Eponyms in the field of medicine and paediatric dental medicine in Bulgarian and English

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EPONYMS IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE AND PAEDIATRIC DENTAL MEDICINE IN BULGARIAN AND ENGLISH

Zlatina Zheleva, Senior Lecturer, Department of Language and Specialized Training (DESO), Medical University of Plovdiv (Bulgaria), 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, Bulgaria

Gergana Petkova, Senior Lecturer, PhD, Department of Language and Specialized Training (DESO), Medical University - Plovdiv (Bulgaria), 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, Bulgaria

Vanya Ivanova, Assistant Professor, PhD, Department of Education in Mathematics, Informatics and Information Technology, University of Plovdiv «Paisii Hilendarski» (Bulgaria)

Svetla Petrova, Assistant professor, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University of Plovdiv, 15A Vasil Aprilov Boulevard, Bulgaria

Abstract

Introduction. Eponyms have been an inseparable part of medicine ever since the science exists. The need to name diseases and conditions after the physicians who came upon them and explored them arose (e.g., Addison's disease, Cushing syndrome etc). This method of term formation continues to be employed even nowadays and its main advantage is that it facilitates remembering the condition.

The purpose of the present paper is to establish the main principles of formation of eponyms and to compare them within the Bulgarian, English and Latin terminology. Another comparison which is intended is the use of eponyms in clinical medicine and clinical paediatric dental medicine.

Background and motivations. The purpose of eponyms is to name diseases and conditions and to facilitate remembering. However, there are underlying principles of term formation and usage in the different fields of medicine which need to be clarified and traced.

Methodology. The main methods used are lexicographical excerption and comparative analysis. The eponyms are classified according to the manner of their formation and usage.

The expected results are related to the differences in the use of eponyms in the medical terminologies of Bulgarian and English clinical setting and to compare those to their source languages- Latin and ancient Greek.

Key words: eponyms, Latin, English, Bulgarian, clinical terminology, medicine, paediatric dental medicine.



Аннотация

ЗЛАТИНА Желева, кандидат филологических наук, преподаватель кафедры языка и специального обучения Медицинского университета (г.. Пловдив, Болгария).

ПЕТКОВА Гергана, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры языка и специального обучения Медицинского университета (г.. Пловдив, Болгария).

ИВАНОВА Ваня, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры обучения по математике, информатике и информационным технологиям Пловдивского университета «Паисия Хилендарского» (г. Пловдив, Болгария).

ПЕТРОВА Светла, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедри педиатрической стоматологи факультета стоматологической медицины Медицинского университета (г.. Пловдив, Болгария).

ЭПОНИМЫ В ОБЛАСТИ МЕДИЦИНЫ И ПЕДИАТРИЧЕСКОЙ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ НА БОЛГАРСКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ.

Введение. Эпонимы всегда были неотъемлемой частью медицины с тех самых пор, как наука начала свое существование. Возникла необходимость называть болезни и состояния после того, как врачи пришли к больному и исследовали их (например, болезнь Аддисона, синдром Кушинга и т. д.). Этот метод терминообразования продолжает работать даже в наши дни, и его основное преимущество состоит в том, что он облегчает запоминание состояния.

Целью настоящей статьи является установление основных принципов формирования эпонимов и сравнение их в болгарской, английской и латинской терминологиях. Еще одно сравнение, которое необходимо изучить, является использование эпонимов в клинической медицине и клинической детской стоматологической медицине.

Мотивация. Цель эпонимов состоит в том, чтобы называть болезни и состояния, и облегчить их запоминание. Однако, существуют основные принципы образования термина и его использования в различных областях медицины, которые необходимо уточнить и изучить.

Методология. Основные используемые методы представляют собой лексикографическую выборку и сравнительный анализ. Эпонимы классифицируются в зависимости от их формирования и использования.

Ожидаемые результаты связаны с различиями в использовании эпонимов в медицинской терминологии болгарских и английских клинических кейсов и сравнение их с языками оригинала - латынью и древнегреческим.

Ключевые слова: эпоним, Латынь, английский, болгарский, клиническая терминология, медицина, детская стоматология.



Анотація

ЗЛАТІНА Желева, кандидат філологічних наук, викладач кафедри мови та спеціального навчання Медичного університету (м. Пловдів, Болгарія).

ПЕТКОВА Гергана, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри мови та спеціального навчання Медичного університету (м. Пловдів, Болгарія).

ІВАНОВА Ваня, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри навчання з математики, інформатики та інформаційних технологій Пловдівського університету «Паїсії Хілендарські» (м. Пловдів, Болгарія).

ПЕТРОВА Светла, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент кафедри педіатричної стоматології факультету стоматологічної медицини Медичного університету (м. Пловдів, Болгарія).

ЕПОНІМИ В ОБЛАСТІ МЕДИЦИНИ ТА ПЕДІАТРИЧНОЇ СТОМАТОЛОГІЧНОЇ МЕДИЦИНИ В БОЛГАРСЬКІЙ ТА АНГЛІЙСЬКІЙ МОВІ.

Вступ. Епіоніми завжди були невід'ємною частиною медицини, з тих часів, коли наука почала своє існування. Була необхідність назвати хворобу та стан пацієнта після того, як лікарі прийшли до пацієнта і досліджували його (наприклад, хвороба Аддісона, синдром Кушингу тощо). Цей метод формування терміну продовжує працювати навіть у наші дні, і його головна перевага полягає в тому, що вона сприяє запам'ятовуванню стану хворого.

Метою цієї статті є створення основних принципів формування епонімів та порівняння їх у болгарській, англійській та латинській термінологіях. Інше порівняння, яке потрібно вивчити, - це використання епонімів у клінічній медицині та клінічній дитячі стоматологічній медицини.

Мотивація. Мета епонімів полягає в тому, щоб назвати хворобу та стан, і полегшити їх запам'ятовування. Однак існують основні принципи формування терміну та його використання в різних галузях медицини, які повинні бути уточнено та вивчено.

Методологія. Основні використані методи є лексикографічна вибірка та порівняльний аналіз. Епоніми класифікуються залежно від їх формування та використання.

Очікувані результати пов'язані з відмінностями у використанні епонімів у медичній термінології болгарських та англійських клінічних справ та їх порівняння з мовами оригіналів - латинською та давньогрецькою.

Ключові слова: епонім, латинська, англійська, болгарська, клінічна термінологія, медицина, дитяча стоматологія.



Introduction

Information, found in ancient Greek and Latin texts, shows us that people from many different nations were, and still are, interested in problems of the human health and body. Every alteration in the general condition of our bodies, every new disease and every new symptom should be described by its discoverer and must be given a name, too.

There are several ways for naming new findings in the sphere of medicine and most of them date back to the very beginning of its development as one of the most important sciences nowadays. The biggest part of medical terms is presented by words from Greek and Latin origin or by combinations of Greek and Latin terminoelements. Today, modern terms, based on contemporary words, could also be found in the language used by doctors.

The issue on the use of eponyms has been discussed by various authors. Nieradko-Iwanicka defined an eponym as «a person, place or thing after whom or after which something is named» (Nieradko-Iwanicka, B., 2020). Although the definition is quite broad and allows for unwanted reference to «cultural, social, national, regional, professional or ethnic group» as WHO claims (WHO, 2015). Therefore, the definition Yale et. al. proposed is more appropriate and specific. They define a medical eponym as «an honorific term bestowed to an individual(s) who identified or discovered a disease, sign, symptom, syndrome, test, finding, anatomical part, or designed a device, procedure, view, treatment, classification, prediction rule, principle, or algorithm. Thus, medical eponyms include those aspects which involve patient care or applications of care. Since the term connotes respect and honors a person's accomplishment(s), any name proven without a reasonable doubt to be associated with racial, fascist, or anti - Semitic beliefs or behaviors or other inhuman atrocities against people or society should be expunged from literature and usage»(Yale et al., 2020). Of course, the issue whether eponyms should or should not be used is still debatable, although specialists continue to use them widely in medicine mainly because the shortness and exactness of these terms facilitate their work.

Historically, the eponym (from Greek snnvnpo = the one who is giving the name) was a municipal official in Ancient Greece honoured by using his name as the name of the month in the local calendar (Kucharz, E. J. 2020). The first eponyms ever used are linked to the name of Hippocrates - «Хипократови пръсти» or «барабанни пръсти» («digitus hippocraticus» (Latin)/

«Hippocratic fingers» or «clubbed fingers» (English)) (Arnaudov 1964: 165) were described for the first time by Hippocrates in his «Hippocratic corpus of text» (King 2001: 9), and because of that these terms are dedicated to him.

Century after century, more and more diseases appear ed, and more and more eponyms appeared to name them. At present, there are more than 20000 medical eponyms which makes it difficult for the contemporary physician to know them all and use them. Thus, special eponymic textbooks have been written and, in the USA, a compulsory part of medical education is the knowledge and ability to use several thousand eponyms (Arnaudova 2005). That is why special attention should be paid to them from a linguistic point of view and principles of their formation should be identified and described as well.

The main issue, examined in the present text, is the eponyms in Bulgarian medical terminology and the terminology used in paediatric dental medicine. «Encyclopedic Dictionary from A to Z» by Sergey Vlahov is used for a basic source of information. The selected eponyms and facts about them are compared with the data introduced in «Dictionary of Foreign Words in Bulgarian Language» by A. Millev, B. Nikolov and J. Bratkov, and that shown in «Terminologia Medica Polyglota» («Medical Terminology in Six Languages») by Dr. George Arnaudov and «Nova Terminologia Medica Polyglota et Eponymica» («New Medical and Eponymic Terminology in Seven Languages») by Petya George Arnaudov. The textbooks used in the excerption of the eponyms used in paediatric dental medicine are English textbooks - Handbook of Paediatric Dentistry by A. Cameron and R. Widmer and Paediatric Dentistry by R.Welbury, the comparison with the Bulgarian terms was based on terms excerpted from Bulgarian textbooks - Clinical Paediatric Dentistry by M. Peneva et al. and Prevention of Oral Diseases - a Textbook of Paediatric Dental Medicine by M. Peneva et al.

The list with preferred Bulgarian medical terms, based on the proper names of their discoverers, does not claim to be full and complete A more complete list of them could be found in “Nova Terminologia Medica Polyglota et Eponymica ” (“New Medical and Eponymic Terminology in Seven Languages”) by Petya George Arnaudov. There are 3 500 ^{eponyms in it with their Bulgarian and Latin equivalents.} . The one and only aim of the research made is to examine different manners of termformation and comparison between the Bulgarian and English terms. The paper contains some of the most popular terms that are given as examples. There are sixteen eponyms formed from ten personal names of British scientists, six formed from four German personal names, two from one Russian personal name, four from two Austrian personal names, two eponyms formed from two personal names of American scientists, and eleven ones formed from five French personal names. The term «садомазохизъм» («sadomasochismus» (Latin medical term); «sado-masochism» (English medical term)) is a combination of a French and an Austrian personal name - marquise de Sade and Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. The eponyms «болест на <Иценко - > Кушинг/Къшин³» («<Icenko -> Cushing' morbus» (Latin medical term); «Cushing's disease» (English medical term)) and «синдром на <Иценко - > Кушинг/Къшинг» («<Icenko - > Cushing' syndromum» (Latin medical term); «Cushing's syndrome» (English medical term)) are based on the name of the Russian neuropathologist N. M. Icenko and that of the American neurosurgeon Harvey Williams Cushing. In all of them the surname of the person who discovered and decribed the disease is an example of terminologisation.

These fifty-two eponyms together with those medical terms, playing the role of their synonyms, are presented in the text with their Bulgarian, Latin and English equivalents and are also classified according to the special features of their construction. They are divided into two major groups - monobasic terms and compound terms.

Monobasic terms

Two subgroups could be figured out here - eponyms, formed by the means of conversion, and eponyms, created by the combination of root (usually the personal name of the discoverer) and suffix.

By conversion

The examples from the first subgroup are put in Table 1.

Table 1

Bulgarian	Latin Such examples are not found in Latin medical terminology and that is why only the surnames of the scientists are filled in the table.	English The more common diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are used in English colloquial speech.
алцхаймер (разг.)	Alzheimer	Alzheimer's
acneprep	Asperger	Asperger's
бехтерев (разг.)	Bechterev/Behterev These two forms are doublets.	Bechterev/Behterev
бюргер (разг.)	Buerger	Buerger
дюпюитрен (разг.)	Dupuytren	Dupuytren
мениер (разг.)	Meniere	Meniere
паркинсон (разг.)	Parkinson	Parkinson's
ходжкин (разг.), син. лимфогрануломатоза	Hodgkin, lymphogranulomatosis	Hodgkin's, malignantlymphogranulomatosis

In that very case, a personal name is used as a medical term and its main function is no longer only to identify a definite human person (Teoriya 1986: 46). The process by which a personal name becomes a common noun is usually an «artificial» one (ibi dem: 44). These terms very often come to be part of the commonly used vocabulary, and this is accompanied by some lexicosemantic changes (ibi dem: 43). They are recognizable and used in a colloquial speech by people, working in a sphere different from medicine. That act of enlargement of the term usage is called determinologisation (Boyadgiev, Kutzarov, Penchev 1999: 188). eponym clinical case medical

In Latin medical terminology the existence of eponyms, formed by conversion, is not found. Eponyms of that kind are typical for Bulgarian and English terminology but when used in every-day speech between specialists and non-specialists. And all of these eponyms are examples of determinologisation.

By combination of root and suffix

The pattern «root + suffix» is productive in all of the three medical terminologies. While illustrating the model with different examples, the Latin term is going to be initially given because it is the first one to appear.

A) root + suffix «-itis»

The Latin suffix «-itis» means inflammation (e.g., neuritis, nerve inflammation) (Rothenberg, Chapman 2000: 298). The English suffix is the same as that in Latin but in Bulgarian the variant is «-ит».

хайморит, син. максиларен сину(з)ит (Bulgarian medical terms) highmoritis, sinusitis maxillaris (Latin medical terms) highmoritis, sinusitis maxillaries (English medical terms)

B) root + suffix «-ismus «

It indicates a condition of or a theory of (e.g., hyperthyroidism) (Rothenberg, Chapman 2000: 297). The English variant of the Latin suffix is «ism « and the Bulgarian one is «-изъм».

Examples are in Table 2.

Table 2

Bulgarian	Latin	English
адисонизъм	addisonismus	addisonism
базедовизъм	basedowismus	basedowism
далтонизъм (син. цветна слепота)	daltonismus (achromatopsia)	daltonism (colour blindness (especially red- blindness), red-green-blindness)
мазохизъм	masochismus	masochism
никотинизъм	nicotinismus	nicotinisms
паркинсонизъм	parkinsonismus	parkinsonism
садизъм	sadismus	sadism
садомазохизъм	sadomasochismus	sado-masochism

C) root + suffix «-osis «

Once again the Latin and the English form of the suffix coincide. The Bulgarian variant is «-оза». It indicates a condition, especially a diseased condition (e.g., nephrosis), or an increase or excess (e.g., leukocylosis) (Rothenberg, Chapman 2000: 408).

The examples are in Table 3.

Table 3

Bulgarian	Latin	English
бруцелоза (син. Ундулираща (вълнообразна) треска, малтийска треска, средиземноморска треска; болест на Банг)	brucellosis (febris undulans, febris undulans mellitensis, febris mediterranea; morbus Bangi)	brucellosis (undulant fever, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever; Bang's disease)
листероза, листерелоза	listeriosis, listerellosis	listeriosis, listerellosis
пастьорелоза	pasteurellosis	pasteurellosis
рикетсиозa	rickettsiosis	rickettsiosis, rickettsiasis
салмонелоза	salmonellosis	salmonella infection

D) root + suffix «-oma»

In Latin and English the form of the suffix is «-oma», in Bulgarian - «- ом(а)». It is used in words meaning «tumor» or «neoplasm» (e.g., adenoma, sarcoma) (Arnaudov 1964: 352).

шваном(а), син. неврином(а) (Bulgarian medical terms)

schwannoma, neurinoma (Latin medical terms)

schwannoma, neurinoma (English medical terms)

Compound terms

In that second major group two subgroups could also be distinguished in accordance with the patterns used in their formation. It is important to highlight the fact that this differentiation is typical only for the Bulgarian medical terminology. The situation with Latin and English systems is going to be presented after the information given about the Bulgarian compound terms.

1. The first subgroup includes compound terms containing an adjective, derivated from a personal name by adding the suffix «-ов, -ова, -ово», and a common noun.

Table 4

Bulgarian	Latin	English
адисонова болест (син.бронзова болест)	Addisoni morbus	Addison's disease (bronzed skin disease)
алцхаймерова болест	morbus Alzheimer	Alzheimer's disease
базедова болест (син. т иреотоксикоза)	Basedowi morbus (thyreotoxicosis)	Basedow's disease(thyrotoxicosis)
брайтова болест (гломерулонефрит)	Brighti morbus (glomerulonephritis)	Bright's disease(glomerulonephritis)
бюргерова болест/синдром (син. облитериращ тромбангиит)	morbus Buergeri (thrombangiitis obliterans)	Buerger's disease (thrombangiitis obliterans)
Ван дер Валсови сили		Van der Waals force
кушингов/къшингов синдром	Cushingi syndromum	Cushing's syndrome
мениеров синдром	Menieri syndromum	Meniere's disease
паркинсонова болест (син. Трепереща парализа)	Parkinsoni morbus	Parkinson's disease (shaking paralysis)
Търнерова дисплазия/ търнеров зъб	hypoplasia Turneri	Turner`s hypoplasia/ Turner's Tooth

Dupuytreni contractura (Latin medical term)

Dupuytren's contracture (English medical term)

2. The second subgroup includes compound terms containing a common noun, the preposition «на» (it expresses possession and corresponds to the Latin genitive case form and the usage of apostrophe (`) in English) and a personal name.

Table 5

Bulgarian	Latin	English
болест на Адисон (син. Бронзова болест)	Addisoni morbus	Addison's disease (bronzed skin disease)
болест на Алцхаймер	morbus Alzheimer	Alzheimer's disease
болест на Бехтерев (син. Анкилозиращ спондилартрит)	Bechterevi morbus/Behterevi morbus (spondylarthritis ankylopoetica)	Bechterev's disease/Behterev's disease(spondylarthritis ankylopoetica)
болест на Дюпюитрен (син. контрактура на Дюпюитрен)	Dupuytreni morbus (Dupuytreni contractura)	Dupuytren's contracture
болест на <Иценко->Кушинг/Къшинг (син. синдром на <Иценко- >Кушинг/Къшинг)	<Icenko>-Cushing ' morbus (<Icenko>- Cushing' syndromum)	Cushing's disease (Cushing's syndrome)
болест на Паджет/Педжет/Падж ет In “Terminologia Medica Polyglota” (“Medical Terminology in Six Languages”) by Dr. George Arnaudov the form of the used name is “Пяджет”, while in “Nova Terminologia Medica Polyglota et Eponymica ” (“New Medical and Eponymic Terminology in Seven Languages”) by Petya George Arnaudov, it is “Педжет”, and in “Encyclopedic Dictionary from A to Z” by Sergey Vlahov, it is “Паджет”. (син. деформираща остеодистрофия, деформиращ остит)	Pageti morbus (osteodystroph ia deformans, ostitis (osteitis) deformans)	Paget's disease of the bones (osteitis deformans)
болест на Паркинсон (син. Трепереща парализа)	Parkinsoni morbus	Parkinson's disease (shaking paralysis)
болест на Ходжкин (син. лимфогрануломатоза )	Hodgkini morbus (lymphogranulomatos is)	Hodgkin's disease (malignantlymphogranulomat osis)
ерупция на Kandaur варицелиформена Капоши ерупция	eczema herpeticum	Kaposi varicelliform eruption
афти на Микулич	aphtae vulgaris	Mikulicz's ulcers/ Mikulicz's aphthae
афтоза/ синдром на Бехчет		Behcet's aphthosis/disease/syndrome
плаков индекс на Куигли- Хайн		Quigley-Hein Plaque Index
линии на Ретциус		Striae of Retzius
синдром на <Иценко->Кушинг/Къшинг (син. болест на <Иценко->Кушинг/Къшинг)	<Icenko>-Cushing ' syndromum (<Icenko>-Cushing ' morbus)	Cushing's syndrome (Cushing's disease)
синдром на Мениер	Menieri syndromum	Meniere's disease

Dupuytreni contractura, Dupuytreni morbus (Latin medical term)

Dupuytren's contracture (English medical term)

3. The third subgroup includes compound terms containing a common noun, the preposition «по» (meaning in accordance with the method/model of) and a personal name.



Table 6

Bulgarian	English
схема по Le Geros	Scheme according to Le Geros
Подповърхностна деминерализация по Морено и Зарадник	Subsurface demineralization according to Moreno and Zahradnik
анестезия по Вайсбрем	Weissbrem's anesthesia technique
кариозна лезия по Силвърстоун	Carious lesion according to Silverstone

The English terminology system is a homogenous one. In the construction of its compound terms one and the same model could be recognized, i.e. a possessive form of a personal name (formed by adding «'s» to it) and a common noun are put together. However, since 1974, NIH (National Institutes of Health) has recommended refraining from using possessive eponyms (Classification and nomenclature of malformation. Lancet 1974). In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2004 and the American Medical Association (AMA) in 2007 advocated for eliminating the possessive form (WHO 2004.; Iverson, C. et al. 2007) which presents another dilemma related to the use of eponyms.

Though it is possible a term with the possessive preposition «of» to be created (like the Bulgarian examples from the second subgroup), such samples are not found. If the compound term contains two or more names, the English eponym follows one of the next patterns - «Brill-Symmers' disease» or «Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease».

What is noticeable in the groups of eponyms used is paediatric dental medicine is that the largest group in Bulgarian is comprised by the compound eponyms from the second subgroup (compound terms containing a common noun, the preposition «на» (it expresses possession) and a personal name.) e.g. ерупция на Kaposi/ афтоид на Pospischill-Feyrter/ афти на Mikulicz. What is even more noticeable is that the authors of the Bulgarian textbooks wrote the personal names of the scientists in the Latin script probably in order to avoid misunderstanding in the process of transliteration/ transcription of the names. This is yet another issue in the use of eponyms in Bulgarian. The latter trend is observed in most journal articles and textbooks in Bulgarian - personal names are rarely transliterated/ transcribed in medical context.

Another common trend in the use of eponyms in Bulgarian medical and paediatric dental medical context is the examples from the third subgroup of compound eponyms (containing a common noun, the preposition «по» (meaning in accordance with the method/ model of) and a personal name). The trend is explained by the need of specialists to use and describe procedures/ methods/ studies/ research by the name of the authors that elaborated on the ebove mentioned entities. For example, анестезия по Вайсбрем (Weissbrem's anesthesia technique) is a compound term for all steps in a procedure for applying an anesthesia and the eponym facilitates explanation, teaching and performing the procedure. Of course, these eponyms are more commonly used both in English and Bulgarian by specialists speaking the two languages.

Eponyms also have historical significance and through them respect is paid to some of the most famous physicians in the history of medicine since the antiquity to present day.

Main eponyms in Latin begin with the name of a single author which is followed by an apostrophe (`) and is not in a Latin declension. When the authors are two or more, their names are separated by hyphens and an apostrophe is not used (Basedow' morbus).

Subordinate eponyms are the ones which the name of the author follows a main Latin term and is in the Genitive e.g., degeneratio Wagneri. There are two exceptions to the rules - 1) in all names of French origin (degeneratio Gombault'); 2) in all names and in all languages ending in a vowel (degeneratio Abercombie'). These exceptions are due to the change in pronunciation of the terms. Instead, an apostrophe is used.

Exceptions to this rule are single classical eponyms of authors from the past (Eustachii, Fallopii).

Subordinate terms with two or more authors are written with an apostrophe (degeneratio Armanni-Ebstein ') (Arnaudova 2005: XVI-XVIII).

Within the Latin system, if the scientist is a male, his personal name, being a part of a compound term, is given the form for Genitive, singular (ending with «-i»), just like a genuine Latin name from Second Declension. If the discoverer is a female, her name is given the ending «-ae», similarly to common nouns from Latin First Declension.

The biggest part of the terms follows that rule, but some exceptions are observed, and the rule starts to waver. In «Terminologia Medica Polyglota» frames like «morbus Alzheimer», «<Icenko>-Cushing' morbus» «<Icenko>- Cushing' syndromum», (but «Cushingi sundromum» appears, too) are of a rare kind, while in «Nova Terminologia Medica Polyglota et Eponymica» all the compound terms, containing one personal name, go after the following model - Alzheimer ' morbus, Bechterev'/Behterev' morbus, Dupuytren ' morbus, Meniere' morbus (syndromum), Parkinson ' morbus.

Examples like «Rothmann-Makai syndromum», «Senear-Usher syndromum», «Gee-Herter-Heubner morbus», «Gerstmann-Straussler- Scheinker syndromum» in «Nova Terminologia Medica Polyglota et Eponymica», where no marker of possession could be found, are practiced in the cases where names of two or more scientists become a part of a compound term. Only very few exceptions like «Vogt (A.) - Koyanagi ' syndromum « might come across, but in «Terminologia Medica Polyglota» this is the main principle that is observed - «Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann ' morbus «, «Brill-Symmers ' morbus «.

It is very important to highlight that these principles are valid only for eponyms appointing diseases and syndromes.

As it may be seen, the biggest part of the terms is presented by descriptive collocations. This type of nomination is dependent on the ambition the inner form of the term to be clear and obvious and to characterize undoubtedly the notion (Zidarova 1998: 112). Most of those descriptive collocations contain proper names connected with the name of the discoverer or the research-worker (Zidarova 1998: 113).

Synonymy is the other interesting thing about terms in general. There could be synonymy between lexemes, between a lexeme and a phraseological unit and between phraseological units (Zidarova 1998: 66).

On one hand, synonymy of terms may become a problem in the act of communication, because it obstructs the possibility for a concrete and identical nomination in the field of science. But, on the other hand, it helps different variants to appear (Zidarova 1998: 113). These different forms may also express different opinions about one and the same phenomenon (Теория и методика ономастических исследований 1986: 34).

Synonyms like „алцхаймер, алцхаймерова болест, болест на Алцхаймер»; „бехтерев, болест на Бехтерев»; „мениер, мениерова болест, болест на Мениер», etc., are called absolute synonyms or lexical doublets. Their meaning, as well as their stylistic usage, is completely alike (Georgiev, Russinov 1996: 165). Such synonyms could be found only in scientific terminology (Georgiev, Russinov 1996: 165-166).

Eponyms in Bulgarian medical terminology could be presented by a single word (a monobasic term) or by a collocation (a compound term), but in both cases a personal name is the main part of them. In the first case, the anthroponym plays the role of a stem (Tosheva, Dimitrova, Mladenova, Kancheva 2000: 324). Different suffixes with their own meaning are added to the stem and by that pattern of word-formation various terms appear. But this is not a productive model. More creative is the prototype when th e anthroponym is a part of a compound term. This is true only for the Bulgarian terminological system where two subgroups could be distinguished in accordance with the ways of their formation. Even synonymy between phraseological units, which are representatives of these two subgroups, is observed.

A lot of changes happen in the field of medicine but the task of people, working in it, remains constant - to describe new phenomena, diseases and symptoms, found by them. The task of people dedicated to lingui stics also remains the same - to explain, define and characterize these new words, naming every new discovery. The act of explanation and classification is significant for the terminological system of every language because of its tendency towards lucidity at any rate.



Index of names

1. Addison, Thomas A. (1793-1860) - an English doctor, clinician and pathologist;

2. Alzheimer, Alois (1864-1915) - a German psychologist and neuropathologist;

3. Basedow, Karl Adolf von (1799-1854) - a district doctor in German town Merseburg;

4. Bechterev/Behterev (1857-1927) - a Russian psychologist and physiologist, founder of reflectology;

5. Behcet, Hulusi (1889- 1948) a Turkish dermatologist and scientist.

6. Bright, Richard (1789-1858) - a British physician and early pioneer in the research of kidney disease. For this, he is considered the «father of nephrology»;

7. Bruce, sir David (1855-1931) - a British military physician, bacteriologist and pathologist;

8. Buerger, Leo (1879-1943) - an Austrian-born American pathologist, surgeon and urologist;

9. Cushing, Harvey Williams (1869-1939) - an American neurosurgeon and a pioneer of brain surgery;

10. Dalton, John (1766-1844) - an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is famous with his work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour-blindness;

11. Dupuytren, Guillaume (1778-1835) - a French anatomist and leading surgeon;

12. Highmore, Nathaniel (1613-1685) - an English surgeon and anatomist

13. Hodgkin, Thomas (1798-1866) - a British physician, considered one of the most prominent pathologists of his time;

14. Icenko, N. M. (1889-1954) - a Russian neuropathologist;

15. Koch, Robert (1843-1910) - a German physician, considered one of the founders of microbiology. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his tuberculosis findings in 1905;

16. Lister, sir Joseph (1827-1912) - an English surgeon, developer of antiseptic surgery;

17. Meniere, Prospere (1799-1862) - a French oto-rhrino-laryngologist;

18. Nicot, Jean (1530-1600) - a French diplomat and scholar, French ambassador in Lisbon. He was the first one who brought the Tobacco plant in France in 1561;

19. Paget, sir James (1814-1899) - an English surgeon and pathologist;

20. Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895) - a French chemist and biologist, founder of modern microbiology and immunology;

21. Perkinson, James (1755-1824) - an English surgeon and pharmacist;

A. Retzius (1796-1860), Swedish anatomist

22. Ricketts, Howard Taylor (1871-1910) - an English bacteriologist and pathologist

23. Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von (1836-1895) - an Austrian writer, novelist, author of «Venus in Furs», from whose name the word masochism is derived;

24. Sade, Donatien Alphonse Francois marquise de (1740-1814) - a French aristocrat and writer, who spent 30 years in prison because of a sexual murder;

25. Salmon, Daniel Almer (1850-1914) - an American veterinary pathologist and microbiologist;

26. Schwann, Theodor (1810-1882) - a German biologist and founder of the theory of the cellular structure of animal organisms.

27. J. G. Turner (1870-1955), English dentist.

28. Van der Waals (1837 -1923) - a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his pioneering work on the equation of state for gases and liquids.



References

1. Ahmanova, O. S. (1969) Словарь лингвистических терминов [Slovary lingvisticheskih terminov]. Moskva: Nauka.

2. Arnaudov, G., D. (1964) Terminologia Medica Polyglota (Медицинска терминология на шест езика) [Terminologia Medica Polyglota (Meditzinska terminologiya na shest ezika)]. Sofiya: Nauka i fizkultura.

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4. Boyadgiev, T., Kutzarov, Iv., Penchev, Yo. (1999) Съвременен български език [Savremenen balgarski ezik]. Sofiya: Petar Beron

5. Classification and nomenclature of malformation. Lancet. 1974 Apr;303(7861):798. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92858-X. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92858-X

6. Hartmann, S. (1972) Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London.

7. Iverson, C., Christiansen, S., Flanagin, A. (2007) AMA manual of style: a guide for authors and editors. 10th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

8. King, H. (2001) Greek and Roman Medicine. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

9. Kucharz, E. J. (2020) Medical eponyms from linguistic and historical points of view. Reumatologia; 58(4):258-260. doi:10.5114/reum.2020.98440.

10. Millev, Al., Nikolov, B., Bratkov, Yo. (2007) Речник на чуждите думи в българския език [Rechnik na chuzhdite dumi v balgarskiya ezik]. Sofiya: Nauka I izkustvo.

11. Rothenberg, M. A., Chapman, C. F. (2000) Dictionary of Medical Terms for the Nonmedical Person. New York.

12. Russinov, R., Georgiev, St. (1996) Лексикология на българския книжовен език [Leksikologiya na balgarskiya knizhoven ezik]. Veliko Tarnovo: Abagar.

13. Teoriya (1986) Теория и методика ономастических исследований [Teoriya I metodika onomasticheskih issledovaniy]. Moskva: Nauka.

14. Tosheva, A., Dimitrova, K., Mladenova, Zh., Kancheva, P. (2000) Епонимите в езика на медицината./7jЛексикографски и лексиколожки четения '98. От Първата национална конференция по лексикография и лексикология, посветена на 100- годишнината от рождението на българския лексикограф и преводач Стефан Илчев [Eponimite v ezika na meditzinata//Leksikografski i leksikolozhki cheteniya'98. Ot Parvata natzionalna konferentziya po leksikografiya I leksikologiya, posvetena na 100-godishninata ot rozhdenieto na balgarskiya leksikograf i prevodach Stafan Ilchev. Sofiya, s.София, 2000, с. 323-332

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17. Nieradko-Iwanicka, B. (2020) National eponyms in medicine. Reumatologia. 2020;58:56- 57. doi: 10.5114/reum.2020.93175.

18. World Health Organization. 2004WHO style guide [Internet] The Organization;. [cited 28 Aug 2016]. < http://www.ianphi.org/documents/pdfs/toolkit/who_style-guide.pdf>.

19. WHO 2015.best practices for naming of new human infectious diseases. May, Retrieved: https://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/naming-new-diseases/en/

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