A cognitive linguistic approach to the analysis of fantasy text characters

Thorin Oakenshield the Dwarf [74 propositions]

/+/ [23]: spiritual / mental characteristics [16]: respectable [4]: an enormously important dwarf in fact no other than the great Thorin Oakenshield himself (Tolkien, 1993, p. 10); loyal [4]: “Nonsense! ” said Thorin, recovering his dignity. “We cannot leave them ” (Tolkien, 1993, p. 216); decent [3]: decent enough dwarves like Thorin (Tolkien, 1993, p. 49); hates Orcs [2]: that you are enemies of goblins and are not up to any mischief in my lands (Tolkien, 1993, p. 119); loves music

: It was a beautiful golden harp, and when Thorin struck it the music began all at once, so sudden and sweet that Bilbo forgot everything else (Tolkien, 1993, p. 13); eloquent [1]: If he had been allowed, he would probably have gone on like this until he was out of breath, without telling any one there anything that was not known already (Tolkien, 1993, p. 16); amiable [1]: I wish to part in friendship from you (Tolkien, 1993, p. 288); financial state [5]: wealthy [5]: all the treasure is yours (Tolkien, 1993, p. 257); physical characteristics [1]: strong: Thorin wielded his axe with mighty strokes, and nothing seemed to harm him (Tolkien, 1993, p. 283); age [1]: long liver: my eyes don't see as well as they used a hundred years ago (Tolkien, 1993, p. 142);

/-/ [51]: spiritual / mental characteristics [51]: greedy [15]: And already, so strong was the bewilderment of the treasure upon him, he was pondering whether by the help of Dain he might not recapture the Arkenstone and withhold the share of the reward (Tolkien, 1993, p. 275); stubborn [13]: he is quite ready to sit on a heap of gold and starve (Tolkien, 1993, p. 270); hot-tempered

: “You! You!” cried Thorin, turning upon him and grasping him with both hands. “You miserable hobbit! You undersized-burglar! ” he shouted at a loss for words, and he shook poor Bilbo like a rabbit (Tolkien, 1993, p. 274); revengeful [5]: Take him, if you wish him to live; and no friendship of mine goes with him (Tolkien, 1993, p. 275); arrogant [2]: Thorin looked and walked as if his kingdom was already regained and Smaug chopped up into little pieces (Tolkien, 1993, p. 198); doesn't like Elves [2]: Nor at all with the people of the Elvenking, whom I remember with small kindness (Tolkien, 1993, p. 264); too proud [2]: Thorin indeed was very haughty, and said nothing about service (Tolkien, 1993, p. 10); likes to smoke [1]: found Thorin with his feet on the fender smoking a pipe. He was blowing the most enormous smoke-rings (Tolkien, 1993, p. 12).

The analyzed data depict Thorin Oakenshield as a respectable, decent, loyal, and wealthy Dwarf, whose shortcomings are quite numerous, though. He is greedy and stubborn, hot-tempered and arrogant. His negative descriptions prevail over positive ones (69% and 31% respectively). His evaluation's logical coefficient is -0,5. Thorin's summary coefficient is nevertheless positive (+0.25) since his race's eidetic coefficient (+ 1.94) is positive and ranks higher than his personal one. Yet, on the whole, Thorin is a “worse Dwarf' than average.

Gimli the Dwarf [43 propositions]

/+/ [32]: spiritual / mental characteristics [21]: valiant [5]: Torment in the dark was the danger that I feared, and it did not hold me back (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 395); courteous [5]: Then Gimli bowed low. `Nay, you are excused for my part, lord,' he said (Tolkien, 1981, p. ); amiable [3]: Legolas and Gimli, who had now become fast friends (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 388); loyal [3]: `I will go with you even on the Paths of the Dead, and to whatever, end they may lead, ' said Gimli (Tolkien, 1981, p. 64); helpful [2]: `We must follow the Orcs, if there is hope that any of our Company are living prisoners ' (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 17); wise [2]: There will always be some folk, big or little, and even a few wise dwarves like Gimli, who need you (Tolkien, 1981, p. 183); eloquent [1]: Gimli alone could find fit words to speak of them. `And never before has a Dwarf claimed a victory over an Elf in a contest of words,' said he (Tolkien, 1981, p. 317); physical characteristics [11]: enduring [7]: we are all too tired - except, no doubt, our sturdy dwarf (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 408); strong [2]: He is stout and strong (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 143); keen-eyed [1]: He had keen eyes in the dark (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 342); quick-eared [1]: There are no goblins near, or my ears are made of wood (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 351);

/-/ [11]: spiritual / mental characteristics [6]: stubborn [3]: This was not at all to the liking of Gimli. `The agreement was made without my consent, ' he said. (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 361); distrustful [2]: Gimli was uneasy. `What do you know of these horsemen, Aragorn? ' he said. `Do we sit here waiting for sudden death?' (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 33); hot-tempered [1]: Gimli rose and planted his feet firmly apart: his hand gripped the handle of his axe, and his dark eyes flashed. (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 35); дія [4]: doesn't ride a horse [4]: I would sooner walk than sit on the back of any beast so great, free or begrudged (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 41); utility evaluation [1]: dangerous: you are dangerous yourself in your own fashion (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 103). cognitive linguistic frame character

Created by Tolkien generalized portrait of Gimli shows him like a strong and enduring Dwarf, a valiant and loyal friend, although sometimes he is distrustful and hot-tempered. Positive and negative propositions describing him number 74% and 26% respectively making the logical coefficient of Gimli's evaluation equal +2.8. Gimli's summary coefficient equals +1.44 (+2.8: +1.94) which is rather close to the race's eidetic coefficient. We may conclude that Gimli is what can be called a typical Dwarf.

Hobbits [109 propositions]

/+/ [54]: spiritual / mental characteristics [29]: cheerful [8]: jolly hobbits (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 58); love quiet and order [6]: a district of well-ordered business (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 14); peaceful [4]: At no time had Hobbits of any kind been warlike, and they had never fought among themselves (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 14); modest [3]: Hobbits are an unobtrusive (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10); are able to find their way underground [2]: they do not easily lose their sense of direction (Tolkien, 1993, p. 70); like gifts and celebrations [2]: They were hospitable and delighted in parties, and in presents, which they gave away freely and eagerly accepted (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 11); courteous [1]: `The Halflings are courteous folk, whatever else they be, ' said Faramir (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 267); valiant at need [1]: they are valiant (Tolkien, 1981, p. 314); amiable [1]: The Big Folk and the Little Folk were on friendly terms (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 161); kind [1]: kind Bolgers (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 58); physical characteristics [17]: are able to hide promptly [7]: They possessed from the first the art of disappearing swiftly and silently (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10); enduring [5]: could survive rough handling by grief foe, or weather in a way that astonished those who did not know them well (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 15); keen-eyed and quick-eared [3]: They are quick of hearing and sharp-eyed (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10); nimble [1]: they are nonetheless nimble and deft in their movements (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10); swiftly recover from injuries [1]: recover wonderfully (Tolkien, 1993, p. 70); mode evaluation [4]: amazing [2]: Hobbits really are amazing creatures (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 72); charming [1]: charming hobbits (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 58); funny [1]: absurd hobbits (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 58); age [2]: ancient [2]: very ancient people (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10); aesthetic evaluation [2]: good-looking [2]: good-naturedfaces (Tolkien, 1993, p. 2);

/-/ [33]: utility evaluation [16]: little known [15]: Only the Elves still preserve any records of that vanished time, in which Men appear seldom and Hobbits are not mentioned at all. Yet it is clear that Hobbits had, in fact, lived quietly in Middle-earth for many long years before other folk became even aware of them (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 11); helpless [1]: helpless hobbits (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 58); spiritual / mental characteristics [13]: simple-minded [3]: We are plain quiet folk and have no use for adventures (Tolkien, 1993, p. 4); are not interested in learning [3]: A love of learning (other than genealogical lore) was far from general among them (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 11); do not practice magic [2]: But Hobbits have never, in fact, studied magic of any kind (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10); like to smoke [2]: it is an art which we have not practised for more than a few generations (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 163); don't like to travel [2]: The Bree-folk, Big and Little, did not themselves travel much (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 162); too garrulous [1]: `These hobbits will sit on the edge of ruin and discuss the pleasures of the table, or the small doings of their fathers, grandfathers, and greatgrandfathers, and remoter cousins to the ninth degree, if you encourage them with undue patience' (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 163); quantity [2]: few in number [2]: since they have become rare (Tolkien, 1993, p. 2); physical characteristics [2]: rather fat [2]: they are inclined to be fat and do not hurry unnecessarily (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 10);

/0/ [22]: spiritual / mental characteristics [6]: are fond of eating and drinking [4]: and eat, and drink, often and heartily, being fond of simple jests at all times, and of six meals a day (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 11); like bright colours [2]: They dressed in bright colours, being notably fond of yellow and green (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 11); location [6]: live underground in holes [6]: All Hobbits had originally lived in holes in the ground (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 15); size [6]: small [6]: They are a little people, about half our height, and smaller than the bearded Dwarves (Tolkien, 1993, p. 2); physical characteristics [4]: their legs are furry [4]: they wear no shoes as their feet grow natural leathery soles and thick warm brown hair (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 15).

As we see, positive, negative, and neutral propositions number 49%, 31%, and 20% respectively. As the neutral propositions are not covered by our calculations eidetic coefficient is found equal +1.6. Hobbits are described as simple-minded and cheerful hole-dwellers who are fond of celebrations which give them a good chance to indulge in eating and drinking. They live largely unnoticed by other races and are rather helpless because of their peaceful disposition and small size.

Bilbo Baggins the Hobbit [166 propositions]

/+/ [91]: spiritual / mental characteristics [71]: loves quiet [21]: Sorry! I don't want any adventures, thank you (Tolkien, 1993, p. 6); hospitable [9]: “I am just about to take tea: pray come and have some with me. ” A little stiff perhaps, but he meant it kindly (Tolkien, 1993, p. 7); amiable [7]: Also he would have liked to have a few private words with these people that seemed to know his name and all about him, although he had never been them before (Tolkien, 1993, p. 50); courageous [6]: Bilbo began to feel there really was something of a bold adventurer about himself after all (Tolkien, 1993, p. 165); kind [4]: He was a kindly little soul (Tolkien, 1993, p. 288); cheerful [4]: he had many a merry jest and dance, early and late, with the elves of the valley (Tolkien, 1993, p. 298); peaceful [4]: It was a terrible battle. The most dreadful of all Bilbo's experiences, and the one which at the time he hated most (Tolkien, 1993, p. 281); is not that simple as he seems [3]: he has more about him than you guess, and you will find that out before long (Tolkien, 1993, p. 135); loyal [3]: But I don't think I ought to leave my friends like this, after all we have gone through together (Tolkien, 1993, p. 271); loves adventures and travels [2]: Then something Tookish woke up inside him, and he wished to go and see the great mountains, and hear the pine- trees and the waterfalls, and explore the caves, and wear a sword instead of a walkingstick (Tolkien, 1993, p. 15); eager for new knowledge [2]: “What are moon-letters?” asked the hobbit full of excitement. He loved maps, and he also liked runes and letters and cunning handwriting (Tolkien, 1993, p. 53); loves celebrations [2]: Then Bilbo longed to escape from the dark fortress and to go down and join in the mirth and feasting by the fires (Tolkien, 1993, p. 261); courteous [2]: “You have nice manners for a thief and a liar, ” said the dragon (Tolkien, 1993, p. 220); loves nature [1]: You will notice already that Mr. Baggins was not quite so prosy as he liked to believe, also that he was very fond of flowers (Tolkien, 1993, p. 5); sharp-witted [1]: for they saw that he had some wits (Tolkien, 1993, p. 165); physical characteristics [19]: can move noiselessly [10]: he crept noiselessly down, down, down into the dark (Tolkien, 1993, p. 212); keeneyed [6]: Bilbo had the sharpest eyes among them (Tolkien, 1993, p. 142); quick-eared [2]: He sat nearest to the door with one ear cocked for any beginnings of a sound without, his other was alert or echoes beyond the murmurs of the dwarves (Tolkien, 1993, p. 229); enduring [1]: a hobbit full of courage and resource far exceeding his size (Tolkien, 1993, p. 210); mode evaluation [1]: funny: Just look! Bilbo the hobbit on a pony, my dear! (Tolkien, 1993, p. 49);

/-/ [18]: spiritual / mental characteristics [11]: likes to smoke [5]: he blushed to think how proud he had been yesterday morning of the smoke-rings he had sent up the wind over The Hill (Tolkien, 1993, p. 13); rather simple-minded [4]: “Don't be a fool Mr. Baggins if you can help it” (Tolkien, 1993, p. 115); unhasty [1]: There's no hurry, we have all the day before us! (Tolkien, 1993, p. 4); easily forgets things [1]: He did not remember things very well, unless he put them down on his Engagement Tablet (Tolkien, 1993, p. 6); utility evaluation [5]: helpless [5]: He could not get into any tree, and was scuttling about from trunk to trunk, like a rabbit that has lost its hole and has a dog after it (Tolkien, 1993, p. 99); physical characteristics [2]: rather fat [2]: “He is too fat to get through key-holes yet! ” (Tolkien, 1993, p. 50);

/0/ [57]: size [29]: small [29]: little Bilbo (Tolkien, 1993, p. 59); spiritual / mental characteristics [14]: is fond of eating [13]: “I am so dreadfully hungry, ” groaned Bilbo, who was suddenly aware that he had not had a meal since the night before the night before last (Tolkien, 1993, p. 96); likes green color [1]: With that the hobbit turned and scuttled inside his round green door (Tolkien, 1993, p. 6); location [11]: lives underground in a hole [11]: he had done on his feather-bed in his own little hole at home (Tolkien, 1993, p. 110); physical characteristics [3]: his legs are furry [3]: running as fast as his furry feet could carry him down the lane (Tolkien, 1993, p. 30).

The analyzed examples describe Bilbo Baggins as a merry, kind, hospitable and peaceful Hobbit who loves quiet life in his hole, but unexpectedly leaves it in search of adventures although he realizes he is quite helpless in emergencies. Positive, negative, and neutral propositions describing him number 54%, 11%, and 35% respectively. Logical coefficient of his evaluation is +4.9 and his summary coefficient is +3.06 (+4.9:+1.6). Evidently, he is a “better Hobbit” than average.

Samwise Gamgee the Hobbit [140 propositions]

/+/ [88]: spiritual/mental characteristics [83]: loyal [21]: But he had stuck to his master all the way; that was what he had chiefly come for, and he would still stick to him. His master would not go to Mordor alone. Sam would go with him (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 246); caring [15]: Sam's mind was occupied mostly with his master hardly noticing the dark cloud that had fallen on his own heart. He put Frodo in front of him now, and kept a watchful eye on every movement of his, supporting him if he stumbled, and trying to encourage him with clumsy words (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 238); courageous [8]: He climbed out and went to the farmer's side. Black Riders would have to ride over him to get near the waggon (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 106); loves animals [7]: I would have travelled lighter and brought no animal, least of all this one that Sam is fond of (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 315); helpful [6]: `I can carry enough for two, ' said Sam defiantly (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 190); incisive [6]: he seemed to sense that there was something odd about his master's mood and that the matter was beyond argument (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 222); is fond of stories [5]: Sam will know more about that. He's in and out of Bag End. Crazy about stories of the old days he is, and he listens to all Mr. Bilbo's tales (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 32); loves trees [3]: `For you little gardener and lover of trees, ' she said to Sam (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 391); likes to sing [2]: Sam and Pippin sat near, and they began to hum, and then to sing softly (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 99); likes quiet [2]: He scratched his head, and for a moment had a passing wish that Mr. Frodo could have gone on living quietly at Bag End (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 109); cheerful [2]: but being a cheerful hobbit he had not needed hope, as long as despair could be postponed (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 246); kind [1]: Sam was gentler than his words (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 224); careful [1]: Something warned him to be careful and not to reveal that he had overheard the debate (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 241); amiable [1]: Both father and son were on very friendly terms with Bilbo and Frodo (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 30); peaceful [1]: It was Sam's first view of a battle of Men against Men, and he did not like it much (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 269); strong [1]: Fury at the treachery, and desperation at the delay when his master was in deadly peril, gave to Sam a sudden violence and strength that was far beyond anything that Gollum had expected (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 335); resolute [1]: Sam's plain hobbit-face grew stern, almost grim, as the will hardened in him, and he felt through all his limbs a thrill, as if he was turning into some creature of stone and steel (Tolkien, 1981, p. 259); physical characteristics [4]: quick-eared [3]: he had attended with his keen hobbit ears to all the soft woodland noises about them (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 281); keen-eyed [1]: With his keen hobbit-eyes he saw that many more Men were about (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 268); mode evaluation [1]: mysterious: I am learning a lot about Sam Gamgee on this journey. First he was a conspirator, now he's a jester. He 'll end up by becoming a wizard -- or a warrior! ' (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 220);

/-/ [44]: spiritual / mental characteristics [41]: distrustful [24]: but Sam was not daunted, and he still eyed Strider dubiously. `How do we know you are the Strider that Gandalf speaks about?' he demanded (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 184); hot-tempered [8]: Sam had been getting more and more impatient and angry at this conversation. These last words were more than he could bear, and bursting into the middle of the ring, he strode up to his master's side (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 273); too garrulous [5]: A day or two later a rumour (probably started by the knowledgeable Sam) was spread (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 32); rather simple-minded [4]: Sam's slow but shrewd mind (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 247); psychic state [2]: frightened [2]: `Mr. Frodo, sir!' cried Sam quaking. `Don't let him hurt me, sir! Don't let him turn me into anything unnatural! ' (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 73); physical characteristics [1]: awkward: Sam is an excellent fellow, and would jump down a dragon's throat to save you, if he did not trip over his own feet (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 114);

/0/ [8]: spiritual / mental characteristics [6]: is fond of eating and drinking [6]: Neither Frodo nor Sam refused anything that was offered, nor a second, nor indeed a third helping (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 285); size [2]: small [2]: a small hobbit (Tolkien, 1981, p. 220).

As the analyzed date reveal, Sam is a loyal and caring servant who loves animals and trees and is always ready to come to his master's rescue. His shortcomings include his hot temper, distrust of others, and rather garrulous disposition. Positive, negative, and neutral propositions number 63%, 31%, and 6% respectively. The logical coefficient of Sam's his evaluation is +2 and his summary coefficient is 1.25 (+2: +1.6). The latter is quite close to his race's eidetic coefficient making him a typical representative of Hobbits.

Ents [85 propositions]

/+/ [42]: spiritual / mental characteristics [18]: wise [4]: One felt as if there was an enormous well behind them, filled up with ages of memory and long, slow, steady thinking (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 66); love other creatures [3]: the Ents gave their love to things that they met in the world (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 79); loving husbands [3]: For many years we used to go out every now and again and look for the Entwives, walking far and wide and calling them by their beautiful names (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 80); love trees [3]: for the Ents loved the great trees; and the wild woods (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 79); hate Orcs [2]: For there was a great inrush of those evileyed - blackhanded - bowlegged - flinthearted - clawfingered - foulbellied - bloodthirsty, those vermin of orcs (Tolkien, 1981, p. 318); don't forgive treachery [2]: There is no curse in Elvish, Entish, or the tongues of Men bad enough for such treachery. Down with Saruman! (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 89); incisive [1]: These deep eyes were now surveying them, slow and solemn, but very penetrating (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 66); age [10]: ancient [10]: we old Ents (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 71); physical characteristics [10]: strong [3]: There is a great power in them (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 170); have unfathomable eyes [3]: and all had the same eyes: not all so old or so deep as Treebeard's, but all with the same slow, steady, thoughtful expression (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 84); invulnerable [3]: an Ent can be stuck as full of orc-arrows as a pincushion, and take no serious harm; they cannot be poisoned, for one thing; and their skin seems to be very thick, and tougher than bark; It takes a very heavy axe-stroke to wound them seriously (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 172); don't die of age [1]: None have died from inside, as you might say (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 78); actions [6]: travel much [4]: But we Ents went on wandering, and we only came to the gardens now and again (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 79); take care of woods [2]: We keep off strangers and the foolhardy (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 71);

/-/ [36]: quantity [13]: few in number [13]: What a pity there are so few of us! (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 78); physical characteristics [8]: slow, unhasty [7]: we are not a hasty folk (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 78); deceptive in appearance [1]: They were quite hollow, indeed they were falling all to pieces, but as quiet and sweet-spoken as a young leaf. And then there are some trees in the valleys under the mountains, sound as a bell, and bad right through (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 71); psychic state [5]: sad [5]: They seem slow, queer, and patient, almost sad (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 85); utility evaluation [4]: dangerous [4]: An angry Ent is terrifying (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 172);

spiritual / mental characteristics [6]: passive [3]: We Ents do not like being roused (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 89); hate fire [1]: without even the bad excuse of feeding the fires, that has so angered us (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 89); secretive [1]: For they do not belong here and know little of Elves and Men (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 152); evil [1]: they have become queer and wild. I should be terrified of meeting them (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 170);

/0/ [7]: physical characteristics [7]: resemble trees [5]: The Ents were as different from one another as trees from trees: some as different as one tree is from another of the same name but quite different growth and history; and some as different as one tree-kind from another, as birch from beech; oak from fir (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 83); different in appearance [2]: many shapes, and colours, the differences in girth; and height, and length of leg and arm; and in the number of toes andfingers (anything from three to nine) (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 83).

In the analyzed data, positive, negative, and neutral propositions number 49%, 42%, and 7% respectively. The eidetic coefficient equals +1.2. Ents are ancient and wise “shepherds of trees” resembling the latter in appearance. They are unhasty, somewhat passive, and full of sadness since they lost their wives and cannot have children any longer.

Fangorn the Ent [76 propositions]

/+/ [50]: spiritual/mental characteristics [28]: loves singing [5]: singing that song put me in mind of old times (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 81); disposed favorably to Elves [4]: I have good will to Elves (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 191); wise [3]: he is wise (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 103); loves trees [3]: Many of those trees were my friends creatures I had known from nut and acorn (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 77); amiable [3]: We have become friends in so short a while that I think I must be getting hasty (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 191); doesn't forgive treachery [2]: He seemed rather grimly delighted with the business and was laughing to himself when he went to get his bathe and drink (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 179); incisive [2]: The Old Ent looked at them long and searchingly (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 190); hates Orcs [2]: I am against altogether these Orcs, and their masters (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 76); loves his wife [2]: Very fair she was still in my eyes, when I had last seen her (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 71); kind [1]: he is wise and kindly nonetheless (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 103); careful [1]: For I am not going to tell you my name, not yet at any rate (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 68); age [14]: ancient [14]: he is the oldest of the Ents, the oldest living thing that still walks beneath the Sun upon this Middle-earth (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 102); size [5]: tall [5]: He stood and stretched his great arms and legs and breathed deep (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 174); physical characteristics [3]: tireless [2]: I do not easily get tired (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 69); strong [1]: He began to pull down a bit more of the walls, in a leisurely sort of way, _ just to amuse himself (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 175);

/-/ [16]: physical characteristics [9]: slow, unhasty [9]: “Don't be hasty” is his motto (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 175); spiritual / mental characteristics [4]: hot-tempered [3]: I have become too hot (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 77); passive [1]: I have not troubled about the Great Wars (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 75); utility evaluation [2]: dangerous [2]: Fangorn was dangerous (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 103); psychic state [1]: sad: Pippin could see a sad look in his eyes (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 90);

/0/ [10]: ]: physical characteristics [7]: has unfathomable eyes [4]: These deep eyes were now surveying them, slow and solemn, but very penetrating (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 66); resembles a tree [3]: Whether it was clad in stuff like green and grey bark, or whether that was its hide, was difficult to say. At any rate the arms, at a short distance from the trunk, were not wrinkled, but covered with a brown smooth skin (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 66).

Described by the analyzed examples Fangorn is a wise and ancient creature looking like a tree. He is sad and unhasty, but can be moved to anger when he sees treachery or harm done to nature; then he can become really dangerous. Positive, negative, and neutral propositions describing him number 66%, 21%, and 13% respectively. The logical coefficient of his evaluation is +3.1 and his summary coefficient is +2.58 (+3.1:+1.2), more than twice as much as his race's coefficient which makes him “a better Ent” than average.

Bregalad the Ent [10 propositions]

/+/ [9]: spiritual / mental characteristics [5]: kind [1]: Quickbeam is a gentle creature (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 173); loves birds [1]: I like birds, even when they chatter (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 87); loves trees [1]: the fall of trees that he had loved (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 87); doesn't forgive treachery [1]: he hates Saruman all the more fiercely for that (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 73); cheerful [1]: Quickbeam often laughed (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 86); size [2]: tall [2]: `Yes, a tall grey Ent is there, ' said Legolas (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 164); age [1]: ancient: rowan- trees that took root when I was an Enting, many many years ago in the quiet of the world (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 87); physical characteristics [1]: quick: he can move like a wind when he is roused (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 173).

/-/ [1]: psychic state [1]: sad: said Bregalad, softly and sadly (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 87).

The author depicted Bregalad as a kind and cheerful Ent who loves birds and trees. Positive and negative propositions describing him number 90% and 10% respectively, so the logical coefficient of his evaluation is +9. His summary coefficient is 7.5 (+9 :+1.2), make him “a better Ent” than Fangorn and much better than an average Ent.

Orcs [48 propositions]

/-/ [44]: spiritual / mental characteristics [21]: cowardly [4]: the orcs were dismayed by the fierceness of the defence (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 339); cannot stand and hate sunlight [3]: Seldom will Orcs journey in the open under the sun; evil things that came in the Great Darkness that they cannot abide the Sun (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 27); are scared of and hate Elves [3]: the glitter of cruel stars in the terrible elf-countries, the dream of which was a cold fear to all his kind (Tolkien, 1981, p. 224); hot-tempered [2]: There was a quarrel, I guess: it is no uncommon thing with these foul folk (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 24); treacherous [2]: they are not trusty servants (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 93); ruthless [2]: and their dark lord filled them with a lust of ruin and death (Tolkien, 1977, p. 96); evil [1]: And some are large and evil: black Uruks of Mordor (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 338); revengeful [1]: if they have a fallen captain to avenge (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 351); arrogant [1]: 'Do you wish to see the greatness of our army? We are the fighting Uruk-hai' (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 145); hate all living creatures, even their race [1]: And these creatures, being filled with malice, hating even their own kind, quickly developed (Tolkien, 1981, p. 511); hate even their creator [1]: And deep in their dark hearts the Orcs loathed the Master whom they served in fear, the maker only of their misery (Tolkien, 1977, p. 50); physical characteristics [10]: enduring, tireless [5]: Though Orcs will often pursue foes for many leagues into the plain (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 351); strong [3]: black orcs of great strength (Tolkien, 1981, p. 414); acute sense of smell [1]: Orcs were as keen as hounds on a scent (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 359); keen-eyed in darkness [1]: not too dark for the night-eyes of Orcs (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 402); quantity [6]: numerous [6]: There are Orcs, very many of them (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 338); aesthetic evaluation [4]: ugly in appearance [4]: and thus didMelkor breed the hideous race of the Orcs in envy and mockery of the Elves (Tolkien, 1977, p. 50); size [3]: large [3]: And some are large and evil: black Uruks of Mordor (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 338);

/0/ [4]: actions [4]: use swords and bows in battle [4]: They were armed with short broad- bladed swords (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 18); the orcs can shoot their arrows far across the stream (Tolkien, 1987a, p. 397).

As the analysis revealed, negative and neutral propositions number 92% and 8% respectively. Since the latter are not considered while calculating the eidetic coefficient, it equals -100. The writer pictures Orcs as ugly, cowardly and ruthless creatures, full of hatred for everything and everyone around.

Ugluk the Orc [35 propositions]

/-/ [35]: spiritual / mental characteristics [23]: hates Men [6]: `The cursed horse-boys have got wind of us ' (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 54); cruel [6]: We have ways of paying for tricks that you won't like (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 51); arrogant [4]: We came out of Isengard, and led you here, and we shall lead you back by the way we choose (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 49); rude [4]: Pippin fell down, and Ugluk dragged him up by his hair again (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 51); revengeful [2]: when we get back, someone else will die too (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 49); distrustful [1]: I don't trust you little swine. (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 49); physical characteristics [6[: strong [4]: Ugluk sprang forwards, and with two swift strokes swept the heads off two of his opponents (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 50); enduring [2]: From there straight to the downs, then along the river to the forest. And we march day and night (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 50); sound [4]: harsh voice [4]: `Orders. ' said a third voice in a deep growl (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 48); size [1]: large: In the twilight he saw a large black Orc (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 50); aesthetic evaluation [1]: ugly in appearance: that ugly fellow (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 50).

In the novels, Ugluk is a cruel, arrogant, rude and strong fighting Orc, hating Men. Since negative propositions describing him number 100%, so the logical coefficient of Ugluk's evaluation is -100 which is equal to his races eidetic coefficient and consequently his summary coefficient.

Grishnakh the Orc [15 propositions]

/-/ [15]: spiritual / mental characteristics [6]: treacherous [2]: `Then you'll fly off with our prisoners, and get all the pay and praise in Lugburz, and leave us to foot it as best we can through the Horse-country' (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 49); cruel [2]: I'll cut you both to quivering shreds (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 51); arrogant [1]: They might agree with me, with Grishnakh their trusted messenger (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 49); hot-tempered [1]: Grishnakh began to lose his temper (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 51); sound [4]: evil, unpleasant voice [4]: sneered a voice, softer than the others but more evil (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 49); aesthetic evaluation [3]: ugly in appearance [3]: Grishnakh's great head and hideous face between them (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 58); physical characteristics [2]: strong [2]: The strength in his long arms and shoulders was terrifying (Tolkien, 1987b, p. 52).

The analyzed data present Grishnakh as a cruel, ugly, strong and treacherous Orc with a very unpleasant voice. All propositions describing him are negative, so his coefficients (both logical and summary) are identical (-100).

Conclusions

The processed data allow for the following inferences:

As the analysis revealed, characters of Tolkien's legendarium are depicted by indicating their 15 characteristic features. The most frequently used one is spiritual/mental characteristics which is quite natural for a fiction book called to raise moral issues and shape an ethical code of behavior for the readers to follow. The proportion of these characteristics used for describing different characters and races normally fluctuates around the figure of 60% sometimes soaring over 90% (as is the case with the images of Thorin Oakenshield and Sam Gamgee). A peculiar trend was identified regarding the percentage of spiritual/mental characteristics in relation to the total number of propositions portraying a protagonist: the fewer the quantity of propositions is the greater is the proportion of such characteristics. Evidently, the writer needs a whole scope of features to give a detailed description of the principal protagonists and (especially) races invented by him. The supporting characters that do not require such a multidimensional portrayal are depicted by a few rough strokes of Tolkien's paintbrush exhibiting only their noteworthy personality traits.

The second prominent feature the characters and, most significantly, races manifest is their physical characteristics. Their importance is the hallmark of fantasy genre novels which abound in diverse anthropomorphic species. To reveal the exterior peculiarities each race possesses the author gave their detailed description which proved especially expedient in the case of Ents - probably the queerest peoples inhabiting Arda.

It is maintained in the article that analyzing protagonists of Tolkien's novels one should consider the race they belong to since it conditions their character and actions, consequently the evaluation each of them has. Detailed analysis of the six races of Tolkien's legendarium and two representatives of each race enabled to outline their generalized portraits and calculate coefficients of their evaluation - both as individuals (logical aspect) and as “specimens” of the race they belong to (eidetic aspect). The summary coefficient takes into account these two aspects and makes it clear that some characters are “better” and some are “worse” than an average representative of their race.

The prospects for further research in the field lie in analyzing the whole scope of characters featuring in Tolkien's legendarium as well as in analyzing characters of fantasy novels by other writers.

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Sources for illustrations

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