Distress in English media: integrating cognitive-discursive and computational approaches
The concept of distress as a cognitive, linguistic and social phenomenon conceptualized in media discourse using polarized lexical means and metaphors. Identifying its mental construct and means of actualization in the social context of the media.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | статья |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 31.05.2022 |
| Размер файла | 60,3 K |
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(22) `Being left, by someone I loved very much… He'd been my colleague, my friend and my
husband. Every aspect of my life was broken.' <…> `I mourned my marriage like a death, and then I decided to take my power back.' <…> `All of their stories followed, there was a lot of crying, and I knew that what I had to do was to strip away the layers and distil the ideas into movement. <…> (The Observer, February 19, 2006)
The findings provide evidence for the distinct Us vs. Them polarization in media discourse that is represented in a ration of personal and possessive pronouns we (156) - they (170), our (35) - their (144), us (9) - them (63). The ability of this dichotomy to form group identities (in - and out-groups) (Fowler, 1991) reflects the existence of «particular oppositional ideologies that groups create and use for identifying and placing themselves within the network of societal structures and relations» (Lauk, 2002). This opposition also reflects the hostility of external circumstances and stimuli for the distress experiencer that set DANGER, THREAT, or RISK for him and give him a reason to blame the inducers in his own emotional state.
(23) They were escorting the 46-year-old on a British Airways flight <…>. «They were crowded around me and the back of my seat and it seemed a bit odd,» he said. <…> they basically just grabbed him and he started yelling and they basically dragged him to his seat They were really rough with him and it sounded like he was in a huge amount of pain. We moved to the front of the plane because it was really quite distressing and then moved back again. They said they were deporting him and were trying to restrain him. It just seemed a bit of an overkill to be honest.» «It is not my judgment, but at the time I found it quite distressing because when you get on a plane that is not what you want to see,» he_ said
(The Guardian, 22 October 2010)
The proportion of personal pronouns I (5), me (2), my (3), we (11), you (3), he (24), him (11), his (5) - they (10) in fragment (23) denotes an emphasis on the distress PATIENT upon whom the hostile actions of physical and moral violence were induced. The addresser uses this polarization to have the addresses sympathise with the distress patient/experiencer and show negative attitude towards the immigration officers.
Shared values in a social context of distress have been identified with the help of concordance option of Textanz in the corpus of media texts. They are «dynamic, ongoing and never complete social process», «a part of everyday discursive and social practices» entangled with ideologies and identifications, and «their situated formulations are constrained by ideologies and the cultural and societal levelsubject positions that they make available» (Menard, 2017, p. 90). Analyzed words and word forms objectify such values as family, death, life, freedom, justice, support, hope, truth, and time. Family has traditionally been seen as a `refuge' from the worries of the world, and the way out of family means great loneliness, misery and social instability. The emotional state of one family member depends on the emotional state of the whole team as family members are a part of one community (we as a family shared that love; part of our family; the cricketing family).
Death is objectified by a number of word forms death (46), dead (2), died (10), die (9), lethal (1), final moments (1), end (11) / - ing (3), dying (4). CAUSEs / SOURCEs of DISTRESS in media discourse are deaths of children, relatives, and favourite celebrities (e.g., the death of a child; infant death; by their hero's death; Diana's death; her grandfather died; traumatized by the death; shattered over death). Experience of distress caused by a break-up is compared to death (e.g., I mourned my marriage like a death). Negative INFLUENCE of distress provokes to suicidal thoughts and assisted death (e.g., desire to end life; another human being end it [life]). 77 word forms portray life in distress as marred, unbearable, ruined, broken, finished, destroyed, disrupted with a person being unable to handle it. Despite the mostly negative image of life in distress in media (e.g., wildness of life; it is indeed a topsy-turvy world in which we live; life is never easy), positive associations form the value of a successful and meaningful life (e.g., you have to get on with your life; life-chances; to cling to life).
Absence or lack of freedom is CAUSE / SOURCE of extreme DISTRESS. Internal and external factors stipulate for entering the emotional state. 130 words and word forms reveal that detention, deportation, captivation, etc., are external factors of distress (detention; detained; detainee; restrain; restraining; restraint; forcibly; guards; holding; escort; deportation; deport; deported; deportee; deporting; removal; removed; removing; captive; captivity; stranded; people are trapped) whereas the decision to EVALUATE a situation as unwanted, hopeless, one that carries grief, suffering, or pain is treated as the internal factor of distress. Justice is one of the universal values and is frequently entangled with the topic of Legal Affairs. It's objectified by the following word forms: justice (9), no feeling of vengeance or retribution, justified, investigate / - d / - ion, reinvestigating, search / - ed, seeking, human rights, sentence, term, punished / - ment, term, extradite / - tion, unfair, deserves (to be punished). Distress experiencers see the restoration or establishment of justice, the punishment of distress inducers as a means of alleviating their emotional state.
Support and hope are seen as essential elements of a communicative situation to cease distress. The amount and delicacy of support are of paramount importance (e.g., not given enough support, with the right support, children can recover; adequate adult support). Hope as a universal spiritual value is objectified as a part of a triad of concepts FAITH-HOPE-LOVE and fosters alleviation of distress (e.g., hoping it would go away; hopelessness and apprehension about their future; vain hope). Social value of truth is realized through the indication of its antipode-cheating or mystification by such word forms as lies; lie detector; be duped, fraud; fraudulently; fake; fictitious; pretending; prank. Time plays a decisive role for intensity, avoidance, and relief of distress. It denotes localization of distress experience on the timeline and its evaluation (e.g., the time I was rather nonplussed).
SentiStrength (2.3) is a free software tool for academic research developed by a group of reseachers supervised by professor of data science Mike Thelwall (2012), University of Wolverhampton (UK). It detects and automatically extracts sentiment-related information from the text reporting binary, trinary, or single scale results. Free version allows to extract binary scale results only, that is, positive/negative sentiment strength that ranges from -1 (not negative) to -5 (extremely negative) and from 1 (not positive) to 5 (extremely positive) (Table 2). Analyse All Texts in File [each line separately] option from the Sentiment Strength Analysis menu classified 25 fragments of media discourse for sentiments that represent communicative situations of distress governed by communicative strategies of agitation, emotional state formation, and discreditation. EmoticonLookupTable, SlangLookupTable, EnglishWordList, NegatingWordList,
IdiomLookupTable, BoosterWordList, and QuestionWords contain annotated sentiment-bearing words and underpin automatic extraction of sentiments by SentiStrength 2.3 in every word in a separate line, in every sentence, and finally, in every fragment.
Sentiment analysis of communicative situations of distress
The findings indicate two scores at the same time (positive (+ve) and negative (-ve)) as tool is instigated by the psychological study that «people can experience two oppositely valenced emotions or mixed emotions in parallel» (Berrios et al., 2015). The results supply the fine-grained manual analysis with additional insights and verify pure linguistic introspection by statistical data.
Table 2
|
Communicative strategy |
Communicative situation of distress (CSD) |
The strength of positive sentiment (+ve) |
The strength of negative sentiment (-ve) |
|
|
Agitation |
Moral violence |
2 |
-3 |
|
|
Difficult situation |
1 |
-4 |
||
|
Frustration |
1 |
-3 |
||
|
Emotional state formation |
Cheating, mystification |
2 |
-4 |
|
|
Illness, disorder, or injury |
2.6 |
-3 |
||
|
Loss |
2 |
-4.5 |
||
|
Frustration |
3 |
-4 |
||
|
Dangerous situation |
2 |
-5 |
||
|
Discreditation |
Moral violence |
1.8 |
-3.3 |
|
|
Physical violence |
2 |
-4 |
||
|
Illness, disorder, or injury |
2 |
-2 |
||
|
Frustration |
1.5 |
-4 |
||
|
Difficult situation |
4 |
-1 |
Thus, we integrate sentiment analysis of fragments of media discourse with discursive analysis. The example is the aforementioned fragment 13 (subsection 3.2) that represents the CSD Difficult situation (lack of food: famine) governed by the communicative tactic of emotional state recognition, the agitation strategy:
(24) I know what it is to feel hungry and to see your child go hungry. It's a life of turning off the fridge because it's empty anyway, of sitting across the table from your young son enviously staring down at his breakfast. Of having freezing cold showers and putting your child to bed in god knows how many layers of clothes in the evening. It's distressing. Depressing. Destabilising. <…>. Parents are looking at empty cupboards in despair
(Daily Mirror, February 24, 2014).
Our introspective conclusion that the author attempts to polarize the state of distress experiencers is proved by the high strength of the negative sentiment of the CSD [1; -4]. Sentiment-bearing words that determinate the strength of separate sentences and a whole fragment are hungry [-1], enviously [-2], cold [-1], distressing [-2], depressing [-3], and despair [-3].
The CSD Loss governed by the communicative strategy of emotional state formation, is objectified by four fragments of different strength. The mean value represents the strength of negative sentiment [2; -4,5]. The most polarized is the aforementioned fragment 17 (subsection 3.2) [1; -5], in which the communicative tactic of expression of empathy governs the CSD Loss (Loss of a role):
(25) `It's an understatement to say that we are completely devastated. Our grief runs deep and the impact of Phillip's loss is enormous but nothing compares to the loss felt by those closest to him.' `In these darkest of hours cricket puts its collective arms around the Hughes family.
Jason Gillespie, the Yorkshire coach andformer Australia fast bowler, said on Twitter he was `shaking' at the news (The Guardian, November 27, 2014).
The author extensively refers to metaphorical associations of distress (brittleness, infection, dark colour, being down) depicting a vivid picture of experiencing the emotion. Sentiment-bearing words that instigate the strength of a whole fragment are: devastated [-4], grief [-3], loss [-2], and shaking [-1]. Although the tool identifies strong negative sentiment, it does not take into account intensifiers (e.g., completely [0], devastated [-4]) that linguistically indicate even a higher degree of strength.
The CSD Frustration has got the highest strength of the negative sentiment [1,5; -4] among the ones governed by the communicative strategy of discreditation:
(26) Like JFK or Diana's death, we all remember where we were the day Brooklyn Vegan blogged about British Sea Power's keyboardist leaving. The trauma was shortlived. But can events in pop really be traumatic? And if so, should I contact my lawyers about the following cases that soured my life? Maybe I shouldn't have been shocked, er, «emotionally distressed», to see the Velvet Underground's drummer appearing at a Tea party rally in 2010. <…> But she once sent me a signed picture of her and… I don't know, it _ just made me really sad, all right?
(The Guardian, February 12, 2014).
In the fragment, SentiStrength shows the level of affective influence upon the reader by the author's referring to the metaphorical associations of distress with injury (trauma [-3], traumatic [-3]) - DISTRESS EXPERIENCER IS AN INJURED PERSON, to the perceptual image of taste (soured [-1]), to the social value of death [-2] and such instantiations of DISTRESS as distressed [-2], shocked [-2], and sad [-3].
The strength of the positive sentiment is much higher than that of the negative one [4; -1] in the CSD Difficult situation in the aforementioned fragment 19 (subsection 3.2). The CSD is governed by the communicative strategy of discreditation as soon as the author applies the tactic of sarcasm that still poses the biggest challenge for computational detection. Sarcasm changes the polarity of a whole message expressing the opposite message of what has been written. The tool identifies the strength of the negative sentiment in the word worry [-3] and of the positive sentiment in the word happy [1] detecting no signs of sarcasm implied by the author.
Conclusions
Integrating cognitive-discursive and computational approaches enables to investigate DISTRESS in English media discourse as a multifaceted phenomenon. It is instantiated by a number of lexemes grouped into microfields denoting physical or mental / psychological suffering and adversity. The reconstructed mental model of DISTRESS reveals its conceptual features that fill in the frames and corresponding elaborations of the model and specify the multifaceted nature of DISTRESS. The discursive analysis fosters the investigation by giving insights into the types of communicative situations of distress and their corresponding contextual specifications, including social roles of participants and their shared values.
The application of the computational approach reinforces the accuracy of results and linguistic interpretations. Voyant tools helps establish the names for microfields at the stage of the cognitive analysis by defining the frequency of unique words in the corpus of definitions. Textanz provides the frequency of word forms and phrases and concordance for the corpus of media texts to define the social roles of participants and shared social values of life, death, family, time, freedom, justice, support, hope, and truth in the social context of distress. SentiStrength defines the polarity of lexicon in fragments of media discourse that represent a certain communicative situation of distress. The strength of negative and positive sentiments reveals attitudes of the speaker who consequently applies communicative strategies of agitation, emotional state formation, or discreditation with the follow-up number of communicative tactics. Thus, the present paper opens us new perspectives onto the complex application of cognitive-discursive and computational approaches to study linguistic phenomena.
Abbreviations
distress media discourse
BNC-The British National Corpus
COBUILD-Collins English Dictionary
COCA-Corpus of Contemporary American English
CSD-communicative situation of distress
GloWbE-Corpus of Web-Based Global English
LDOCE-Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
MED-Macmillan English Dictionary
MWDT-Merriam-Webster: Dictionary and Thesaurus
OALD-the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
POS-part-of-speech tagging
RHKWCD-Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary REFERENCES
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Sources for illustrations
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