only a small number of young people prefer Ukrainian equivalents. It can be explained by the tendency of the English language globalisation and its internationalisation.

The use of the loanwords in the Ukrainian language, the meaning of which can only be described by a phrase, is determined by the economy of language resources (Table 3).

Table 3. The frequency of English loanwords use that do not have one-word Ukrainian equivalents

The modern Ukrainian language is very quickly replenished with the English loanwords, which, first of all, are used in the speech of young people. But this linguistic phenomenon is very intense.

The results of the study show that loanwords that do not have one-word equivalents in the Ukrainian language are used more often than the words of the first group. This is due to the linguistic fact of language resources economy.

Slang constricts respectable language and, thanks to its mass culture, imposes its mark on the language of the entire nation. Over time, especially in the 21st century, the pace of life accelerates. Accordingly, vocabulary is growing, since at least one word must correspond to each new term. In the wake of the rapid growth of mass communications, thousands of new words have been added to reflect cultural and social changes. New words emerge to refresh old concepts.

The research results have shown that English is becoming very popular with young people. Its role is very important. The main hypothesis of the study has been confirmed. The globalisation processes that affect all the languages in the world are becoming more intense due to the internationalisation of the English language.

Conclusions

Modern Ukrainian youth is eager to speak English because it expands horizons and strives for novelty and freshness. Youth slang is one of the sources of lexical replenishment composition of language and one of the elements of culture. The youth slang broadcasting is the student colloquial vocabulary, which has a clear expressive-emotional dynamic sign.

The peculiarities of modern language organisation include an increase of simple in shape constructions. From synonymous young people choose economical and the simplest in form units. These factors contribute to the activation of lexical units that allow people to compress information as much as it is possible.

Using the means of structural simplicity as a certain convenience for the information perception, and involving a minimum of language tools make it possible to significantly simplify the utterance. In the process of language resources implementation the semantically more rational, informative and at the same time the most concise elements are selected to achieve the goals of communication. The minimum number of language signs are used to express an opinion as accurately as possible.

The use of loanwords in slang communication does not always seem appropriate. Undoubtedly, it is impossible to imagine the modern Ukrainian language without the English loanwords, however, such words should be clear to every person, and their use must be justified.

Thus, the expansion of the English loanwords in the Ukrainian language along with such factors as the development of technology and the intensification of intercultural communication is accompanied by socio-cultural factor. The result of cultural expansion is not only the change of the social model, but also a linguistic criterion, in particular the globalisation of the English language.

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