Features and functions of omomorphemes in English

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Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Ghafurov

Department of translation and grammar of the English Language

Features and functions of omomorphemes in English

M. Abdulloev, PhD,

Khujand, Tajikistan

Annotation

Key words: homonymy, homomorphemes «-er», «-ed», «-ing», «-s (-es)» and «en», affix modifier, morphology, wordformation homomorphism, formant.

Homonymy at the level of morphemes is a linguistic homonymy subsystem [4, p. 3]. Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is widely used not only at the level of lexicology, but also at the level of morphology and phonology. The morphological system of the English language is one of the most complex layers of the language structure, and the affix system of this language is a set of morphological devices.

In turn, a morpheme is the smallest structural unit that has a dual nature. The difference between a phoneme and a morpheme is that a morpheme is a unit of form and meaning.

Professor Zh. Vandries uses the term “morpheme” to denote a form in which a grammatical category is represented, all linguistic elements that express a grammatical relationship (affixes, their order in sentences and phrases, the order of vowels, internal inflections, beat, zero morphemes, words, word order) [3, р. 136].

There are a total of 13 inflectional morphemes in English:

1. «-s» («es») - a morpheme of the compound form: computers;

2. «-s» - a morpheme meaning possessive: parent's house;

3. «-s» («-es») - this morpheme is used to create a plural form of nafs substitutes: ourselves, themselves;

4. «-s» - morpheme of the absolute form of possessive pronouns: ours, theirs, yours;

5. «-s» («-es») - a morpheme indicating only the third person: he tells, she teaches;

6. «-ed» - past tense morpheme of correct verbs: played;

7. «-ed» - morpheme of the present tense of the past tense of the correct verbs: completed - completed;

8. «-ing» - gerund morpheme: finding - to dig;

9. «-ing» - morpheme of the first verb quality: finding;

10. «-er» - morpheme of comparative degree of quality and adverb: bigger, faster;

11. «-st» - morpheme of the highest quality: biggest, fastest;

12. «-en» - a morpheme of the present tense of the past tense of incorrect verbs: taken;

13. «-en» is a compound morpheme of the noun: oxen, children [7, p. 13]

The analysis shows that these morphemes of modern English have their own individual functions, and most of them perform more than one function.

Traditionally, homonymy is studied mostly at the level of words (lexemes and word-forms) or phrases, and separate studies on homonymy at other linguistic levels are rare.

О.С. Akhmanov in his book «Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language» classifies homonyms, noting that homonyms in lexical forms have an outstanding morphological structure. For example: basic homonymy, differences in compositional structure, classification on the basis of belonging to the parts of speech [1, р. 214].

Homonymy in the grammatical system of a language is quite complex and specific, that is, a minimal valuable unit of language - a morpheme can also have its own homonyms.

The study of inflectional morphemes of the English language shows that, depending on their structural and semantic features and functions, 5 productive morphemes of this language can be included in the group of homomorphs. These are the inflectional homonymous morphemes «-ed», «-er», «-ing», «-s (es)» and «-en», each of which will be analyzed in detail.

In modern English, homonymous morphemes are widely used to form grammatical forms. Morphemes are not morphologically independent and are not divided into components.

In modern English, the suffix -er is the most productive word-formative suffix. In fact, the suffix «-er» belongs to the allomorphic group «-or». According to the English expert L.M. Karashuk allomorphic group of the suffix «-or» does not have its own phonemic variants [6, p. 91]. In the process of its development, the suffix «-er» made nouns and verbs nouns that represented the person performing an activity. The point of the word refers to this point.

Example: cartere - cart, haberdaschere - merchant.

Also, the morpheme «-er» in the process of development means a hatter, belonging to a certain area (Londoner - a resident of London) and owning or performing any activity with that tool (knocker) expressed.

In modern English, the morpheme in question has not lost its comprehensiveness and universality, in addition, it has retained the ability to express the meaning of the performer and the instrument.

This feature allows us to consider the morpheme «-er» as a group of homonyms, because it can represent two different concepts.

It is the notion of the performer and the notion of the morpheme «-er» in modern English that is one of the main grounds for its homomorphism.

Another premise is that the suffix «-er» not only forms a noun, but it can be combined on the basis of adjectives to form a comparative degree, which is discussed in detail below in the homomorphic feature «-er».

The suffix «-er» is added to the noun to indicate the region. This meaning can be conditionally equated with the Tajik word «nisba». Example: villager - a resident of the village, hosteller - a student living in a dormitory, islander - a resident of the island.

The suffix «-er» can be combined with a quality attribute based on the meaning of a color or a characteristic, and can refer to a person who has the attribute mentioned. Example: greener - freshman, fresher - newly admitted to university.

There are rare cases when, due to its high consumption and productivity, the homorpheme «-er» is added not only to the base of the word, but also to the suffix, creating a new name. Example: onlooker - controller, come - outer - speaker.

The inflectional homomorpheme «-er» in modern English also makes a comparative degree of originality. This feature of the suffix «-er» is also one of the bases of its inflectional homomorphism.

In English, the comparative degree of quality is expressed by three means. The first tool - a synthetic means of comparative degree of quality - is created by combining the suffix «-er» on the basis of the original quality, and expresses the strong features of the object and the properties that appear as a result of comparison.

Example: fast - faster; big - bigger; young - younger.

When creating a comparative quality, the suffix «-er» is added only to adjectives that are less than two syllables. Example: tall - taller, soft - softer, small - smaller, easy - easier, happy - happier, heavy - heavier. There are also cases when, although the word does not exceed two syllables, comparative forms of quality are realized through the formation of the compound, and the inflectional homomorpheme «-er» does not participate in the construction of such words. Example: well - better - best, bad - worse - the worst, little - less - the least

Analytical forms of comparative degree of quality can also be formed through auxiliary words. This group often includes adjectives consisting of more than two syllables. Example: interesting - more interesting, beautiful - more beautiful.

The «-ing» format is an inflectional affix and is a very important morpheme in the English morphological system, as productivity and repetition in use affect the development of not only English but also other multilingual languages.

The etymology of the suffix «-ing» is one of the oldest German languages, in which the language functioned in the form of two variants - ing and - ung, and was not limited to the origin of toponyms and gender names [5, р. 60 - 62].

In modern English, the morpheme-ing continues to expand its valence functions and properties, combining it with adverbal-substantive, verb, and attributive functions.

Accordingly, a given inflectional morpheme is one of the most multifunctional affixes and plays an important role in defining and shaping various grammatical meanings.

In general, three grammatical meanings of homomorphs «- ing» can be observed in modern English. Due to the fact that this format is multifunctional in the morphological system of the English language.

For example:

1. It's raining.

2. Flattering won't help.

In the given examples, the value of the studied formant can be explained in two ways: the first as an indicator of the present continuous tense and the second as an inflectional affix of the word.

The homomorpheme «-ing», combined with the English source, for ms one of the impersonal forms of the verb - gerund. The gerund combines the properties of a noun and a verb, and sometimes performs the following functions in a sentence: subject, filler, case, and nominal part of the message and determiner. For example: speak - speaking, to keep - keeping.

However, there are some rules for using the -ing suffix in English:

a) If the verb denoting the action ends in the infinitive with the vowel «-e», the time for adding the suffix «-ing» «-e» is lost: to take - taking, to bite - biting;

b) In English there are two verbs ending in «ie». In this case, during the formation of the gerund by adding the homomorpheme «-ing» the following changes occur: die - dying and lie - lying. That is, it follows from the rules of word formation of the English language that we replace the clause «ie» with the morpheme «-u»;

c) When a word ends with a syllable under the beat, then the last consonant becomes louder. For example, run - running, swim - swimming, cut - cutting

Observations show that the suffix «-ing» can form a gerund not only from the source of the action, but also from the state. For example: Annette's being French might upset her a little. In this sentence, the word - the form «being», formed by adding the form «-ing» to the infinitive «to be», indicates the state, and in this case the origin of Annette.

As is well known, the system of present tense forms of the English language, expressing only territory or time, is expressed by four types:

- Indefinite (indefinite);

- Continuous;

- Perfect;

- Perfect Continuous.

Each of these analytical forms refers to the time at which the action occurred. Continuous time is consumed in cases when this or that event, action or situation lasts for a certain period of time, and includes this or that continuous process. The role of the auxiliary verb to be and the homomorpheme «-ing» are very important when forming all tenses of the Continuous and Perfect Continuous forms. The auxiliary verb to be and the homomorpheme «-ing» are used in the sentence structure to express the action that takes place during the speech, ie the suffix «-ing» is added to the semantic verb to express the necessary grammatical meaning. For example:

1. I'm listening to you.

2. Yesterday at the breakfast we were talking about our upcoming trip.

3. She will be having breakfast with Prime-minister at this time on Friday.

4. I have been waiting for you for two hours.

The study of the inflectional morpheme of the English homonym «-ing» shows that the given linguistic unit has a grammatical function.

This morpheme acts as a formant and is used repeatedly and productively.

In modern English it is one of the inflectional morphemes of the homonym - the suffix «- ed».

According to P.M. Karashuk started the inflectional morpheme «ed» to construct the past tense form and the second verb quality of the correct verbs. In the course of the development of the English language, such verbs have acquired the character of quality [6, р. 73].

Homomorph «-ed» serves as a word-changing affix to construct past tense forms, unreal syllables, and the second verb quality of correct verbs.

The presence of an homomorpheme can cause difficulties in identifying certain grammatical events. For example, when finding such homonyms, a grammatical problem may arise between the verb forms to have and the direct participles expressed by nouns or noun phrases and adjectives. That is, the question arises as to whether such a grammatical form belongs to the message in the perfect form or is it a determinant of the next noun. For example, «... had grilled salmon» is defined as «Present Perfect» or Past Simple [9, р. 62]. But the solution to such a grammatical problem comes from the general context and use of a simple message that comes with a connecting link, focusing on the use of Present Simple and the present participle of the noun: The we all went to a restraunt and had grilled salmon. morphological homonym еnglish language

As a result of the homonymy of word-changing suffixes, individual forms of words belonging to different parts of speech may have the same appearance. In turn, as noted, the past tense form of the correct verb (the method he suggested) does not appear to be significantly different from the past participle (the method he suggested). In order to determine the word forms formed by homonymous inflectional morphemes, it is necessary to determine to which system of forms, ie paradigms, each of these word forms belongs. That is, in order to determine to which part of speech the suggested word-form referred to above belongs, other consonant forms of the word must be found: suggesting, suggests, etc. (2, p. 17).

One of the most productive inflectional homonymous morphemes of the English language is the morpheme «-s» or «-es».

The homomorpheme «-s (-es)» serves as a plural form of nouns. It is also a polyfunctional unit in the structure of phrases and sentences to express the following relationship: a given morpheme has a positive meaning: Arthur's eyes traveled slowly down the page.

The third homomorpheme «-s (es)» is a morphological unit that serves to express a number of grammatical meanings of verbs. These are: a) the present tense expression of meaningful verbs.

Gemma raises her eyebrows slightly.

The fourth feature of the homomorpheme «-s» is the emergence of an absolute form of knowledge in the plural. Example: our - ours, your - yours, their - theirs.

In these pairs the first form is related, the second form is absolute. The first form, like quality, serves to define a name. It serves the belonging of a thing to certain persons [8, p. 160].

In modern English the inflectional morpheme «-en» is used less than the mentioned homomorphemes. In ancient English, before its development, this suffix was based on the noun to create adjectives that meant something artificial or composed of something. The suffix «-en», which had such a feature, came together only on the basis of special nouns and meant a material thing. For example: hempen, liken, silken, etc. [6, р. 81].

The study of this inflectional morpheme shows that this sequence acquires additional features as it develops, and the range of its functions is expanded. In general, this inflectional morpheme has 4 features:

1. The morpheme «-en» as a bond is attached to some incorrect verb adjectives, but is not used to create new words. For example: taken, forgetten.

2. Another feature of the inflectional morpheme «-en» is the construction of the plural form of special nouns, the number of such nouns in English is small. Example: children, oxen, etc.

3. The inflexive homomorpheme «-en» is very productive in the construction of relative qualities. This suffix is attached to the noun to form adjectives that are made up of something. For example: golden watch, silken dress. Despite its productivity, the adjective suffix «-y (-ly)» is superior to the homomorpheme «-en» in word formation.

4. The fourth feature of the morpheme «-en» is the construction of quality from another independent part of speech - from the verb. In other words, it is based on the meaning of one-syllable verbs and creates one-syllable qualities. Example: sharpen, shorten.

There are cases when this suffix is added to the adjective to form a verb. For example: blacken, which means to blacken. But it should be noted that although in the structure of several English verbs such as frighten, lengthen, strengthen and so on. Although there is a morpheme «-en», these verbs are formed not from adjectives but from nouns.

Thus, as a result of the homonymy of word-changing suffixes, individual forms of words belonging to different parts of speech may have the same appearance.

In modern English, the most productive homorphemes are the affixes «-er», «-ed», «-ing», «-s (-es)» and «-en». These morphemes differ from other productive morphemes in terms of expression of meaning, function and structure. For example, in modern English, the inflected homomorpheme «-er» is one of the most productive affixes, which in the process of development is joined on the basis of the word and expresses different shades of meaning. The suffix "ed" of the verb and the suffix «ed» of the adjective are also very productive. Two grammatical forms can be observed in the words faced and pale faced. In the first word the past tense form of the verb is correct and the second form represents the sign. It follows that the homomorpheme «ed» is used not only for past tense forms, the second present participle, and the unreal syllable, but also to construct a quality.

The homomorpheme «-ing» is used in the formation of impersonal forms of the verb as a gerund and the present participle, and its grammatical function is to determine the noun. The inflectional morpheme «-ing» also contributes to the formation of all tenses of the Continuous and Perfect Continuous forms. Therefore, it is advisable to include the suffix «-ing» in the list of English homorphemes.

Thus, the homonymy of formative affixes in modern English, which is one of the outstanding features of the mentioned language, requires special attention in the translation of sentences in which homonymous inflectional morphemes are used.

References

1. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionaries of Linguistic Terms. M.; 1969, 608p.

2. Arbekova T.I. English lexicology (practical course). Moscow, 1977, 240th

3. Vandris J. Language. An Introduction to Linguistics to History. - M., 1937

4. Vardul I.F. Fundamentals of descriptive linguistics. Syntax and suprasyntax. M .: Nauka, 1977, 330p

5. Zherdeva. M.O. The -ing / -ung suffix in English history // Forest Bulletin, №4, 2003. pp. 60-62,

6. Karashchuk P.M. The structure of affix words in English. - M., 1965, 171p.

7. Usmonov K. Grammar and Comparison of English and Tajik. Textbook. - Khujand, 2017. - 372 p.

8. Usmonov K., Ibrokhimova R. English homomorpheme «-s» («-es»). // Scientific Notes of KSU No4 (53) - Khujand, 2017

9. Usmonova M.E., Abdulloev M. About morphemes and homonyms of the suffix «-ed» as a gift of the system and morphology of the English language // Armugoni navrokhon ilm. - Khujand: Nuri Marifat, 2017, - 268 p.

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