Translation transformations used to render transport business terms from English into Ukrainian

The goal is lexical-grammatical transformations, features of translating business terms in the transport sector from English to Ukrainian. Analysis of the peculiarities of the use of translation transformations in the reproduction of English terminology.

Рубрика Иностранные языки и языкознание
Вид статья
Язык английский
Дата добавления 15.09.2022
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Translation transformations used to render transport business terms from English into Ukrainian

L.O. Shevchuk, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Foreign Philology and Translation

National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Національний транспортний університет, Київ, Україна

Ya.O. Mozghova, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Philology and Translation

National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Національний транспортний університет, Київ, Україна

L.O. Vasylkivska, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Foreign Philology and Translation

National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine Національний транспортний університет, Київ, Україна

Abstract

Introduction. In translation studies, the study of the English-Ukrainian translation peculiarities of terms in the field of transport business occupies a prominent place.

Methods. To establish lexical and grammatical transformations, to determine the peculiarities of the translation of transport business terms from English into Ukrainian.

Results. The analysis of the peculiarities of translation transformations usаge in the reproduction of English terminology in the Ukrainian language, formed a corpus of terms in the field of transport business in English and their counterparts in the Ukrainian language. The material for the study was the texts of treaties, conventions, documentation of transport companies and their translation into Ukrainian.

A separate stage of the study devoted to the analysis of the application of translation transformations in the translation of transport business terms from English into Ukrainian.

Among the means of translating the terms of the transport business are: equivalent translation; lexical transformations; grammatical transformations; lexical and grammatical transformations. Lexical transformations include: transcription transformation; lexical substitution transformation; addition.

Grammatical transformations include: permutation transformation; grammatical replacement. Lexico-grammatical transformations include: modulation transformation; descriptive translation; antonymous translation.

Among the means of translating terms, the most common is the transformation of permutation, 24% of examples. Equivalent translation is often used, 21% of examples. Less frequent are lexical substitution transformation, 13% of examples, transcription transformation, 11% of examples, modulation transformation, 11% of examples. The least used are grammatical substitution transformation, 7% of examples, descriptive translation transformation, 7% of examples, addition transformation, 4% of examples, antonymous translation transformation, 2% of examples.

Discussion. Prospects for further exploration are seen in the study of the English-Ukrainian translation of multicomponent technical terms.

Keywords: equivalent translation; lexical transformations; grammatical transformations; lexical and grammatical transformations, English terms, English-Ukrainian translation.

Анотація

ПЕРЕКЛАДАЦЬКІ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ПРИ ВІДТВОРЕННІ АНГЛІЙСЬКИХ ТЕРМІНІВ СФЕРИ ТРАНСПОРТНОГО БІЗНЕСУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

Л.О. ШЕВЧУК, кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент, завідувач кафедри іноземної філології та перекладу

Я.О. МОЗГОВА, кандидат філологічних наук, доцент, доцент кафедри іноземної філології та перекладу

Л.О. ВАСИЛЬКІВСЬКА, старший викладач кафедри іноземної філології та перекладу

Актуальність. У перекладознавстві чільне місце посідає вивчення особливостей англо-українського перекладу термінів сфери транспортного бізнесу. english terminology lexical

Мета - встановити лексико-граматичні трансформації, визначити особливості перекладу термінів бізнесу транспортної сфери з англійської мови на українську.

Результати. Здійснено аналіз особливостей використання перекладацьких трансформацій при відтворенні англомовної термінології українською мовою, сформовано корпус термінів сфери транспортного бізнесу англійської мови та їх відповідників в українській мові. Матеріалом для дослідження стали тексти договорів, конвенцій, документації транспортних компаній та їх переклад українською мовою.

Окремий етап дослідження присвячено аналізу застосування перекладацьких трансформацій у рамках перекладу термінів бізнесу транспортної сфери з англійської мови на українську.

Серед засобів перекладу термінів транспортного бізнесу виокремлено: еквівалентний переклад; лексичні трансформації; граматичні трансформації; лексико-граматичні трансформації. Лексичні трансформації включають: трансформацію транскрибування; трансформацію лексичної заміни; додавання.

Граматичні трансформації включають: трансформацію перестановки; граматичної заміни. Лексико-граматичні трансформації включають в себе: трансформацію модуляції; описового перекладу; антонімічного перекладу.

Серед засобів перекладу термінів найбільш вживаною є трансформація перестановки, 24% прикладів. Частовживаним є еквівалентний переклад, 21% прикладів. Менш частотними є трансформація лексичної заміни, 13% прикладів, трансформація транскрибування, 11% прикладів, трансформація модуляції, 11% прикладів. Найменш вживаними є трансформація граматичної заміни, 7% прикладів, трансформація описового перекладу, 7% прикладів, трансформація додавання, 4% прикладів, трансформація антонімічного перекладу, 2% прикладів.

Перспективи подальших розвідок убачаємо в дослідженні англо-українського перекладу багатокомпонентних технічних термінів.

Ключові слова: еквівалентний переклад; лексичні трансформації; граматичні трансформації; лексико-граматичні трансформації, англійські терміни, англо-український переклад.

Introduction

Among the most urgent problems of modern translation studies is the study of the English-Ukrainian translation of terms in the field of transport business, as English terms are both an important part of scientific and technical texts and one of the main problems of their translation. The translation of terms causes certain difficulties for the translator, due to the fact that in different countries in the world science and technology are constantly developing. This trend can be explained by the ever-increasing flow of English-language information from various fields of knowledge, as well as the processes of international integration and globalization.

Analysis of recent researches and publications. In recent decades, translation studies have been enriched by scientific researches on various aspects of scientific and technical literature translation, including the translation of terms. The Ukrainian scientists V. I. Karaban, A.Y. Kovalenko, T. Leleka [7], N. Ye. Lemish [8], S. А. Matvieieva [9], M.I. Mostovy, H. Onyshchak [10], R. Presner

[11] , M.L. Pysanko [12], O.V. Yankovets [1] and foreign linguists Y. Danyushina [2], L.D. Gold,

L. Hareide [6], Ch. Lauren, M. Nordman, E.N. Malyuga [3], S.N. Orlova, T. Nazarova, Sinclair J.M. Preface, D. Biber [4], R. Reppen,

M. S. Clavel [5], M.T. Cabre, I. P. Vainorenie [14], S. Vejdemo [15], J.C. Sager [13] made a significant contribution to the development of theory and practice of translation.

We all deal with the language every day and, without noticing it, make some changes in it, getting under the influence of a particular trend. Often we are not at all aware of the deep processes that occur in the language. We can say that some changes in it are so slow that most of its speakers are not aware of them. The most noticeable transformations are observed in the vocabulary, which rapidly reflects any phenomena in the society [6].

Despite the fact that terminology has repeatedly been studied to determine the semantic and structural features of the translation of transport business terms in English and Ukrainian within linguistic studies, taking into account these factors in translation requires further in-depth study.

Purpose of the research is to establish the linguistic features of English transport business terms and to analyze the peculiarities of its conveyance into Ukrainian using lexical transformations.

Methods of research. Although the terms have been the subject of researches by many experts, translation transformations within the translation of transport business terms from English into Ukrainian require further investigation. Among the means of translating the transport business terms are the following: equivalent translation; lexical transformations; grammatical transformations; lexico-grammatical transformations.

The list of corresponding English transport business terms, which will be divided into terminological groups, is provided.

Therefore, during the research it was singled out the use of such means of translation as:

1. Equivalent translation:

(1) . If the person entitled directs that the excess load be forwarded to the same destination station as the main load or to another destination station, or directs that it be returned to the forwarding station, the excess load shall be treated as a separate consignment.

Якщо уповноважена особа направляє надлишковий вантаж на ту ж саму станцію призначення, що і основний вантаж, або на іншу станцію призначення, або направляє його назад на станцію пересилання, надлишковий вантаж розглядається як окрема партія.

In the example cited above, such a term as separate consignment is used, during the reproduction of which an equivalent translation was used: окрема партія.

(2) . The tariffs must indicate all the special conditions applicable to the carriage, in particular the information necessary for calculating carriage and supplementary charges and, where appropriate, the conditions governing the conversion of currencies (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

У тарифах повинні бути вказані всі особливі умови, застосовні до перевезення, зокрема інформація, необхідна для розрахунку транспортних і додаткових зборів, і, при необхідності, умови, що регулюють конвертацію валют.

As the source text shows, such a term of the transport business as conversion of currencies is used with an equivalent - конвертацію валют.

(3) . §4 Two or more States, by

special agreement, or two or more railways by supplementary provisions or by tariff clauses, may agree on terms derogating from the Uniform Rules for the following types of consignments (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

§ 4 дві або більше держав за спеціальною угодою або дві або більше залізниць відповідно до додаткових або тарифних положень можуть домовитися про умови, що відступають від єдиних правил для наступних видів вантажів.

In the example cited above, such a term as tariff clauses is used, during the reproduction of which an equivalent translation was used: тарифних положень.

(4) . d) substances and articles

which are not acceptable for carriage under the Regulations concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by rail (RID) (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

d) речовини і вироби, які не допускаються до перевезення відповідно до Правил, що стосуються міжнародного перевезення небезпечних вантажів залізничним транспортом (МПОГ).

This example includes the transport business abbreviation (RID). In translation, the abbreviation was transcribed and its equivalent in the Ukrainian language was given: (МПОГ).

2. Lexical transformations: among them are the following:

- Transcribing:

(5) . Article 2 Exceptions from scope § 1 Consignments between sending and destination stations situated in the territory of the same State, which pass through the territory of another State only in transit, shall not be subject to the Uniform Rules (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Стаття 2: виключення зі сфери застосування § 1. Вантажі між станціями відправлення і призначення, розташованими на території однієї і тієї ж держави, які проходять через територію іншої держави тільки транзитом, не підпадають під дію однакових правил.

In this case, the transcribing of such a term of the transport business as transit - транзит is used.

(6) . § 3 In the case of express parcels traffic, railways may, by tariff clauses, agree on special provisions in accordance with the Regulations concerning the international carriage of express parcels by rail (RlEx), Annex IV to the Uniform Rules (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

§ 3 у разі перевезення експрес-відправлень, за допомогою тарифних положень, залізниці можуть узгодити спеціальні положення відповідно до Правил, що стосуються міжнародного перевезення експрес-відправлень залізницею (RIEX), додаток IV до єдиних правил.

During the translation of the terms express parcels traffic, carriage of express parcels by rail (RIEx), such an element as express in Ukrainian translation is transcribed: експрес-відправлень, експрес- відправлень залізницею (RIEX). Also, it should be noted that the abbreviation RIEx was not conveyed in translation; it was used in the original form.

(7) . Telematics are also a part of your technology toolkit (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Телематика також є частиною вашого технологічного інструментарію.

When translating the term telematics, the use of transcribing телематика is also observed.

- Lexical substitution:

(8) . The provisions in force in each

State shall determine the circumstances in which the railway must ascertain the mass of the goods or the number of packages and the actual tare of the wagons (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Положення, що діють у кожній державі, визначають обставини, за яких залізниця повинна визначити масу ван- тажу або кількість упаковок і фактичну тару вагонів.

When translating the term the actual tare of the wagons, the use of lexical substitution is observed, given that the lexeme actual, which according to the dictionary definition denotes "existing or occurring at the time", "not false or apparent". However, it is translated by such a lexical unit as фактична. Thus, it can be concluded that lexical substitution is used.

b) funeral consignments, railway rolling stock running on its own wheels, live animals and consignments the carriage of which presents special difficulties by reason of their dimensions, their mass or their packaging: subject to the conditions laid down in the supplementary provisions (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

б) Похоронні вантажі, залізничний рухомий склад, що пересувається на власних колесах, живі тварини і вантажі, перевезення яких представляє особливі труднощі через їх розміри, масу або упаковку: при дотриманні умов, викладених в додаткових положеннях.

When translating the complex term railway rolling stock running, the component running is conveyed by means of the lexical unit пересувається. According to the dictionary, running denotes "the action of running", "physical condition for running", "having a chance to win a contest". However, it is translated by such a lexical unit as пересувається. Thus, the lexical substitution was used.

(9) . The percentage of fleets who saw truck driver availability decrease, particularly in the spot market, was similarly high at 57%. All told, only 14% of fleet surveyed recorded an increase in driver availability (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Відсоток автопарків, в яких спостерігалося зниження кількості працевлаштованих водіїв вантажівок, особливо на спотовому ринку, був також високий і склав 57%. В цілому, тільки 14% опитаних автопарків зафіксували збільшення працевлаштованих водіїв.

In this example the automotive term fleets, is translated by means of the lexical substitution: автопарк.

- Supplement:

(10) . The burden of proof of defective loading shall rest upon the railway (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Витрати, що виники внаслідок дефективного завантаження вантажу, лягають на залізницю.

Such a complex term in the field of transport business as defective loading with the use of supplement is used in the example (the lexical unit вантаж was added): дефективного завантаження вантажу.

(11) . Documents for completion of administrative formalities. Customs seals (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Документи для завершення адміністративних формальностей.

Митні пломби та печатки.

Such a term as Customs seals is used in the example. Within the translation, in Ukrainian such a translation as Митні пломби та печатки is used, which indicates the use of supplement, because the lexical unit пломби was added.

3. Grammatical transformations: inversions and grammatical substitutions

- Inversions:

(12) . If different load limits are in

force on the lines traversed, the lowest load limit shall be applicable to the whole route (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Якщо на пересічних лініях діють різні обмеження навантаження, то для всього маршруту застосовується мінімально допустимий показник навантаження.

In this example such a term of transport business, as load limits is provided. In the process of translation, the word order within the term is changed: обмеження навантаження. Thus, it can be concluded that the inversion was provided.

(13) . Without prejudice to the payment of surcharges under Article 24, the excess load shall be charged for the distance covered in accordance with the carriage charges applicable to the main load (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

З метою запобігання сплати додаткових комісії, відповідно до статті 24, плата за наднормативний вантаж стягується за пройдену відстань відповідно до Тарифів за перевезення, що застосовуються до основного вантажу.

In this case, the transport business term carriage charges is used; the substitution is applied, given that the word order within the term was changed: тарифів за перевезення.

(14) . If the contents of the consignment are examined for this purpose, the consignor or the consignee, according to whether the verification takes place at the forwarding station or the destination station, shall be invited to be present (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Якщо вміст відправлення перевіряється з цією метою, відправнику або одержувачу, залежно від того, чи проводиться перевірка на станції відправлення або станції призначення, пропонується бути присутнім на процедурі перевірки.

In this case, such terms in the field of transport business as the forwarding station or the destination station are used; the substitution is applied, given that in Ukrainian the word order is changed: станції відправлення або станції призначення.

Also, such terms as the consignor or the consignee are used in the example, which were conveyed by means of Ukrainian equivalents: відправнику або одержувачу.

(15) . The transit periods shall be specified either by agreement between the railways participating in the carriage, or by the international tariffs applicable from the forwarding station to the destination station (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Терміни транзиту визначаються або угодою між залізницями, які беруть участь у перевезенні, або міжнародними тарифами, що діють від станції відправлення до станції призначення.

As the example shows, the term the transit periods is conveyed as терміни транзиту. Thus, the substitution is applied because the word order was changed.

(16) . If weighing by the railway, after the contract of carriage has been made, reveals a difference, the mass ascertained by the forwarding station or, failing that, the mass declared by the consignor, shall still be the basis for calculating the carriage charges (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

У випадку, якщо зважування на залізниці після укладення договору перевезення виявить різницю, маса, встановлена відправною станцією, або, в іншому випадку, маса, заявлена відправником, як і раніше буде основою для розрахунку комісій за перевезення.

In this example such a term of the transport business as the carriage charges is used; in its translation the substitution was applied because the word order was changed: комісій за перевезення.

(17) . Yet some are more obvious than others, such as engine efficiency and aerodynamics [7].

Тим не менш, деякі з них більш очевидні, ніж інші, такі як ефективність двигуна і аеродинаміка.

In this case, such terms of the transport business as such as engine efficiency and aerodynamics are used; in translation the substitution was applied because the word order was changed: ефективність двигуна і аеродинаміка.

(18) . But others are more nuanced, such as oil viscosity and tire style and usage

[15] .

Але інші мають більше нюансів, таких як в'язкість масла, стиль і використання шин.

In this example such terms as oil viscosity and tire style and usage are used. When translating them, the substitution was used, given that the word order was changed: в'язкість масла, стиль і використання шин.

- Grammatical Replacement:

(19) . Any contracting party may require that traffic in transit through its territory be entered at the proper custom house, but, except in cases of failure to comply with applicable customs laws and regulations (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Будь-яка Договірна сторона може вимагати, щоб транзитні перевезення через її територію здійснювалися на відповідній митниці, але, за винятком випадків недотримання застосовних митних законів і правил.

The example includes such a term in the field of transport business as traffic in transit, which is translated by means of grammatical replacement, so that the noun transit is conveyed by means of the Ukrainian adjective транзитні - транзитні перевезення. Thus, grammatical substitution is used.

(20) . Shipper warrants that any article(s) in the shipment is properly described on the air waybill and that the shipment is packed to insure safe transportation with ordinary care in handling (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Вантажовідправник гарантує, що будь-який товар (и) у відправленні належним чином описаний в авіанакладній і що вантаж упакований для забезпечення безпечного транспортування зі гарантованою обережністю при транспортуванні.

In this case, such a transport business term as air waybill is used. When translating it, the grammatical replacement is used, given that in Ukrainian the complex term is replaced by monosyllabic: авіанакладна.

4. Lexico-grammatical transformations:

- Modulation:

(21) . consignments under cover of a negotiable document (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Вантажі, перевезення яких керується оборотним документом.

The use of modulation is provided in the example, given that the elements of the complex term under cover are conveyes as перевезення яких керується. Therefore, it can be concluded that the semantic development in the translation of original terms is used.

(22) . Any contracting party shall, however, be free to maintain its requirements of direct consignment existing on the date of this Agreement, in respect of any goods in regard to which such direct consignment is a requisite condition of eligibility for entry of the goods at preferential rates of duty or has relation to the contracting party's prescribed method of valuation for duty purposes (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Однак будь-яка Договірна сторона може зберігати свої вимоги щодо прямого відправлення, що діють в рамках цієї Угоди, щодо будь-яких товарів, щодо яких така пряма відправка є необхідною умовою права на ввезення товарів за пільговими ставками мита або має відношення до запропонованого Договірною Стороною методу оцінки для нарахування суми сплати мита.

Such a term of the transport business as duty purposes is used in the example, in the translation of which the modulation is applied; the meaning of the term is given: нарахування суми сплати мита. Also, it should be noted that the term at preferential rates is translated by means of the Ukrainian equivalent: за пільговими ставками.

(23) . Should you use corner protectors?

Чи слід Вам використовувати кутові амортизатори для захисту вантажу?

In this example, the term corner protectors is reproduced as кутові амортизатори для захисту вантажу. Thus, the modulation is applied in the translation because the meaning of the terms is revealed.

- Descriptive Translation:

(24) . 214 ANALYTICAL INDEX OF THE GATT (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

214 АНАЛІТИЧНИЙ ІНДЕКС ГАТТ (Генеральної угодт з тарифів і торгівлі)

In the given example, such a translation method as descriptive translation is used. In Ukrainian translation, the abbreviation GATT is defined: ГАТТ (Генеральна угода з тарифів і торгівлі).

(25) . You will get the most out of a gallon of fuel when you are running at high torques and lower RPMs (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Ви отримаєте максимальну віддачу від галону палива, коли будете працювати на високих крутних моментах і більш низьких обертах.

In this example the descriptive translation is used; the abbreviation RPMs was also defined in Ukrainian: оберти.

- Antonymous translation:

(26) . Demand has simply spiked

way too much over the past year as the great economic bounce back has progressed (A Trucker's Guide to Incredible Fuel Savings, URL).

Попит просто занадто сильно зріс за останній рік у міру того, як тривав значний економічний регрес.

When translating the passage the great economic bounce back has progressed^ the antonymous translation is applied: in the source text it means "progress of economic decline"; however, the construction has progressed is conveyed by means of регрес in the translation. Thus, the antonymous translation is used. Results of the research and their discussion. Thus, among the means of translation of transport business terms the following are distinguished: equivalent translation; lexical transformations; grammatical transformations; lexico-grammatical transformations.

At the end of the study the quantitative characteristics of the obtained results is provided. Among the means of translation of transport business terms are the following: equivalent translation; lexical transformations; grammatical transformations; lexico-grammatical transformations.

Lexical transformations include: transcribing; lexical substitution; supplement.

Grammatical transformations include: substitution; grammatical replacement.

Lexico-grammatical transformations include: modulation; descriptive translation; antonymous translation.

1. Thus, among the means of translating the terms of the transport business, the most common is the substitution, which was applied in 24% of examples. Furthermore, the equivalent translation is often used, which was used in 21% of the examples. Less examples.

The prevalence of substitution can be explained by the fact that the grammatical and syntactic systems of Ukrainian and English differ considerably from each other, which necessitates the use of substitutions.

Conclusions and future perspectives

The translation of transport business terms remains particularly actual for the domestic and world economy development, because adequate translation improves the communication processes in both business and science. When translating the terms of transport business from English into Ukrainian, the main translation tools are lexical and grammatical transformations which lead to adaptation of the text to the realities of target language.

The prospects for further investigations are foreseen in the researches of the English- Ukrainian translation of complex terms related to various technical subjects.

Список використаних джерел

1. Янковець О.В. Англійська термінологія як різновид спеціальної лексики. Парадигма пізнання: гуманітарні питання, 2017. № 1(21). С. 2-9.

2. Danyushina Y. Business Linguistics -A New Interdisciplinary Synergy. International Journal of Arts & Sciences. 2011. 4. 18. P. 177-186.

3. Malyuga E. N., Orlova S. N. Linguistic Pragmatics of Intercultural Professional and Business Communication. Springer, 2017. 145 p.

4. Biber D., Reppen R. The Cam-bridge handbook of English corpus linguistics (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics). Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. 204 p.

5. Clavel M. S. F. Corpus Linguistics and its Applications in Higher Education. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 2010. 23.P. 51-67.

6. Hareide L. Comparable parallel corpora. A critical review of current practices frequent are such means of translation as lexical substitution transformation, which was used in 13% of examples, transcribing - 11% of examples, modulation - 11% of examples. The least used are such transformations as grammatical replacement, which was used in 7% of examples, descriptive translation - 7% of examples, supplement - 4% of examples, antonymous translation - 2% of in corpus-based translation studies. In Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies: New resources and applications. Irene Doval and M. Teresa Sanchez Nieto (eds). [Studies in Corpus Linguistics 90]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2019. pp.19-38.

7. Leleka T., Ivanenko N. Angloamerican Loanwords Use in the Ukrainian Student Slang / Laplage em Revista (International). 2021, Volume 7, n. Extra D. Spain, 2021. pages: 163-174.

8. Lemish N. Ye., Aleksieieva O. M., Denysova S. P., Matvieieva S. A., Zernetska A. A. Linguistic Corpora Technology as a Didactic Tool in Training Future Translators. Information Technologies and Learning Tools. Vol. 79, № 5, 2020. P. 242-259. DOI: 10.33407/itlt.v79i5.3626.

9. Matvieieva S., Zernetska A., Lemish N. English Cognitive Verbs and their Translation into Ukrainian: a Corpus-Based Approach. SLAVIA casopis pro slovanskou filologii. 2021. Rocnik 90, sesit 4. P. 453-476

10. Onyshchak H., Koval L., VazheninaO., Bakhov I., Povoroznyuk R., Devitska A. Cognitive and Neurolinguistic Aspects of Interpreting. Brain. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 12(4), 2021. P. 224-237. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/12.4/246

11. Presner, R., Tsolyk, N., Vanivska, O.,Bakhov, I., Povoroznyuk, R., & Sukharieva, S. Cognitive and Semiotic Model of Translation. Postmodern Openings, 12 (3Sup1), 2021. P. 125-142. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/12.3Sup1/355.

12. Pysanko M. L., Martynenko О. Ye. Moodle as a means of teaching prospective interpreters via e-course on listening comprehension in English. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 75(1), 2020. P. 237-252. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v75i1. 2644.

13. Sager J. C. Practical Course in Terminology Processing, Amsterdam / Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing, 1990. P.3.

14. Vainorenie, I. P., Lemish, N. Y. Multidisciplinary Aspects of Causality as an Ontological and Epistemological Category. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 9 (1), 2020. P. 305-314. https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v9i1.2472.

15. Vejdemo S., Horberg T. Semantic factors predict the rate of lexical replacement of content words. PLoS one, 2016, 11 (1). Available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292153056_Semantic_Factors_Pred ict_the_Rate_of_Lexical_Replacement_of_Cont ent_Words. Access: May 04, 2021.

16. References

17. Yankovets', O. V. (2017). Anhliys'ka terminolohiya yak riznovyd spetsial'noyi leksyky. [English terminology as a kind of special vocabulary]. Paradyhma piznannya: humanitarni pytannya, № 1(21). 2-9.

18. Danyushina, Y. (2011). Business Linguistics - A New Interdisciplinary Synergy. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 4.18. 177-186.

19. Malyuga, E. N., Orlova, S. N. (2017). Linguistic Pragmatics of Intercultural Professional and Business Communication. Springer, 145.

20. Biber, D., Reppen, R. (2015). The Cambridge handbook of English corpus linguistics (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics). Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 204.

21. Clavel, M. S. F. (2010). Corpus Linguistics and its Applications in Higher Education. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 23. 51-67.

22. Hareide, L. (2019). Comparable parallel corpora. A critical review of current practices in corpus-based translation studies. In Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies: New resources and applications. Irene Doval and M. Teresa Sanchez Nieto (eds). [Studies in Corpus Linguistics 90]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp.19-38.

23. Leleka T., Ivanenko N. (2021). Angloamerican Loanwords Use in the Ukrainian Student Slang / Laplage em Revista (International). 2021, Volume 7, n. Extra D. Spain, pages: 163-174.

24. Lemish, N. Ye., Aleksieieva, O. M., Denysova, S. P., Matvieieva, S. A., Zernetska, A. A. (2020). Linguistic Corpora Technology as a Didactic Tool in Training Future Translators. Information Technologies and Learning Tools. Vol. 79. № 5, 242-259. DOI: 10.33407/itlt.v79i5.3626.

25. Matvieieva, S., Zernetska, A., Lemish, N. (2021). English Cognitive Verbs and their Translation into Ukrainian: a Corpus-Based Approach. SLAVIA casopis pro slovanskou filologii. Rocnik 90, sesit 4. P. 453-476 (Czech).

26. Onyshchak, H., Koval, L., Vazhenina, O., Bakhov, I., Povoroznyuk, R., Devitska, A. (2021). Cognitive and Neurolinguistic Aspects of Interpreting. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 12(4), 224-237. https://doi.org/ 10.18662/brain/12.4/246.

27. Presner, R., Tsolyk, N., Vanivska, O., Bakhov, I., Povoroznyuk, R., Sukharieva, S. (2021). Cognitive and Semiotic Model of Translation. Postmodern Openings, 12 (3Sup1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.18662/po/12.3 Sup1/355.

28. Pysanko, M. L., Martynenko, О. Ye. (2020). Moodle as a means of teaching prospective interpreters via e-course on listening comprehension in English. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 75 (1), 237252. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v75i1.2644.

29. Sager, J. C. (1990). Practical Course in Terminology Processing, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing, 3.

30. Vainorenie, I. P., Lemish, N. Y. (2020). Multidisciplinary Aspects of Causality as an Ontological and Epistemological Category. Journal of History Culture and Art Research, 9 (1), 305-314. https://doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v9i1.2472.

31. Vejdemo, S., Horberg, T. (2016) Semantic factors predict the rate of lexical replacement of content words. PLoS ONE, 11

32. . Available at: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/292153056_Semantic_Factor s_Predict_the_Rate_of_Lexical_Replacement _of_Content_Words. Access: May 04, 2021.

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